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Community areas in Chicago

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a colored map showing the 77 Chicago community areas broken into 9 regions
A map of the 77 community areas, broken down by purported regions. While the areas have official use and definition, the color groupings are unofficial, and such "regions" may be defined differently, grouped differently, or not be used at all.

The city of Chicago is divided into 77 community areas for statistical and planning purposes. Census data and other statistics are tied to the areas, which serve as the basis for a variety of urban planning initiatives on both the local and regional levels. The areas' boundaries do not generally change, allowing comparisons of statistics across time. The areas are distinct from but related to the more numerous neighborhoods of Chicago; an area often corresponds to a neighborhood or encompasses several neighborhoods, but the areas do not always correspond to popular conceptions of the neighborhoods due to a number of factors including historical evolution and choices made by the creators of the areas. As of 2020, Near North Side is the most populous of the areas with over 105,000 residents, while Burnside is the least populous with just over 2,500. Other geographical divisions of Chicago exist, such as the "sides" with origin in the 3 branches of the Chicago River, the 50 wards of the Chicago City Council which undergo redistricting based in population movements, and the parishes of the Roman Catholic Church.

The Social Science Research Committee at the University of Chicago defined the community areas in the 1920s based on neighborhoods or groups of related neighborhoods within the city. In this effort it was led by sociologists Robert E. Park and Ernest Burgess, who believed that physical contingencies created areas that would inevitably form a common identity. Except for the addition of two areas (O'Hare from land annexed by the city in 1956 and Edgewater's separation from Uptown in 1980) and peripheral expansions due to minor annexations, the areas' boundaries have never been revised to reflect change but instead have been kept stable. The areas have become a part of the culture of Chicago, contributing to its perception as a "city of neighborhoods" and breaking it down into smaller regions for easier analysis and local planning. Nevertheless, Park's and Burgess's ideas on the inevitability of physically related areas forming a common bond have been questioned, and the unchanging nature of the areas has at times been seen as analytically problematic with major subsequent changes in the some of the areas' urban landscapes, such as the construction of expressways.

History

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During the 19th century wards were used by the Census Bureau for data at the level below cities.[1] This was problematic as wards were political subdivisions and thus changed after each census, limiting their utility for comparisons over time.[1] Census tracts were first used in Chicago in the 1910 Census.[1] However, by the 1920s the Social Science Research Committee at the University of Chicago wanted divisions that were more natural and manageable than the arbitrarily-designated and numerous census tracts.[1][2] The sociologist Robert E. Park led this charge, considering physical barriers such as railroads and the Chicago River to form distinctive and consistent areas within the city,[1] which he deemed "natural" areas that would eventually merge into a distinctive identity.[1][2] Ernest Burgess, a colleague of Park's who shared his thinking, was crucial in creating and naming the community areas.[2] Initially able to identify 400 neighborhoods of the city, he considered that number excessive and trimmed it down to 80 and thereafter 75 by grouping related neighborhoods into a single community area.[2] The Chicago Department of Public Health wished to present local differences in birth and death rates; it worked with the committee to produce the list of 75 community areas, which were divided into 935 census tracts.[1]

After the community areas were introduced, the University of Chicago Press published data sorted by them from the 1920 and 1930 Censuses,[1] as well as a citywide 1934 census to help collect data related to the Great Depression,[2] in what was known as the Local Community Fact Book.[1] With the exception of 1970 (whose data was published in 1980[2]), it continued this publication for every subsequent census through 1990, expanding in the 1960s to also cover major suburbs of Chicago.[2][3] The Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning continues this work by periodically publishing "Community Snapshots" of the community areas and suburbs, the most recent being data from 2018 published in June 2020.[4]

Only two major changes have occurred in the boundaries of the community areas.[1] O'Hare was created from land that was annexed by Chicago in 1956 to control O'Hare International Airport.[a][5] Edgewater was separated from Uptown in 1980 as residents considered being joined to it a detriment to obtaining aid for local improvements.[6] In addition to these two there have been minor changes due to further annexations and additions to the Lake Michigan shoreline.[1][7]

Use and reception

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The areas are used for statistical and planning purposes by such professions as assessors, charities, and reporters.[2] Shortly after their development they were used for all kinds of statistics, including movie theater distribution and juvenile delinquency.[2] Although developed by the University of Chicago, they have been used by other universities in the Chicago area, as well as by the city and regional planners.[2] They have contributed to Chicago's reputation as the "city of neighborhoods", and are argued to break up an intimidating city into more manageable pieces.[2] Chicago was an early adopter of such a system, and as of 1997 most cities in the United States still lacked analogous divisions.[2]

The areas do not necessarily correspond to popular imagination of the neighborhoods.[1] For example, the Pilsen and Back of the Yards neighborhoods are much better known than their respective community areas Lower West Side and New City.[1] In the case of New City this was a deliberate choice; Burgess opted for the less common "New City" to name the area as "Back of the Yards" carried a stigma after the publication of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle (1904), which made the area notorious for its poor living conditions.[2] Some of these discrepancies are due to names that were common at the time of the adoption of community areas but have since been supplanted by others.[2] The static nature of area boundaries is one of their benefits, but is also problematic at times such as when expressways were built in the mid-20th century and divided neighborhoods without area boundaries adapting.[1] The concept of a "natural area" that underpinned Park's and Burgess's thinking has also been challenged.[1]

List of community areas

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A list of the 77 Chicago community areas by number; the names are provided in the "List of community areas" section below. The areas are generally numbered from north to south, although the last two are in the north due to historical contingencies.
A map of the community areas by number; see the names of the areas associated with each number in this section.
Chicago community areas by number, population, and area[8]
No. Name Population Area[9] Density
(2020)[10] (sq mi.) (km2) (/sq mi.) (/km2)
01 Rogers Park 55,628 1.84 4.77 30,232.61 11,672.81
02 West Ridge 77,122 3.53 9.14 21,847.59 8,435.36
03 Uptown 57,182 2.32 6.01 24,647.41 9,516.37
04 Lincoln Square 40,494 2.56 6.63 15,817.97 6,107.32
05 North Center 35,114 2.05 5.31 17,128.78 6,613.42
06 Lake View 103,050 3.12 8.08 33,028.85 12,752.44
07 Lincoln Park 70,492 3.16 8.18 22,307.59 8,612.96
08 Near North Side 105,481 2.74 7.1 38,496.72 14,863.58
09 Edison Park 11,525 1.13 2.93 10,199.12 3,937.88
10 Norwood Park 38,303 4.37 11.32 8,764.99 3,384.16
11 Jefferson Park 26,216 2.33 6.03 11,251.5 4,344.2
12 Forest Glen 19,596 3.2 8.29 6,123.75 2,364.38
13 North Park 17,559 2.52 6.53 6,967.86 2,690.29
14 Albany Park 48,396 1.92 4.97 25,206.25 9,732.13
15 Portage Park 63,020 3.95 10.23 15,954.43 6,160.01
16 Irving Park 51,940 3.21 8.31 16,180.69 6,247.36
17 Dunning 43,147 3.72 9.63 11,598.66 4,478.24
18 Montclare 14,401 0.99 2.56 14,546.46 5,616.39
19 Belmont Cragin 78,116 3.91 10.13 19,978.52 7,713.71
20 Hermosa 24,062 1.17 3.03 20,565.81 7,940.46
21 Avondale 36,257 1.98 5.13 18,311.62 7,070.12
22 Logan Square 71,665 3.59 9.3 19,962.4 7,707.48
23 Humboldt Park 54,165 3.6 9.32 15,045.83 5,809.2
24 West Town 87,781 4.58 11.86 19,166.16 7,400.05
25 Austin 96,557 7.15 18.52 13,504.48 5,214.08
26 West Garfield Park 17,433 1.28 3.32 13,619.53 5,258.5
27 East Garfield Park 19,992 1.93 5 10,358.55 3,999.44
28 Near West Side 67,881 5.69 14.74 11,929.88 4,606.13
29 North Lawndale 34,794 3.21 8.31 10,839.25 4,185.04
30 South Lawndale 71,399 4.59 11.89 15,555.34 6,005.92
31 Lower West Side 33,751 2.93 7.59 11,519.11 4,447.53
32 Loop[11] 42,298 1.65 4.27 25,635.15 9,897.73
33 Near South Side 28,795 1.78 4.61 16,176.97 6,245.93
34 Armour Square 13,890 1 2.59 13,890 5,362.93
35 Douglas 20,291 1.65 4.27 12,297.58 4,748.09
36 Oakland 6,799 0.58 1.5 11,722.41 4,526.02
37 Fuller Park 2,567 0.71 1.84 3,615.49 1,395.94
38 Grand Boulevard 24,589 1.74 4.51 14,131.61 5,456.21
39 Kenwood 19,116 1.04 2.69 18,380.77 7,096.82
40 Washington Park 12,707 1.52 3.94 8,359.87 3,227.75
41 Hyde Park 29,456 1.61 4.17 18,295.65 7,063.95
42 Woodlawn 24,425 2.07 5.36 11,799.52 4,555.79
43 South Shore 53,971 2.93 7.59 18,420.14 7,112.01
44 Chatham 31,710 2.95 7.64 10,749.15 4,150.25
45 Avalon Park 9,458 1.25 3.24 7,566.4 2,921.39
46 South Chicago 27,300 3.34 8.65 8,173.65 3,155.85
47 Burnside 2,527 0.61 1.58 4,142.62 1,599.47
48 Calumet Heights 13,088 1.75 4.53 7,478.86 2,887.59
49 Roseland 38,816 4.82 12.48 8,053.11 3,109.31
50 Pullman 6,820 2.12 5.49 3,216.98 1,242.08
51 South Deering 14,105 10.9 28.23 1,294.04 499.63
52 East Side 21,724 2.98 7.72 7,289.93 2,814.64
53 West Pullman 26,104 3.56 9.22 7,332.58 2,831.11
54 Riverdale 7,262 3.53 9.14 2,057.22 794.29
55 Hegewisch 10,027 5.24 13.57 1,913.55 738.82
56 Garfield Ridge 35,439 4.23 10.96 8,378.01 3,234.75
57 Archer Heights 14,196 2.01 5.21 7,062.69 2,726.9
58 Brighton Park 45,053 2.72 7.04 16,563.6 6,395.21
59 McKinley Park 15,923 1.41 3.65 11,292.91 4,360.19
60 Bridgeport 33,702 2.09 5.41 16,125.36 6,226
61 New City 43,628 4.83 12.51 9,032.71 3,487.53
62 West Elsdon 18,394 1.17 3.03 15,721.37 6,070.02
63 Gage Park 39,540 2.2 5.7 17,972.73 6,939.27
64 Clearing 24,473 2.55 6.6 9,597.25 3,705.5
65 West Lawn 33,662 2.95 7.64 11,410.85 4,405.73
66 Chicago Lawn 55,931 3.53 9.14 15,844.48 6,117.55
67 West Englewood 29,647 3.15 8.16 9,411.75 3,633.88
68 Englewood 24,369 3.07 7.95 7,937.79 3,064.78
69 Greater Grand Crossing 31,471 3.55 9.19 8,865.07 3,422.8
70 Ashburn 41,098 4.86 12.59 8,456.38 3,265.01
71 Auburn Gresham 44,878 3.77 9.76 11,903.98 4,596.13
72 Beverly 20,027 3.18 8.24 6,297.8 2,431.58
73 Washington Heights 25,065 2.86 7.41 8,763.99 3,383.78
74 Mount Greenwood 18,628 2.71 7.02 6,873.8 2,653.97
75 Morgan Park 21,186 3.3 8.55 6,420 2,478.76
76 O'Hare 13,418 13.34 34.55 1,005.85 388.36
77 Edgewater 56,296 1.74 4.51 32,354.02 12,491.89
Total Chicago[12] 2,746,388 227.34 588.81 12,080.53 4,664.29

Other geographic divisions of Chicago

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Five horizontal stripes, arranged from top to bottom white, blue, white, blue, and white. The middle white stripe is the widest, occupying roughly a third of the flag's height, while the other four stripes are roughly equal in width. There are four red six-pointed stars in the middle white stripe.
On the flag of Chicago, three of the stripes reflect the traditional "sides" of the city.
Further information: List of neighborhoods in Chicago

Chicago is traditionally divided into the three "sides" of the North Side, West Side, and South Side by the Chicago River. These three sides are represented by the white stripes on the Flag of Chicago.[13] The city is also divided into 50 wards for the purpose of electing one alderman each to the Chicago City Council. These wards have at times generated identities similar to neighborhoods. Unlike community areas, wards are adjusted decennially to account for population shifts.[14] Another method of neighborhood nomenclature in heavily Catholic neighborhoods of Chicago has been to refer to communities in terms of parishes.[2] For example, one might say, "I live in St. Gertrude's, but he is from Saint Ita's."[2]

Notes

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  1. ^ Since community areas postdate the large annexations of the late 19th century, this is the only major annexation-related community area change.[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Seligman, Amanda (2004). "Community Areas". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 30, 2019. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Reardon, Patrick T. (March 9, 1997). "Biggest and Best". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  3. ^ "Chicago Government Information: Communities". Northwestern University. Archived from the original on January 17, 2018. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  4. ^ "Community Snapshots". Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
  5. ^ Seligman, Amanda (2004). "O'Hare". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on September 8, 2019. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  6. ^ Seligman, Amanda (2004). "Edgewater". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on November 23, 2019. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  7. ^ Cain, Louis P. (2004). "Annexation". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  8. ^ "Boundaries – Community Areas (current)". City of Chicago. Archived from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  9. ^ "Combined Community Data Snapshots" (pdf). Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning. pp. 9s. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  10. ^ "Combined Community Data Snapshots". Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning. pp. 3s. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  11. ^ "Combined Community Data Snapshots" (pdf). Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning. p. 917. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
  12. ^ "COMMUNITY DATA SNAPSHOT CHICAGO, MUNICIPALITY AUGUST 2021 RELEASE" (PDF). Chicago Metropolitan Area for Planning. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  13. ^ Thale, Christopher (2004). "Flags and Symbols". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  14. ^ Knox, Douglas (2004). "Ward System". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on February 23, 2015. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
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