China tropical cyclone rainfall climatology
China is a mountainous country, which leads to rapid dissipation of cyclones that move inland as well as significant amounts of rain from those dissipating cyclones. Typhoon Nina in 1975 caused the collapse of two huge reservoirs and ten smaller dams when 1062 mm (41.81 inches) of rain fell in Henan Province during a 24‑hour period. Super Typhoon Carla was the wettest tropical cyclone on record for mainland China.[citation needed] Since 1957, there has been a downward trend in tropical cyclone rainfall for the country.[citation needed]
Mainland
[edit]Most of the rain China experiences during the year occurs during the summer months. Typhoons cause many of the intense rains seen within the country. The heavy rains occur over a large area, typically 1,000,000 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi).[1] Across China between the years of 1983 and 2006, an average of 2.9 tropical cyclones move into Guangdong province, making it the most affected province within mainland China. Hainan averages 1.3 tropical cyclones annually, while Fujian experiences 1.2 tropical cyclones annually, and Zhejiang witnessed 0.9 tropical cyclones annually.[citation needed] The wettest tropical cyclone on record for the mainland was Super Typhoon Carla, which dropped 2,749 millimetres (108.2 in) of rain over a 48-hour period. Typhoon Nina (1975) produced the highest areal average rainfall amounts between August 4 and August 8 for the Hongru river basin for most time durations.[1] The risk of tropical cyclones across Guangxi, Jiangsu, Shandong, and Liaoning provinces is significantly lower, with these provinces averaging between 0.1 and 0.4 tropical cyclones annually.[2]
| Precipitation | Storm | Location | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | mm | in | |||
| 1 | 1629.0 | 64.13 | Nina 1975 | Banqiao Dam | [3] |
| 2 | 951.0 | 37.4 | In-fa 2021 | Yuyao | [4] |
| 3 | 831.1 | 32.72 | Fitow 2001 | Changjiang County | [5] |
| 4 | 806.0 | 31.73 | Soudelor 2015 | Wenzhou | [6] |
| 5 | 744.8 | 29.32 | Doksuri 2023 | Wangjiayuan Reservoir | [7][8] |
| 6 | 662.0 | 26.01 | Chanthu 2021 | Dinghai District, Zhoushan | [9] |
| 7 | 600.0 | 24.00 | Haikui 2012 | Anhui Province | [10] |
| 8 | 555.0 | 21.85 | Chanchu 2006 | Zhangpu County | [11] |
Hong Kong
[edit]Typhoon Sam of the 1999 Pacific typhoon season became the wettest known tropical cyclone to impact Hong Kong since records began in 1884, breaking a 73‑year‑old record. A total of 23.98 inches/609 mm of rainfall fell between August 22 and August 25.[12]
| Precipitation | Storm | Location | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | mm | in | |||
| 1 | 632.0 | 24.90 | Haikui 2023 | Hong Kong Observatory | [13] |
| 2 | 616.5 | 24.27 | Sam 1999 | Hong Kong Observatory | [13] |
| 3 | 597.0 | 23.50 | July 1926 Typhoon | Royal Observatory, Hong Kong | [13] |
| 4 | 562.0 | 22.13 | June 1916 Typhoon | Royal Observatory, Hong Kong | [13] |
| 5 | 530.7 | 20.89 | Agnes 1965 | Royal Observatory, Hong Kong | [13] |
| 6 | 519.0 | 20.43 | Agnes 1978 | Royal Observatory, Hong Kong | [13] |
| 7 | 516.1 | 20.32 | Ellen 1976 | Royal Observatory, Hong Kong | [13] |
| 8 | 497.5 | 19.59 | Dot 1993 | Royal Observatory, Hong Kong | [13] |
| 9 | 491.7 | 19.36 | Dot 1982 | Royal Observatory, Hong Kong | [13] |
| 10 | 480.9 | 18.93 | Helen 1995 | Royal Observatory, Hong Kong | [13] |
Lantau Island
[edit]| Precipitation | Storm | Location | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | mm | in | |||
| 1 | 700 | 27.56 | Ira 1993 | [14] | |
Tibet Autonomous Region
[edit]An early October 2004 tropical depression brought moisture into the highlands of Tibet, leading to daily precipitation of 60 mm/2.4 inches liquid equivalent to Che-Ku County all in the form of heavy snow, which was a new October daily precipitation record for both rain and snow. This led to a loss of 340,000 kg of food, 230,000 kg of forage grass, and 263 livestock in the snowstorm.[15]
See also
[edit]- List of wettest tropical cyclones
- List of wettest tropical cyclones by country
- Tropical cyclone
- Tropical cyclone rainfall climatology
- Tropical cyclone rainfall forecasting
References
[edit]- ^ a b Pukh Raj Rakhecha; Vijay P. Singh (2009). Applied Hydrometeorology. Springer. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-4020-9843-7. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
- ^ Qiang Zhang; Liguang Wu; Qiufeng Liu (April 2009). "Tropical Cyclone Damages in China: 1983-2006". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 90 (4). American Meteorological Society: 490. Bibcode:2009BAMS...90..489Z. doi:10.1175/2008BAMS2631.1.
- ^ Burt, Christopher C. (May 30, 2018). "The Deadliest Weather-Related Catastrophe You Probably Never Heard Of". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 2022-01-15.
- ^ Meili, Cao (2021-07-26). 余姚暴雨累计雨量达951毫米 相当于余姚近三天下了约37个西湖的水量. Sina News (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2021-07-27. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
- ^ Padgett, Gary (2006-12-27). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary August 2001". Australian Severe Weather Index. Jimmy Deguara. Retrieved 2007-01-13.
- ^ 重要天气新闻通稿: 今年第13号 台风"苏迪罗"深入内陆影响结束. National Meteorological Center (in Chinese). August 11, 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2015-08-11.
- ^ "Beijing records heaviest rainfall in at least 140 years, causing severe flooding and 21 deaths". ABC News. Retrieved 2023-08-03.
- ^ Zhang, Shuai (2023-08-02). "China sees record flooding in Beijing, with 20 deaths and mass destruction blamed on Typhoon Doksuri". cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2023-08-03.
- ^ Mary Gilbert. "Chanthu to produce days of tropical rainfall, raise flood risk in South Korea and Japan". Accuweather. Archived from the original on 2021-09-17. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
- ^ "China: Floods — Information Bulletin no 2". International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. August 10, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2012 – via ReliefWeb.
- ^ "AIR Post-Disaster Survey for Typhoon Chanchu Documents the Vulnerability of the Chinese Building Stock to Wind and Flood". AIR Worldwide. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
- ^ Gary Padgett. MONTHLY GLOBAL TROPICAL CYCLONE SUMMARY: SEPTEMBER, 1999. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Tropical Cyclones in 2010 (PDF) (Report). Hong Kong Observatory. p. 98. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ C. M. Tam and C. M. Cheng. A late-season tropical cyclone related rainstorm in Hong Kong. Retrieved on 2008-03-09.
- ^ Padgett, Gary; Kevin Boyle; John Wallace; Huang Chunliang; Simon Clarke (17 May 2005). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary October 2004". Australian Severe Weather Index. Jimmy Deguara. Retrieved 13 January 2007.