Chinese funeral rituals
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Chinese funeral rituals comprise a set of traditions broadly associated with Chinese folk religion, with different rites depending on the age of the deceased, the cause of death, and the deceased's marital and social statuses.[1] Different rituals are carried out in different parts of China and many contemporary Chinese people carry out funerals according to various religious faiths such as Buddhism or Christianity. However, in general, the funeral ceremony itself is carried out over seven days, and mourners wear funerary dress according to their relationship to the deceased.[2] Traditionally, white clothing is symbolic of the dead, while red is not usually worn, as it is traditionally the symbolic colour of happiness worn at Chinese weddings.[3] The number three is significant, with many customary gestures being carried out three times.
While burial was favoured traditionally, in the present day, the dead are often cremated rather than buried, particularly in large cities in China.[4][5]
History
[edit]Throughout history, Chinese people have carried out complex funeral rites, with tombs of early rulers rivalling ancient Egyptian tombs in their funerary art and provision for the dead in the afterlife. The late 3rd century BCE Terracotta Army contains approximately 9,000 terracotta figures that were buried to protect Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China.
Traditional burial customs show a strong belief in life after death and the need for ancestor veneration among the living; Confucian philosophy calls for paying respect to one's ancestors as an act of filial piety (孝 xiào).[3][6] These ideals still inform funeral rites for many Chinese people today.
Impact of pro-cremation policies
[edit]In 1956, Mao Zedong declared that deceased people should be cremated instead of being buried to retain the amount of arable land.[7][8] Since then, much of the urban population have been cremated instead of being buried, in the rural areas, there would still be some resistance to the policy. Some had taken to hasten their deaths before the policy was introduced in their locations progressively, while officials faced resistance in their efforts to reclaim land by destroying cemeteries.[7][8][9] A 2021 South China Morning Post article cited 12 instances of exhumations by officials of ground-buried bodies without family consent.[10] According to the Chinese Ministry of Civil Affairs (MCA), of the 9.77 million deaths in 2014, 4.46 million, or 45.6%, were cremated.[11]
Practice
[edit]
It is customary for relatives to hold vigils over the dying, in order to accompany them until the very last moment before entering the afterlife. This process, called shǒu líng (守靈), is a way for loved ones to show filial piety and loyalty to the deceased. Family members thus take shifts to watch over a relative on their deathbed.[12]
It is common to place a white banner over the door of the household to signify that a death has occurred. Families will usually gather to carry out funeral rituals, in order both to show respect for the dead and to strengthen the bonds of the kin group. Those with closer relationships to the dead (i.e. sons and daughters) wear white garments, while more distant relatives wear garments in different colours of white, black, blue and green. The colours red, yellow, and brown are traditionally not worn during the mourning period, which may last up to three years.[6] Before a funeral, an obituary notice fùwén (訃聞) is commonly sent to relatives and friends announcing the date and time of the funeral procession.[3] The date is usually selected as an auspicious one according to the Chinese fortune calendar (通勝 tōng shèng).
The deceased is dressed in clean funeral dress (小殮 xiǎo liàn) in preparation for their departure from the world (人世 rén shì) and journey into the afterlife (來世 lái shì).[13] Dà liàn (大殮) is the ritual of transferring the body of deceased into the coffin (入木 rù mù), which will rest in the funeral hall decorated with four-character idioms (成语 cheng yu) prior to the burial or cremation.[14] Before the funeral procession, the jiā jì (家祭) is held. According to the closeness and status of the family members, they will pay respects diàn (奠) to the deceased.
According to Chinese custom, an elder should never show respect to someone younger.[15] So, if the deceased is a young bachelor, for example, his body cannot be brought home and must remain at the funeral parlour. His parents cannot offer prayers to their son either. Since he was unmarried, he did not have any children who could perform these same rites for him. (This is why the body cannot come into the family home.) If an infant or child dies, no funeral rites are performed either since respect cannot be shown to a younger person. The child is thus buried in silence.[citation needed][16]
Funeral rites may include an installation of the deceased among their ancestors.[17]: 104
Funerals in rural villages can last for days and include thousands of people and complex rituals.[18]: xxii
The funeral procession (發引 fā yǐn) is the process of bringing the hearse to the burial site or site of cremation. During the funeral, offerings of food items, incense, and joss paper are commonly presented. The offering of food and joss paper signifies the continuing interdependence between the deceased and their living descendants.[6] Taoist or Buddhist prayers are sometimes carried out by monks, to help the deceased's soul to find peace and escape the fate of becoming a "restless ghost".
Rites for those who have died at sea may include "water-road" (shuilu) memorial services.[17]: 105 The underlying tradition is that the spirits of those who have died at sea have difficulties because their relatives cannot make offerings to them and therefore they are more likely to become restless ghosts, and these rites may keep them from roaming.[17]: 105
Every year at the Qing Ming Festival (清明節), people pay respect to their ancestors by visiting their graves and tidying up their tombstones. Later generations are invited to participate through this process of ancestor veneration (慎終追遠 shèn zhōng zhuī yuǎn).
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Chinese funeral". traditionscustoms.com. Archived from the original on 12 September 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ "Funeral Customs". traditions.cultural-china.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ a b c Lauren Mack. "Chinese Funeral". About.com News & Issues. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
- ^ Hays, Jeffrey. "FUNERALS IN CHINA". factsanddetails.com. Archived from the original on 20 July 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ "Chinese Cremation: The Intriguing History of a Tradition". www.memorialize.com. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ a b c "Funeral Rituals". www.sfcca.sg. Archived from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ a b Kaiman, Jonathan (6 November 2015). "In China, a cremation order has driven some elderly to desperate acts". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
- ^ a b "Burying tradition – DW – 07/05/2014". dw.com. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
- ^ DeButts, Matt (30 March 2017). "Too many corpses to bury: China's new campaign for cremation". The China Project. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
- ^ "Elderly woman's body dug up for cremation after funeral without family consent". South China Morning Post. 3 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
- ^ "Less than 50% of China's dead cremated in 2014". www.china.org.cn. 4 April 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ "A Complete Guide to Traditional Chinese Funeral Customs". Dignity Memorial. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
- ^ "A Complete Guide to Traditional Chinese Funeral Customs". Dignity Memorial. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
- ^ "FUNERAL RUNDOWN AND PROCESS | 喪禮流程". www.sentosacasket.com. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
- ^ Policy, Charlotte Gerber Charlotte Gerber Charlotte is a professional writer with a wide range of experiences across multiple disciplines Her curiosity inspires her to share her passions with her readers Read More Learn about our Editorial. "Chinese Death Rituals, Funeral Traditions and Superstitions". LoveToKnow. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ "Chinese Funeral Traditions" (PDF).
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c Reinders, Eric (2024). Reading Tolkien in Chinese: Religion, Fantasy, and Translation. Perspectives on Fantasy series. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781350374645.
- ^ Santos, Gonçalo (2021). Chinese Village Life Today: Building Families in an Age of Transition. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-74738-5.