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Chirostoma

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"Charal" redirects here. For the Ewoks: The Battle for Endor character, see Charal (Star Wars).

Chirostoma
Temporal range: 5–0 Ma
↓
Pliocene to Present[1]
Chirostoma lucius (above)

Chirostoma estor (below)

Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Atheriniformes
Family: Atherinopsidae
Subfamily: Menidiinae
Tribe: Mendiniini
Genus: Chirostoma
Swainson, 1839
Type species
Atherina humboldtiana
Valenciennes 1835[2]
Synonyms[3]
  • Atherinichthys Bleeker, 1853
  • Atherinoides Bleeker, 1853
  • Charalia F. de Buen, 1945
  • Eslopsarum D.S. Jordan & B.W. Evermann, 1896
  • Heterognathus Girard, 1855
  • Lethostole D.S. Jordan & B.W. Evermann, 1896
  • Ocotlanichthys F. de Buen, 1945
  • Otalia F. de Buen, 1945
  • Palmichthys F. de Buen, 1945

Chirostoma is a genus of Neotropical silversides from the Lerma River basin in Mexico, including lakes Chapala and Pátzcuaro. Fish in the genus collectively go by the common name charal/charales in their native range (a name also used for the related Poblana). They are heavily fished, but several of the species have become threatened due to habitat loss (pollution, water extraction and drought), introduced species and overfishing.[4][5] Three species are considered extinct: C. bartoni (disappeared 2006), C. charari (1957) and C. compressum (1900).[6] Four others have not been recorded recently and may also be extinct.[7]

Appearance and behavior

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Chirostoma are generally silvery-white, pale gray-brown or dull yellowish in color, and have a long horizontal line on the side of the body (inconspicuous and more spotty in some species).[8] They vary in size, ranging from species that are less than 10 cm (4 in) long to species that can surpass 40 cm (16 in).[9] Despite the differences, there is great overlap in the food choice of these filter feeders with the main diet being composed of various small organisms (mostly planktonic) such as copepods, cladocerans, rotifers, amphipods, oligochaetes, nematodes, insect larvae, and fish eggs and embryos (including those of silversides).[8]

They are ovoviviparous and employ external fertilization. During spawning each female lays a few hundred to a few thousand eggs.[10]

Species

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There are currently 23 recognized species in this genus.[9] Additionally, the 4 Poblana species are sometimes included in Chirostoma instead of being placed in a separate genus.[10] Several species of Chirostoma can hybridize.[8]

Culinary use

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Several Chirostoma from Lake Chapala

Dried Chirostoma can be fried with salt and lemon and covered with fried egg with garlic or chili. They can be added to omelettes or fried pancakes in green sauce.

Availability

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Chirostoma can be purchased at restaurants on the shores of Lake Chapala in local markets. They are typically sold dried and are affordable.[11] C. estor is aquacultured,[12] and C. humboldtianum, another potential candidate for aquaculture, has been bred in captivity.[7][13]

References

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  1. ^ Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2009-02-20. Retrieved 2007-12-25.
  2. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Chrostoma". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  3. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Atherinopsidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  4. ^ Angeles Barriga-Sosa, I.d.l.; A.L. Ibáñez-Aguirre; J.L. Arredondo-Figueroa (2002). "Morphological and genetic variation in seven species of the endangered Chirostoma "humboldtianum species group" (Atheriniformes: Atherinopsidae)". Rev. Biol. Trop. 50 (1): 199–216. PMID 12298246.
  5. ^ Urbina-Sánchez, I.; C.G. Paniagua-Chávez; R. Fierro; G. Figueroa-Lucero; I.d.l.A. Barriga-Sosa (2016). "Intraspecific karyotypic variation in the silverside fish Chirostoma humboldtianum (Atheriniformes: Atherinopsidae)". Hidrobiológica. 26 (1): 93–101. doi:10.24275/uam/izt/dcbs/hidro/2016v26n1/barriga.
  6. ^ Burkhead, N.M. (2012). "Extinction Rates in North American Freshwater Fishes, 1900–2010" (PDF). BioScience. 62 (9): 798–808. doi:10.1525/bio.2012.62.9.5.
  7. ^ a b "UAM rescata pez blanco en peligro de extinción" (in Spanish). sdpnoticias.com. 17 April 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
  8. ^ a b c Francisco J. García-De-León; Juan P. Ramírez-Herrejón; Rafael García-Ortega; Dean A. Hendrickson (2014). "Foraging patterns of four sympatric species of silversides (Atheriniformes: Atherinopsidae) in Lago de Pátzcuaro, Central Mexico". UNED Research Journal. 6 (1): 127–139.
  9. ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Chirostoma". FishBase. September 2018 version.
  10. ^ a b Ceballos, G.; E.D. Pardo; L.M. Estévez; H.E. Pérez, eds. (2016). Los peces dulceacuícolas de México en peligro de extinción. Fondo de Cultura Económic. pp. 228–251, 435–436. ISBN 978-607-16-4087-1.
  11. ^ "NaturaLista · Charales y pescado blanco (Genus Chirostoma)". naturalista.conabio.gob.mx. Archived from the original on 2016-04-24. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
  12. ^ "Whitefish recovery encouraged in Lake Patzcuaro". fis.com. 25 March 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
  13. ^ Blancas-Arroyo, G.A.; G. Figueroa-Lucero; I.d.l.A. Barriga-Sosa; J.L. Arredondo-Figuero (2004). "Effects of an artificial photothermal cycle on the reproduction of the shortfin silverside, Chirostoma humboldtianum, Valenciennes, 1835 (Pisces : Atherinopsidae)". Aquaculture. 241 (1–4): 575–585. Bibcode:2004Aquac.241..575B. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.08.014.
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