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Château de Guernon-Ranville

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Château de Guernon-Ranville
Rear facade
Map
General information
LocationRanville, Calvados
CountryFrance
Coordinates49°13′51″N 0°15′54″W / 49.23085°N 0.26505°W / 49.23085; -0.26505

The Château de Guernon-Ranville (Castle of Guernon-Ranville) is located in the hamlet of Le Bas de Ranville in the commune of Ranville, in the Calvados department of Normandy in Northwestern France.

This private 18th-century domain carries the name of the family who were for a long period of time the proprietors of the château. It was once the home of a 19th-century minister, later the holiday resort of art patrons at the beginning of the 20th century as well as eventually a field hospital during the Allied landings in Normandy in 1944. The château now offers upscale self-catering holiday homes.

History

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The actual date of construction of the Château de Guernon-Ranville is not known. However, taking into account the architectural style of the château and notably the harmony of its facade,[1] the château was built in the 18th century. Its name comes from the family who acquired the fief of Ranville in 1751[2] and who then added Ranville to their patronymic name, the result of which is Guernon-Ranville.[3]

The origin of this family, which is one of the oldest to be found among Norman nobility,[4] derives from:

  • In the 8th century, Rollon, considered to be the first Duke of Normandy,
  • In the 11th century, Robert de Guernon, one of the companions-at-arms of William the Conqueror during the invasion of the kingdom of England beginning in 1066. In Normandy, Robert possessed several fiefs and estates to which he lent his name.[5] After the conquest of England, William the Conqueror gave Robert more than 50 manor houses, baronies and other domains in different counties of England.[6] Robert settled in Stansted Mountfitchet in Essex, to the northeast of London. The site on which this castle is built is an important attraction for those who appreciate stately homes. Mountfitchet Castle is today classified as Historic Monument.[7] Robert de Guernon is also an ancestor of the Cavendish family, one of the richest and most influential families of England from whom issue the Dukes of Devonshire.[8]

The arms of the Guernon family are: "D'azur au leurre d'or, accompagné de deux molettes d'éperon en chef de même". Azure (the colour blue) symbolises justice and loyalty. The hunting decoy (leurre d'or in French) is the hood covering the head of birds of prey used for hunting. It is an emblem of the nobility whose first prerogative is the right to hunt. The molettes d'éperons a type of pierced-star symbol) are insignia of knighthood.

The château stayed in the Guernon-Ranville family for almost two centuries.[9] It was significantly remodeled in the 19th century by its most illustrious proprietor, the count and minister Martial de Guernon-Ranville.

  • Blason des Guernon-Ranville
    Blason of Guernon-Ranville
  • Postcard of the side of the château in the early 20th century
    Postcard of the side of the château in the early 20th century
  • The château under the snow
    The château under the snow
  • Partial view of the château
    Partial view of the château
  • Park
    Park

Home of a 19th century government minister

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Portrait du Comte Martial de Guernon-Ranville
Count Martial de Guernon-Ranville (1787–1866)
Belvédère du Château de Guernon-Ranville
Belvédère

In 1818, Count Martial de Guernon-Ranville inherited the property of Ranville[10] of which both his father and grandfather were 'Lord and Patron'.[11] Martial began a career in the magistracy which led him to become a member of Parliament and a minister for the department of Ecclesiastic Affairs and Public Instruction (Ministre de l'Instruction publique et des Cultes) from 1829 to 1830 under Jules de Polignac.

Taking into consideration the numerous positions occupied throughout his professional life, it is unlikely that the Count lived in a permanent fashion at Ranville before 1836, the date from which he was given a compulsory order of residence.[12] During his retirement, Martial reunited the two principal wings of the château, adding to one of the said wings an imposing gallery.[13] This modern addition rendered independent rooms until then opening one upon the other ("en enfilade" in French), a system of circulation through houses and other buildings still prevalent in the 18th century. The Count arranged for moldings and parquet flooring in different fine woods in the left wing which was reserved for the master of the house, family and guests.[14]

Located in the right wing of the château was found those rooms necessary to house servants, kitchens and stables mews. One room served for the storage of fruits on large flat wooden shelves, built on an incline. In the kitchen area was a vast chimney as well as a larder for the preservation of perishable food items. The cavities located in the uppermost part of this wing were most certainly a pigeonry.

The outbuildings of the château consist of a barn for grain storage, a cellar, a workshop for the blacksmith as well as a wine press and a farmyard.[15]

Within the walls of the domain was also, most likely, a small, private chapel as well as a belvedere at the end of the park. This belvedere, no longer in existence, was an astonishing structure four flights high in which the Count stored his collection of precious stones. It is said that from the top of the belvedere one could see all the way to the sea by way of the Caen road.[16] In this same era, there was a walled road which led from the château to the private crypt of the Guernons which is found alongside the church of Ranville in the centre of the village.[17] In this enclosure, which belongs nowadays to the village, one can see sculpted family vaults of the Count and his wife.

Other records recount the existence of a subterranean passage going all the way to Caen but no trace of this passage has been found.

Holiday resort of patrons of the arts of the 20th century

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Carte postale du Château des Comtes de Guernon-Ranville
Caption: "Château des Comtes de Guernon-Ranville"
Carte postale du Château Colmiche
Caption: "Château Colmiche"

At the beginning of the 20th century appear the very first postcards representing the "Château des Comtes de Guernon-Ranville". These cards are the work of small local publishers[18] and are taken from photographs showing the principal facade of the château with its flight of steps and a promontory above a part of the barn, no longer in existence, which must have served as an observatory.

At this time, the château belonged to a great-grand-niece of the Count of Guernon-Ranville, Yvonne Colmiche.[19] The château was thus also photographed under the name of "Château Colmiche". No longer permanently inhabited by this descendant of the Count, the property was rented to a succession of tenants, among whom figure Alexandre Natanson,[20] editor of La Revue Blanche (The White Review). Brother-in-law of the celebrated Misia, muse of fashionable and artistic Paris, as well as of the actress Marthe Mellot, he was also a patron and friend of great artistes of the era, including, among others, the painters Pierre Bonnard, Paul Signac, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec and Pierre-Auguste Renoir.

In her book Le Pain Polka (The Polka Bread),[21] Annette Vaillant, daughter of Marthe Mellot and niece of Alexandre Natanson, retells childhood memories of the château of Ranville where she joined her family several summers.[22] She makes reference of the disposition of rooms still in existence today, such as the large drawing room "where one always feels cold with that portrait of Napoleon shining as brilliantly as the parquet floor and the piano", the billiard room "with its high bench seats and the balls which roll soundlessly, clicking against one another" and also the small drawing room. Of the exterior of the château, Vaillant describes the belvedere "which dominates the roadway", the hothouse which has since disappeared "where hang from the roof warm grapes not yet ripe", the stone steps of the flight of steps, the first cyclamens which scatter about the lawn at the end of summer, as well as "the walkway of dahlias running along the other side of the tennis court".

Le tennis, huile sur toile, Édouard Vuillard, 1907
Le Tennis, painting by Édouard Vuillard, 1907

Édouard Vuillard painted this tennis court[23] in 1907. A familiar face in the circle of the Natanson family, the painter was on holiday a few kilometres from Ranville, at the Château-Rouge of Amfreville. Le Tennis is a very large painting and was notably exposed in Paris at the 1912 Salon d'Automne and later at the Musée des Arts Décoratifs in 1938. Belonging for a long time to the Natanson family, the painting then left France for the United States where it was acquired by renowned art dealer by the name of Howard Young, an associate of Francis Lenn Taylor, Elizabeth Taylor's father. Le Tennis was later offered for sale by Sotheby's of New York in 1985.[24]

Should one refer to the proposal of Anna de Noailles who said that "Monsieur Vuillard paints all that he sees",[25] particularly during his years of realism, the background of the work tells that at that point in time, the property was not as yet defined by walls. The notarial act relating to the sale of the château between the First and Second World Wars to the Countess of Gramedo[26] mentions "a property comprising a château, outbuildings, an orangery, a hothouse as well as a kitchen garden and a park in front of and behind the château, all of which is enclosed by walls".[27]

Field hospital during the Normandy landings in 1944

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During the Second World War, the château which had belonged since 1933 to the honorary president of the Court of Appeal of Paris, Monsieur Jozon,[28] was requisitioned by the German occupation army in order to house members of the Organisation Todt.

During the night of 5 to 6 June 1944, three officers who were part of this organisation, apparently asleep in their rooms, were made prisoners by Allied troops. The château and its outbuildings were immediately transformed into a field hospital known as "Main Dressing Station" under the command of the 225th Parachute Field Ambulance. This medical intervention unit, composed of ten officers and somewhere around 100 men was under the 5th brigade of the 6th Airborne Division. It was operated under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Bruce Harvey who had amongst others, already formed a medical outpost at the Café Gondrée located next to Pegasus Bridge.

On the roof of the château, a large cloth was spread, bearing the emblem of the Red Cross to indicate the presence of medical services. This effort, however, stopped neither mortar fire nor enemy bombing, the result damaging most notably a part of the outbuildings serving as a canteen to the unit. Nearly 400 wounded were treated in the first days, the most seriously wounded evacuated by sea to England. The two surgery teams, poorly equipped as they were, also performed more than 43 delicate operations.[29]

  • 1944 aerial picture showing 'le Bas de Ranville' and in particular the Château de Guernon-Ranville in the centre and its park
    1944 aerial picture showing 'le Bas de Ranville' and in particular the Château de Guernon-Ranville in the centre and its park
  • Copy of a drawing sketched in 1944 when the Château de Guernon-Ranville was a field hospital
    Copy of a drawing sketched in 1944 when the Château de Guernon-Ranville was a field hospital
  • Colourised image
    Colourised image
  • Two pictures put together showing the château in 1944, in which can be seen a sheet painted with a cross on the ground and which would have been visible to aviators in the skies above, in addition to military vehicles
    Two pictures put together showing the château in 1944, in which can be seen a sheet painted with a cross on the ground and which would have been visible to aviators in the skies above, in addition to military vehicles

The self-catering holiday homes of the 21st century

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Three upscale self-catering holiday homes are available and welcome to the vacation travelers. These apartments occupy part of the château and the old mews. Careful restoration conserves and highlights the original materials of the construction of the château: ceiling beams, antique floor tommettes, the period chimneys and walls made of quarried stone of Caen.

  • One of the homes
    One of the homes
  • Another home
    Another home
  • Château building
    Château building
  • One of the rooms
    One of the rooms
  • Another room
    Another room

Bibliography

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  • Raymond Monfaut, Recherche de Monfaut, Imprimerie de F. Poisson, Caen, seconde édition, 1818
  • Guy Chamillard, Généralité de Caen. Recherche de la Noblesse faite par ordre du Roi (Louis XIV) en 1666 et années suivantes, Du Buisson de Courson, 1887-1889
  • Philip Morant, The History and Antiquities of the County of Essex, éditeur T. Osborne, J. Whiston, S. Baker, L. Davis & C. Reymers, B. White, Londres, 1768, 2 volumes
  • Répertoire des anciennes demeures françaises, Le Calvados I, Arrondissement de Caen, Éditions des anciennes demeures françaises, Paris, 1975
  • Julien Travers, M. Le Comte de Guernon-Ranville et le journal de son ministère, imprimeur F. Le Blanc-Hardel, Caen, 1866
  • Gaël de Rohan-Chabot, Ranville autrefois, Imprimeur R. Lebrun, Caen, 1983
  • Annette Vaillant, Le Pain Polka, Mercure de France, 1974
  • Paul-Henri Bourrelier, La Revue blanche, une génération dans l’engagement, 1890-1905, Fayard, Paris, 2007
  • Antoine Salomon et Guy Cogeval, Vuillard, critical catalogue of paintings and pastels, Skira Wildenstein Institute, 2003
  • Lieutenant-Colonel Howard N. Cole, On wing of healing, the story of the Airborne Medical Services 1940-1960, William Blackwood & Sons, 1963

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Propos de M. Philippe Lenglart (historien et co-auteur de l'ouvrage intitulé Patrimoine des communes du Calvados) lors de la visite du château dans le cadre des Journées du Patrimoine le 19 septembre 2004.
  2. ^ En 1751, Pierre Antoine Barnabé de Guernon-Ranville, Sieur de Saussay, né le 23 décembre 1718 et mort le 25 novembre 1777, a acheté le fief de Ranville et d’Escayeul à un dénommé M. de la Bretonnière.
  3. ^ La généalogie de cette famille est rapportée dans un manuscrit détenu en main privée, calligraphié à la plume et illustré de plus de 600 blasons et écus : Etude sur une famille normande (1066 à 1904) par l'un de ses membres, René Guernon. Un exemplaire de cet ouvrage a été vendu aux enchères à Lyon le 3 juillet 2008 (Lot 21).
  4. ^ The seniority of this family is attested in the various researches on the French nobility made in 1463–1465 by Monfaut, in 1599 by Roissy, and in 1666 by Chamillard.
  5. ^ Par exemple, le fief de Guernon situé dans la paroisse d'Oystreham, aujourd’hui Ouistreham (fr), commune située à moins de 10 km de Ranville, ou celui de Fauguernon sur lequel se trouvait le château féodal des Guernon.
  6. ^ Ainsi que l'atteste le Domesday Book ou livre du cadastre du Royaume d'Angleterre.
  7. ^ "In 1066 the site of Mountfitchet was attacked by the Normans and Robert Gernon, the Duke of Boulogne, built his castle here, making it his chief seat and the head of his Barony", peut-on lire sur le site officiel du château de Mountfitchet, https://www.mountfitchetcastle.com.
  8. ^ Tel que le rapporte Philip Morant, ecclésiastique anglais, dans The History and Antiquities of the County of Essex.
  9. ^ Le château a été la propriété des Guernon-Ranville jusqu'en 1926.
  10. ^ Environ 90 hectares d'après un extrait de la matrice cadastrale des propriétés foncières de la commune de Ranville-sur-Orne.
  11. ^ « Etude sur une famille normande (1066 à 1904) par l'un de ses membres, René Guernon », chapitre V, Chronologie de la branche des Guernon-Ranville, page 64.
  12. ^ Condamné à un emprisonnement perpétuel par la Cour des Pairs sous Louis-Philippe I à la suite de son ministère sous Charles X, le Comte de Guernon-Ranville a été conduit au Fort de Ham et y est resté jusqu'au 23 novembre 1836, époque de son assignation à résidence.
  13. ^ Cette modification, qui a pratiquement doublé la largeur du bâtiment, est attestée à la fois par l'épaisseur conséquente de certains murs intérieurs du château, anciennement extérieurs, ainsi que par la présence d'un blason sculpté sur ce qui était jadis une fenêtre ou porte-fenêtre, aujourd'hui un passage intérieur.
  14. ^ Ainsi que le rapporte le Répertoire des anciennes demeures françaises, Le Calvados I, Arrondissement de Caen.
  15. ^ D'après les actes notariés des 28 mars et 2 avril 1818, « Donation par M. Roger François Barnabé Comte de Guernon-Ranville, Chevalier de l'Ordre Royal et Militaire de St Louis demeurant à Caen, à son fils Martial alors avocat à Caen ».
  16. ^ Gaël de Rohan-Chabot, Ranville autrefois, Imprimeur R. Lebrun, Caen, 1983.
  17. ^ On peut lire sur la plaque apposée à l'entrée de cet enclos : « Ce cimetière appartenait à la famille de Guernon-Ranville. Les héritiers en ont fait don à la commune de Ranville en 1990 ».
  18. ^ Les cartes postales sont signées des photographes Jules François Bréchet à Caen et A. Delaunay à Saint Aubin-sur-Mer ainsi que de l'éditeur Lacour qui tenait une épicerie-tabacs à Ranville. Le dos des cartes est divisé en deux parties, ce qui permet de les dater d'après 1903, année à partir de laquelle l'arrêté du 18 novembre autorise l'adresse sur la partie droite et la correspondance à gauche.
  19. ^ À la mort du Comte en 1866, celui-ci n'ayant pas eu d'enfant, le château est transmis à ses petits-neveux. Sa dernière propriétaire Yvonne Colmiche, née le 20 juillet 1882 à Ranville et décédée en 1946, était la fille de l'un d'eux.
  20. ^ Alexandre Natanson, né le 27 septembre 1866 à Varsovie en Pologne, décédé en mars 1936 à Paris, France.
  21. ^ Chapitre intitulé « Un imprudent petit poulet », pp. 32-40.
  22. ^ D'après les propos d'Annette Vaillant, il est possible de dater ses séjours au château entre 1905 et 1908, époque à laquelle elle avait entre 3 et 6 ans.
  23. ^ Le court de tennis en terre battue a probablement été construit dans les années 1880-1890, décennies à partir desquelles la mode de ce sport s'est répandue en France.
  24. ^ La provenance de l'œuvre est mentionnée dans le catalogue de la vente Sotheby's du 14 mai 1985, New York, États-Unis.
  25. ^ « Enlever vite ce thermomètre et ce tube de vaseline, Monsieur Vuillard peint tout ce qu'il voit » aurait dit Anna de Noailles à sa camériste avant l'arrivée du peintre dans sa chambre où elle était alitée, pour la première séance de pose de son portrait.
  26. ^ Comtesse de Gramedo, née Ethel Spencer Brown le 21 novembre 1881 à Chicago (États-Unis), veuve d'Edouard Manuel Comte de Gramedo.
  27. ^ Acte de vente du 10 mai 1926.
  28. ^ Joseph Marie Louis Jozon, né à Sens le 11 septembre 1873, décédé le 6 février 1949.
  29. ^ 225 Field Ambulance war diary.
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