Mexican long-tongued bat

Mexican long-tongued bat
Conservation status
	; Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Chiroptera
Family:	Phyllostomidae
Genus:	Choeronycteris; Tschudi, 1844
Species:	C. mexicana
Binomial name
	Choeronycteris mexicana; Tschudi, 1844
	Mexican long-tongued bat range

The Mexican long-tongued bat (Choeronycteris mexicana) is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is the only species within the genus Choeronycteris.^[2] It is found in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and the United States.^[1]

Etymology

The genus name Choeronycteris is derived from the Greek words choiros (pig) and nykteris (bat). The specific name mexicana correlates to its distribution.^[2]

Description

The Mexican long-tongued bat is medium in size in the family Phyllostomidae. Its pelage can be up to 7 mm long and is typically gray to brownish but can be paler on the shoulders. Wings are darker brownish gray with paler tips. The ears will also have the same coloration as the body and will vary in size. The tail is short. Body weight is 10-20 g, with a maximum of 25 g in pregnant females.^[2]

The species has a distinctly elongated snout tipped with a roughly 5 mm-long nose-leaf. The tongue is long, narrow and extendible, specialized for nectar feeding. It is covered with tiny hairlike papillae, which become more horny towards the base of the tongue. The skull is up to 30 mm long, with the rostrum making up 40-50% of total length. Juveniles have 22 deciduous teeth, which give way to 30 adult teeth.^[2]

Like all microchiroptera, Mexican long-tongued bats use echolocation. They are especially sensitive to high frequencies (65–80 kHz) but have been found to respond to lower frequencies in the 5 kHz range.^[2]

Distribution and habitat

In the United States, this species is found in the southern parts of California, New Mexico and Arizona.^[1] It has also been reported from Texas.^[3] Further south, its range extends from Mexico (including Baja California and the Tres Marias Islands) through El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala.^[4]^[5] It occurs at altitudes of 300–2,400 meters in deciduous, semi-arid thorn scrub and mixed oak-conifer forests.^[6] Northern populations migrate south for the winter.^[1]

Biology

The Mexican long-tongued bat feeds on nectar, pollen from agaves, and fruits from other plants.^[2] Its tongue can extend up to a third of its body length, enabling it to reach nectar deep inside a blossom. In southern Arizona, the species often takes nectar from hummingbird feeders as well.^[1]

Breeding occurs between June and September in Arizona, New Mexico, and other parts of the US, and earlier farther south, where a second breeding season may also occur. Females give birth to single young, although up to two have been reported in Guatemala. Males and females segregate during the time of gestation and parturition. The young are born well-furred and start flying at about 4–6 weeks of age.^[6]

Behavior

The species roosts in caves or abandoned buildings during the day. Individuals do not cluster together, hanging 2–5 cm apart suspended by a single foot, which allows them to rotate on their perch. If alarmed, they fly towards the opening and light rather than deeper into the roosting site. Females will carry young but only from one shelter to another.^[2]

Migrations follow regional nectar availability.^[7] A key factor for migration in glossophagines over larger distances seems to be a large body size that permits storing energy for traveling over areas without available food.^[8] Following this idea, C. mexicana might be the larger, migrating version of the small, resident sister taxon Musonycteris harrisoni.^[9] Resident species (compared to a migrating species) may know their relatively small home ranges on a fine-grained level, including also locations of less-profitable food plant species. Migrating species, on the other hand, tend to focus on predictably flowering, high-quality resources (von Helversen and Winter 2003).^[10]^[8]

Conservation

The species has been classified as Near Threatened by the IUCN due to ongoing habitat loss, which includes loss of roosting sites in caves to mining and tourism. It is regarded as a species of Special Concern on California and Arizona.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Solari, S. (2018). "Choeronycteris mexicana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T4776A22042479. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T4776A22042479.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín; Hollander, Robert R.; Jones, J. Knox (1987). "Choeronycteris mexicana". Mammalian Species (291): 1–5. doi:10.2307/3503823. JSTOR 3503823.
^ Balin, L. (2009). "Mexican long-tongued bat (Cheoeronycteris mexicana) in El Paso, Texas". The Southwestern Naturalist. 54 (2): 225–226. doi:10.1894/clg-16.1. JSTOR 40263697. S2CID 86170994.
^ Couoh-de la Garza, R.; Flores-Rojas, E.; Briones-Escobedo, N.; Angel, E.H.; Marinez-Gallardo, R.; Aguilera, J.C.L. (2006). "Current records of the Mexican long-tailed bat, Choeronycteris mexicana, in Baja California, Mexico". Western North American Naturalist. 66 (2): 265–267. doi:10.3398/1527-0904(2006)66[265:CROTML]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85943530.
^ Guzman-Cornejo, C.; Morales-Malacara, J.B.; Lopez-Ortega, G. (2004). "Morphology, Systematics, Evoloution: A new species of the genus Eudusbabekia (Acari: Prostigmata: Myobiidae) on Choeronycteris mexicana (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in Central Mexico". Journal of Medical Entomology. 41 (4): 587–592. doi:10.1603/0022-2585-41.4.587. PMID 15311448. S2CID 28912074.
^ ^a ^b Cajas-Castillo, J.O.; Kraker-Castaneda, C.; Lopez-Gutierrez, J.E.; Perez-Consuegra, S.G.; Grajeda-Godinez, A.L. (2015). "Choeronycteris mexicana in Guatemala: temporal occurrence, feeding habits and reproductive activity". Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 86 (3): 835–838. doi:10.1016/j.rmb.2015.07.010.
^ Fleming, Theodore H.; Nuñez, Robert A.; Sternberg, Leonel da Silveira Lobo (1993). "Seasonal changes in the diets of migrant and non-migrant nectarivorous bats as revealed by carbon stable isotope analysis". Oecologia. 94 (1): 72–75. Bibcode:1993Oecol..94...72F. doi:10.1007/BF00317304. PMID 28313861. S2CID 22082048.
^ ^a ^b von Helversen, O.; Winter, Y. (2003). "Glossophagine bats and their flowers: costs and benefits for plants and pollinators". In Kunz, T. H.; Fenton, B. M. (eds.). Bat Ecology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. 346–397.
^ Carstens, Bryan C.; Lundrigan, Barbara L.; Myers, Philip (2002). "A Phylogeny of the Neotropical Nectar-Feeding Bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) Based on Morphological and Molecular Data" (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 9: 23–53. doi:10.1023/A:1021331711108. hdl:2027.42/44976. S2CID 26713220.
^ Tschapka, Marco; Sperr, Ellen B.; Caballero-Martínez, Luis Antonio; Medellín, Rodrigo A. (2008). "Diet and Cranial Morphology of Musonycteris harrisoni, a Highly Specialized Nectar-Feeding Bat in Western Mexico". Journal of Mammalogy. 89 (4): 924–932. doi:10.1644/07-MAMM-A-038.1.

[iucn_status_15_November_2021-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Solari, S. (2018). "Choeronycteris mexicana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T4776A22042479. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T4776A22042479.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

[arroyo1987-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín; Hollander, Robert R.; Jones, J. Knox (1987). "Choeronycteris mexicana". Mammalian Species (291): 1–5. doi:10.2307/3503823. JSTOR 3503823.

[balin2009-3] Balin, L. (2009). "Mexican long-tongued bat (Cheoeronycteris mexicana) in El Paso, Texas". The Southwestern Naturalist. 54 (2): 225–226. doi:10.1894/clg-16.1. JSTOR 40263697. S2CID 86170994.

[bioone2006-4] Couoh-de la Garza, R.; Flores-Rojas, E.; Briones-Escobedo, N.; Angel, E.H.; Marinez-Gallardo, R.; Aguilera, J.C.L. (2006). "Current records of the Mexican long-tailed bat, Choeronycteris mexicana, in Baja California, Mexico". Western North American Naturalist. 66 (2): 265–267. doi:10.3398/1527-0904(2006)66[265:CROTML]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85943530.

[guzman2004-5] Guzman-Cornejo, C.; Morales-Malacara, J.B.; Lopez-Ortega, G. (2004). "Morphology, Systematics, Evoloution: A new species of the genus Eudusbabekia (Acari: Prostigmata: Myobiidae) on Choeronycteris mexicana (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in Central Mexico". Journal of Medical Entomology. 41 (4): 587–592. doi:10.1603/0022-2585-41.4.587. PMID 15311448. S2CID 28912074.

[cajas2015-6] Cajas-Castillo, J.O.; Kraker-Castaneda, C.; Lopez-Gutierrez, J.E.; Perez-Consuegra, S.G.; Grajeda-Godinez, A.L. (2015). "Choeronycteris mexicana in Guatemala: temporal occurrence, feeding habits and reproductive activity". Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 86 (3): 835–838. doi:10.1016/j.rmb.2015.07.010.

[7] Fleming, Theodore H.; Nuñez, Robert A.; Sternberg, Leonel da Silveira Lobo (1993). "Seasonal changes in the diets of migrant and non-migrant nectarivorous bats as revealed by carbon stable isotope analysis". Oecologia. 94 (1): 72–75. Bibcode:1993Oecol..94...72F. doi:10.1007/BF00317304. PMID 28313861. S2CID 22082048.

[:0-8] von Helversen, O.; Winter, Y. (2003). "Glossophagine bats and their flowers: costs and benefits for plants and pollinators". In Kunz, T. H.; Fenton, B. M. (eds.). Bat Ecology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. 346–397.

[9] Carstens, Bryan C.; Lundrigan, Barbara L.; Myers, Philip (2002). "A Phylogeny of the Neotropical Nectar-Feeding Bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) Based on Morphological and Molecular Data" (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 9: 23–53. doi:10.1023/A:1021331711108. hdl:2027.42/44976. S2CID 26713220.

[10] Tschapka, Marco; Sperr, Ellen B.; Caballero-Martínez, Luis Antonio; Medellín, Rodrigo A. (2008). "Diet and Cranial Morphology of Musonycteris harrisoni, a Highly Specialized Nectar-Feeding Bat in Western Mexico". Journal of Mammalogy. 89 (4): 924–932. doi:10.1644/07-MAMM-A-038.1.

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