Charles D. B. King
Charles D. B. King | |
|---|---|
 1927 Autochrome by Auguste Léon | |
| 17th President of Liberia | |
| In office 5 January 1920 – 3 December 1930 | |
| Vice President | Samuel Alfred Ross (1920–1924) Henry Too Wesley (1924–1928) Allen Yancy (1928–1930) |
| Preceded by | Daniel E. Howard |
| Succeeded by | Edwin Barclay |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 12 March 1875 Monrovia, Liberia |
| Died | 4 September 1961 (aged 86) Monrovia, Liberia |
| Political party | True Whig |
| Relations | Olubanke King Akerele (granddaughter) |
Charles Dunbar Burgess King (12 March 1875 – 4 September 1961) was a Liberian politician who served as the 17th president of Liberia from 1920 to 1930. He was of Americo-Liberian and Sierra Leone Creole descent. He was a member of the True Whig Party, which ruled the country from 1878 until 1980.
King was Attorney General from 1904 until 1912, and Secretary of State of Liberia from 1912 until he was elected president in 1919. In this capacity, he attended the 1919 Paris Peace Conference and the accompanying First Pan-African Congress. Though a moderate supporter of reform, he continued to support the patronage machine and corrupt dominance of the True Whig Party.
President King's administration was marked by scandal. His economic agenda and development plan consistently fell short of expectations; and while literacy rates increased with broader access to public education, his presidency is best known for a string of political scandals and economic setbacks.
In 1927, he won the presidential election with over 15 times more votes than there were electors, causing concern for a rigged and corrupt election, but a forced labor and slavery scandal forced his resignation in 1930. Charles King resigned in disgrace and retired from seeking higher office thereafter until his death. His presidency was marked by extreme corruption, nepotism for the hiring of officials rather than by skill, and a lack of transparency regarding the decisions his administration was making regarding the welfare of the people and use of slave labor.
Presidency (1920–1930)
[edit]King became Liberia's President in 1920 and served for ten years. As president, he helped establish the Booker Washington Agricultural and Industrial Institute in Kakata in 1929,[1] and although King was considered a moderate reformer within the True Whig Party, his administration was mired in corruption and controversy, serving the party's patronage machine and making appointments based on nepotism and political favors.
Negotiation of a loan from the United States
[edit]By the early 1920s, Liberia's financial crisis had worsened to the point where President King headed up a commission that traveled to the United States to seek reorganization of the country's staggering debt burden.[2] They arrived in March 6, 1921, shortly after President Warren G. Harding had taken office. [3] The U.S. Congress had suspended all foreign credit and extension of foreign loans, even though the U.S. State Department favored approving the request from the Liberian delegation.[4] In July, U.S. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes said that it was the moral duty to extend the requested loan to Liberia because of a 1918 agreement between the two countries.[5] The following month, President Harding told Congress that he agreed with Secretary Hughes.[5] Negotiations dragged on until October before the State Department finally granted Liberia a loan for $5 million (equivalent to $85 million in 2023)
The United States government under President Harding proposed anew (after an attempt made during World War I from Liberian President Howard to get a loan from the previous Woodrow Wilson Administration) to Congress a $5 million loan to Liberia. The House of Representatives approval the loan in a vote of 148–139, but the Senate voted 42–32 against giving the loan.[6][7] This created great disappointment and a sense of desperation among Liberian officials, who worried that British and French designs on their country might now prove unstoppable. Liberia had become a charter member of the League of Nations in 1919, and the Liberian government was determined to safeguard its sovereignty.
Firestone Rubber Company
[edit]In 1925, Firestone Rubber Company agreed to a 99-year lease of 1,000,000 acres (4,000 km2) of land in Liberia in order to grow rubber on it.[8] Firestone began exporting rubber from Liberia in 1934. The Liberian economy soon came to depend on it. Firestone's subsidiary Finance Corporation of America gave a $5 million loan to the Liberian government, which Liberia intended to use to consolidate and bond debts and fund public improvements.[9] Under the terms of the loan, the President of the United States appointed a financial advisor to Liberia who had the power to approve and disapprove all expenditures by the Liberian government.[9] The Liberian government was also required to use $2.5 million of the loan to purchase bonds at a ten percent markup.[9] Of the remainder, over $1.1 million went toward loan repayments on a 1912 loan from the U.S.[9] As a result, very little of the proceeds of the 1934 loan were available to help the country.[9] Meanwhile, the loan repayments constituted 40 percent of the Liberian government's annual income.[9]
Presidential election of 1927
[edit]
King was challenged in the 1927 presidential election by Thomas Faulkner. According to the official statement, King received 234,000 votes;[10] however, Liberia only had 15,000 registered voters at the time. Thus, King was later listed in the Guinness Book of Records for the most fraudulent election reported in history.[11]
Forced labor and slavery scandal
[edit]After losing the 1927 presidential election to King, Thomas Faulkner accused many members of the True Whig Party government of recruiting and selling contract labor as slaves. Despite Liberia's firm denials and a refusal to cooperate, the League of Nations established a commission under the leadership of British zoologist Cuthbert Christy to determine the extent of forced labor and slavery still practiced by Liberia. U.S. President Herbert Hoover briefly suspended relations to press Monrovia into compliance.
In 1930, the League of Nations published the committee's report, dubbed the 'Christy Report' after the Committee's chairman. The report supported many of Faulkner's allegations and implicated many government officials, including vice president Allen Yancy. It was found that forced labor was used for the construction of certain public works such as roads in the interior. And certain tribes did practice domestic servitude that could be considered as slavery.
The report found:
- "In order to suppress the native, prevent him from realizing his powers and limitations and prevent him from asserting himself in any way whatever, for the benefit of the dominant and colonizing race, although originally the same African stock as themselves, a policy of gross intimidation and suppression has for years been systematically fostered and encouraged, and is the key word of the Government native policy;" and
- that, "...Vice President Yancy [of Liberia] and other high officials of the Liberian Government, as well as county superintendents and district commissioners, have given their sanction for compulsory recruitment of labor for road construction, for shipment abroad and other work, by the aid and assistance of the Liberian Frontier Force; and have condoned the utilization of this force for purposes of physical compulsion on road construction for the intimidation of villagers, for the humiliation and degradation of chiefs, of captured natives to the coast, there guarding them till the time of shipment [to Fernando Po and Sao Tome.]"[12]
Subsequently, King and Vice-President Yancy, along with other implicated leaders, resigned.
Post-presidency
[edit]King served as resident minister to the United States from 24 to 25 July 1947, when the legation was raised to embassy. King continued to serve as ambassador until 1952.[13]
Personal life
[edit]King was first married to Janie E. Scott, and the couple had a son and two daughters.[14] His second wife was Cecelia Adeline Cooper and they had one son together.[14] In 1919, King and his wife were guests of President Woodrow Wilson in the United States.[14]
He is the grandfather of Olubanke King Akerele.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Weiner, Tim (September 1, 2003). "Kakata Journal; An Army of Educators Saves a Liberian College". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
- ^ "Liberia President Coming". The New York Times. February 19, 1921. p. 2.
- ^ "Liberian Chief Arrives". The Washington Post. March 7, 1921. p. 1.
- ^ "Department of State Favors Liberia Loan". Afro-American. July 8, 1921. p. 1.
- ^ a b "Declares Liberia Entitled to Loan". The New York Times. August 2, 1921. p. 8.
- ^ "Pass Liberian Loan After Bitter Fight". The Washington Post. May 11, 1922. p. 1
- ^ Le Count Chestnut, J. (December 2, 1922). "Senate Kills Liberian Loan". The Chicago Defender. p. 1.
- ^ "Tire Magnate Starts Rubber Control Fight". Associated Press. The Baltimore Sun. p. 1.
- ^ a b c d e f "Liberia Pays Seven Per Cent on Big Loan". Afro-American. May 5, 1928. p. 5.
- ^ Blundell, Nigel (1995). The World's Greatest Mistakes. New York: Bounty Books. p. 135. ISBN 0-600-57232-3.
- ^ McWhirter, Norris (1981). Guinness Book of World Records 1982. Sterling Publishing Company, Incorporated. ISBN 0-8069-0225-6.
- ^ Report of the International Commission of Inquiry into The Existence of Slavery and Forced Labor in the Republic of Liberia. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1931.
- ^ "Diplomatic Representation for Republic of Liberia". United States Department of State. 17 March 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
- ^ a b c "Ex-President King of Liberia Is Dead". The Afro-American. 16 September 1961. Retrieved 2023-03-30.
External links
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| Secretaries of State (1848–1972) |  | |
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| Ministers of Foreign Affairs (1972–present) | ||
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- Presidents of Liberia
- Liberian people of Sierra Leonean descent
- Sierra Leone Creole people
- Liberian people of Sierra Leone Creole descent
- Foreign ministers of Liberia
- 1875 births
- 1961 deaths
- True Whig Party politicians
- Politicians from Monrovia
- Americo-Liberian people
- Attorneys general of Liberia
- Ambassadors of Liberia to the United States
- 20th-century Liberian politicians