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China is a sleeping giant

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"China is a sleeping giant, when she wakes she will shake the world", or "China is a sleeping dragon" or China is a sleeping lion, is a phrase widely attributed (albeit without evidence) to Napoleon Bonaparte.

The quote is often labelled as "attributed" to Napoleon or given with a warning that he may not have said it,[1] but Napoleon specialist and Fondation Napoléon historian Peter Hicks declares that Napoleon never said "Laissons la Chine dormir, car quand elle se réveillera, le monde tremblera" (Let China sleep, for when she awakes, the world will tremble)[2] and Australian National University historian John Fitzgerald states that

in all likelihood, Napoleon never uttered the words that legend now attributes to him about China, the "sleeping dragon." There is no reference to a sleeping dragon in his recorded speeches or writings and no mention of the terrible fate in store for the world should China suddenly "wake up."[3]

The quote appears in various forms, as shown in the examples below.

Claim for Lord William Amherst

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Some speculate, without giving documentation, that Napoleon made such a statement to Lord William Amherst (or that Amherst said that he did). Amherst made a diplomatic visit to China and had an audience with the emperor and saw Napoleon in exile on St. Helena in 1817.[4]

William Safire’s Political Dictionary, for instance, cites a 1978 Wall Street Journal column which says Napoleon made the remark to Lord Amherst, but the column gives no source for the reference.[5] Alain Peyrefitte's The Immobile Empire, a study of British delegations to China in the late 18th century based on extensive research in French and English language sources, gives a detailed account of Amherst's conversations with Napoleon with no mention of such a quote. He attributes this "famous prediction" to Napoleon but not as part of the conversation with Amherst and he also gives no source.[6]

Elizabeth Knowles, editor of What They Didn't Say: A Book of Misquotations (Oxford University Press) cites a similar remark the exiled emperor made to Barry O'Meara, his surgeon. O'Meara in conversation criticised Amherst for failing to convince the Chinese emperor to open China to trade. He suggested to Napoleon that "we could easily compel the Chinese to grant good terms by means of a few ships of war; that, for example, we could deprive them altogether of salt, by a few cruisers properly stationed," Napoleon disagreed:

It would be the worst thing you have done for a number of years, to go to war with an immense empire like China, and possessing so many resources. You would doubtless, at first succeed, take what vessels they have, and destroy their trade; but you would teach them their own strength. They would be compelled to adopt measures to defend themselves against you.[7]

Knowles remarks that "the essential idea is here, if not, frustratingly, the figure of speech."[4]

Claim for Vladimir Lenin

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Peyrefitte writes in Quand la Chine s'éveillera… le monde tremblera that Vladimir Lenin used the expression in 1923, and that it must therefore be older than that and therefore must be authentic. Hicks, however, reports that there is no reference to Napoleon in that pamphlet, and that Lenin could not have had access to Amherst's journals in any case. [2]

Uses and significance

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The metaphor of "China asleep" and "China awakened" became widespread during the 19th century and remains so today. [8] "Awakening," says Fitzgerald, meant a different thing in the European Age of Enlightenment, where it meant "awakening to reason and to universal human values," from what it meant in later times where could mean the awakening of peoples in colonial states to their predicament of oppression and awakening to the key to their emancipation. The thought gained power by associating it with Napoleon, one of modern history's most heroic figures.[9]

Implicit in the expression, says Safire, is "the idea that the sleeping giant will soon assert a previously unused power."[5]

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  • In 1911, William T. Ellis wrote: "Napoleon is reported to have said: ‘There sleeps China! God pity us if she wakes. Let her sleep!’ The commonest figure of speech concerning the Empire has been that of a sleeping giant: ‘the awakening of China’ is a stereotyped phrase."[10]
  • 1927: "China’s asleep. Let her sleep. When she awakes, she’ll shake the world"[11]
  • The cover of Time magazine (1 December 1958) says "Let China sleep. For when she awakens, the world will be sorry." Napoleon.[12]
  • In the 1963 Allied Artists film, 55 Days at Peking, set in the Boxer Rebellion of 1900, the British Ambassador Sir Arthur Robinson says "I will never forget it: "Let China sleep. For when she wakes, the world will tremble", after being asked by his wife "Remember what Napoleon said". The screen-play is based on the novel by Noel Gerson, where the quote does not appear. Hicks concludes that one of the screenwriters, Benard Gordon, must have supplied it. [2] [13]
  • Hibbert, Christopher. The Dragon Wakes: China and the West, 1793-1911 (Newton Abbot: Readers Union, 1971).
  • "When China wakes, it will shake the world" is the epigraph on title page of Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn's China Wakes, noted as "attributed to Napoleon." The note for that page gives no source but says the quote "apparently does not appear in any of his collected writings," and he "is said" (without a reference as to who said it) to have made the remark after reading Lord Macartney's account of his trip to China in 1793.[14]
  • The 2018 film Crazy Rich Asians begins with the quote.[15]
  • CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping remarked "China is a sleeping lion. When it wakes the world will tremble" in Paris on 27 March 2014.[16][17]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ wikiquote:China; Wide World of Quotes Napoleon Bonaparte Quotes
  2. ^ a b c Hicks (2019).
  3. ^ Fitzgerald (1996), p. 62.
  4. ^ a b Knowles (2006).
  5. ^ a b Safire (2008), p. 666.
  6. ^ Peyrefitte (1992), p. 518.
  7. ^ O'Meara, Barry Edward (1822). Napoleon in Exile, or, a Voice from St. Helena: The Opinions and Reflections of Napoleon on the Most Important Events of His Life and Government in His Own Words. London: W. Simpkin and R. Marshall. pp. 289–290. Google Book here Haithi Trust online here
  8. ^ Wagner (2011), p. ??.
  9. ^ Fitzgerald (1996), p. 5.
  10. ^ William T. Ellis, "China in Revolution," The Outlook (28 October 1911): 458
  11. ^ "Don’t Be a China," Postage and the Mailbag Vol 15 (1927): 637
  12. ^ Cover (Time Magazine, 1 December, 1958).
  13. ^ "55 Days at Peking Quotes", Quotes: Movies, n.d.
  14. ^ Kristof, Nicholas D.; WuDunn, Sheryl (1994). China Wakes: The Struggle for the Soul of a Rising Power. New York: Times Books. p. 461. ISBN 0812922522.
  15. ^ James, Caryn (13 August 2018), Film review
  16. ^ "习近平："修昔底德陷阱"与"醒来的狮子"". 中国共产党新闻网 (in Chinese (China)). 2015-11-02. 习近平总书记在中法建交50周年纪念大会上的讲话，2014年3月27日
  17. ^ Andrade, Tonio (2016). The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 1, 319. ISBN 978-0691135977. Andrade notes that the quote has "never been traced in direct form to Napoleon."

References

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