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List of Chagatai khans

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The Chagatai Khans were the monarchs of the Chagatai Khanate from Chagatai Khan's inheritance of the state in 1227 to their removal from power by the Dzungars and their vassals in 1687. The power of the Chagatai Khans varied; from its beginning, the khanate was one of the weakest of the Mongol states and often its rulers were merely figureheads for ambitious conquerors (see Kaidu and Timur).

Khan of Khanate
Imperial
Details
StyleHis Imperial Majesty
First monarchChagatai Khan
Last monarchMaqsud Khan
Formation18th August 1227
Abolition6th June 1930
AppointerGenghisid

Note: The following list is incomplete. It excludes several collateral lines that ruled over minor territories and were relatively unimportant.

Khans of the Chagatai Khanate

[edit]
Personal Name Reign Religion
Chagatai Khan
چغتائی خان
1226–1242 CE Tengrism
Qara Hülëgü
قارا ہلاکو
1242–1246 CE 1st Reign Tengrism
Yesü Möngke
یہسو مونکو
1246–1252 CE Tengrism
Qara Hülëgü
قارا ہلاکو
1252 CE 2nd Reign Tengrism
Mubarak Shah
مبارک شاہ
His mother Orqina Khatun was regent during this time
1252–1260 CE 1st Reign Islam
Alghu bin Baidar
الغو
1260–1266 CE Tengrism
Mubarak Shah
مبارک شاہ
1266 CE 2nd Reign Islam
Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq
غیاث الدین باراق
1266–1270 CE Islam
Kaidu bin Kashin and his son Chapar bin Kaidu ruled as de facto Khans from 1270 until 1304. The Chagatai Khans during this period were appointed by them but still rebelled when they tried to exert their authority.
Negübei
نہگوبائی
Under Kaidu bin Kashin
1270–1272 CE Islam
Buqa Temür
بغا تیمور بن قداقچی
Under Kaidu bin Kashin
127?–1282 CE Islam
Duwa
دووا
Under Kaidu bin Kashin & Chapar bin Kaidu
1282–1306 CE Islam
Restoration of Chagatai Khanate independence.
Duwa
دووا
1306–1307 CE Islam
Könchek
کونچہک
1307–1308 CE Islam
Taliqu
تالقو بن قداقچی
1308–1309 CE Islam
Kebek
قبق بن دووا
1309–1310 CE 1st Reign Tengrism
Esen Buqa I
ایشان بغا
1310–1318 CE Tengrism
Kebek
قبق بن دووا
1318–1325 CE 2nd Reign Tengrism
Eljigidey
 ?
1325–1329 CE Tengrism
Duwa Temür
دووا تیمور
1329–1330 CE Islam
Ala-ad-din Tarmashirin
علاء الدین تارماشیریں
1331–1334 CE Islam
Buzan
بوزان
1334–1335 CE Tengrism
Changshi
چانگشی
1335–1338 CE Tengrism
Yesun Temur
یسون تیمور
1338–1342 CE Tengrism
Ali Sultan
علی سلطان
1342 CE Islam
Muhammad I ibn Pulad
محمد ابن پلاد
1342–1343 CE Islam
Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur
غازان خان
1343–1346 CE Islam
Qazan's death signified the end of the effective power of the Chagatai khans within the ulus; subsequent khans were rulers in name only. Qazaghan took the title of Amir and to legitimize himself conferred the title of khan on descendants of Genghis Khan of his own choosing.
Danishmendji
دانشمندجی
Under Amir Qazaghan
1346–1348 CE Islam
During Amir Qazaghan's reign the Chagatai Khanate devolved into a loose confederation of tribes. This resulted in the Division of the Empire in 1347 CE into the Western Chagatai Khanate and Eastern part known as Moghulistan under Tughlugh Timur.
  • Blue rows signifies nominal rule.

Khans of the Western Chagatai Khanate and the Eastern Chagatai Khanate (Moghulistan)

[edit]
Western Chagatai Khanate Moghulistan
Bayan Qulï
بیان قلی
Under Amir Qazaghan & Abdullah bin Qazaghan
1348–1358 CE
Tughlugh Timur
تغلق تیمور
1347–1360 CE
Shah Temur
شاہ تیمور
Under Abdullah bin Qazaghan
1358 CE
Tughlugh Timur
تغلق تیمور
(Tribes of Chagatai Khanate rebelled against Abdullah bin Qazaghan who was of the Qara'unas forcing him to retreat but the coalition of Suldus under Buyan Suldus and Barlas under Hajji Beg collapsed; anarchy reigned in Chagatai Khanate. This power vacuum allowed Tughlugh Timur to move in without much resistance only Hajji Beg who was defiant had to make his escape. Tughlugh Timur then appointed Timur Gurkani as Chief of Barlas tribe and returned to his capital. However he was back in the region next year with the view of removing most Amirs and to consolidate his grip on his new conquered territory. He executed several amirs, including Amir Bayazid and Buyan Suldus. The son of Abdullah bin Qazaghan named Amir Husayn was the new Chief of the Qara'unas and resisted the powerful King of Moghulistan but was also defeated, however he would return after the king's death.Tughlugh Timur before leaving for his capital left his son Ilyas Khoja as viceroy of Chagatai Khanate region. The ruthlessness with which the Moghuls ruled the region caused many to oppose them, including Amir Husayn of the Qara'unas and Timur of the Barlas. Together they faced an army of Moghuls and local tribes loyal to Ilyas Khoja, and defeated them. Shortly afterwards, Tughlugh Timur died and Ilyas Khoja left for Moghulistan to take power. The tribes nominated and placed Adil-Sultan as nominal Khan of Chagatai Khanate.
1361–1363 CE
Adil-Sultan
عادل سلطان
Under Tribal Confederation of Amir Husayn and Amir Timur
1363 CE
Ilyas Khoja
الیاس خوجہ
1363–1368 CE
Khabul Shah
خابول شاہ
Under Amir Husayn
1364–1370 CE
Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat
قمر الدین خان دغلت
Usurper
1368–1392 CE
Soyurghatmïsh Khan

Under Amir Timur
1370–1388 CE
Sultan Mahmud Khan
سلطان محمود خان
Under Amir Timur. Sultan Mahmud's death in 1402 marked the effective end of the line of Chagatai Khans in Transoxiana, who had long been mere figureheads and the rise of Timurid dynasty.
1388–1402 CE
Khizr Khoja
خضر خوجہ
1389–1399
  • Transoxiana remained in the hands of Timur and his successors. For a continued list of rulers of Moghulistan see below.

Khans of Moghulistan

[edit]
Titular Name(s) Personal Name Reign
Khan
خان
Tughlugh Timur
تغلق تیمور
1348–1363 CE
Khan
خان
Ilyas Khoja
الیاس خوجہ
1363–1368 CE
Khan
خان
Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat
قمر الدین خان دغلت
1368–1392 CE
Khan
خان
Khizr Khoja
خضر خوجہ
1389–1399 CE
Khan
خان
Shams-i-Jahan
شمس جہان
1399–1408 CE
Khan
خان
Muhammad Khan
محمد خان
1408–1415 CE
Khan
خان
Naqsh-i-Jahan
نقش جہان
1415–1418 CE
Khan
خان
Awais Khan
اویس خان
1418–1421 CE
1st reign
Khan
خان
Sher Muhammad
شیر محمد
1421–1425 CE
Khan
خان
Awais Khan
اویس خان
1425–1429 CE
2nd reign
Khan
خان
Satuq Khan
ستوق خان
1429–1434 CE
Khan
خان
Esen Buqa II
ایشان بغا ثانی
1429–1462 CE
Division of Moghulistan into Western Moghulistan (Yarkent) and Eastern Moghulistan (Turpan)
  • Green shaded row signifies rule of usurper.

Khans of Western Moghulistan (Yarkent) and Khans of Eastern Moghulistan (Turpan)

[edit]
Western Moghulistan (Yarkent Khanate) Eastern Moghulistan (Turpan Khanate)
Yunus Khan
یونس خان
1462–1469 CE
Dost Muhammad Khan
دوست محمد خان
1462–1468 CE
Kebek Sultan Oghlan
قبق سلطان
1469 CE
Yunus Khan
یونس خان
1469–1487 CE
Mahmud Khan
محمود خان
1487–1508 CE
Ahmad Alaq
احمد الاچ
1487–1503 CE
Mansur Khan
منصور خان
1503–1508 CE
Mansur Khan
منصور خان
1508–1514 CE
Sultan Sa'id Khan
سلطان سعید خان
1514–1533 CE
Mansur Khan
منصور خان
1514–1548 CE
Abdur-Rashid Khan
عبد الرشید خان
1533–1560 CE
Shah Khan
شاہ خان
1543–1560 CE
Abdul Karim Khan (Yarkand)
عبد الکریم خان
1560–1591 CE
Muhammad Sultan (Yarkand)
محمد سلطان
1592-1609 CE
Shudja ad Din Ahmad Khan (Yarkand)
شجاع الدین احمد خان
1609-1618 CE
Abul Muhammad Khan (Turpan)
ابوالمحمد خان
1570 CE
Sufi Khan (Turpan)
خان صُوفِيّ‎
1570 CE
Sultan Sa'id Khan after defeating Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat established the Altishaher or union of 6 cities, a much reduced western half of Moghulistan. By this time the western half was referred to as Kashgaria and eastern half was referred to as Uyghurstan. During the reign of Abdur-Rashid Khan a certain Naqshbandi Sufi teacher Ahmad Kasani (1462–1542), known as Makhdum-i-Azam (the Great Master) came to Kashgar from Samarkand. His descendants, known as Makhdum Zadas and bearing title "Khoja", would play an important role in the history of the region from the 16th to 19th centuries. Makhdum's eldest son Muhammad Amin, known also as Khoja Kalon (d.1598) became the founder of Sufi order (tariqa) Ishkiyya of Nakshbandi Khojagan, his son Muhammad Yūsuf (d.1653) settled himself in Kashgar and was granted village of Bashkerim near Kashgar by Abdullah Khan in 1638. His son Khoja Hidayatullah better known as Afaq Khoja and his followers became known as the Aq Taghliks, those of the "White Mountains", because of their close approximation to Tangri Tagh (Tian Shan). Makhdum's second son, Muhammad Ishaq Wali (d.1599 in the age of 94), founder of Ishaqiya Sufi order of Nakshbandi Khojagan, with his followers established themselves in Yarkand and became known as the Qara Taghliks, those of the "Black Mountains", because of their close approximation to the Pamir, Karakoram and Kunlun. The Kashgaria region gradually devolved into small city states with the Khojas as rivals post 1570 CE

Said Khan successors (Yarkent Khanate)

[edit]
Tombs of Moghul Khans of Yarkand Khanate in royal cemetery Altyn in Yarkand
  • Abdurashid Khan (in Aksu 1521–1533) 1533–1560, son of Sultan Said Khan
  • Abdul Karim Khan (Yarkand) 1560–1591, eldest son of Abdurashid Khan
  • Muhammad Khan (in Turfan 1588–1591) 1591–1610, 5th son of Abdurashid Khan, in 1603 was visited in Yarkand by Portuguese Jesuit Bento de Gois, who was searching land ways from India to Ming China, headed trade mission on behalf of Moghul Emperor of India Akbar the Great and had a Letter of Safe Conduct, granted by Akbar and addressed to Muhammad Khan, with him.
  • Shudja ad Din Ahmad Khan 1610–1618, son of Muhammad Khan, grandson of Abdurashid Khan, was killed in 1618 during hunting
  • Kuraysh Sultan 1618, son of Yunus Sultan, grandson of Abdurashid Khan, ruled only 9 days before he was killed
  • Abd al-Latif (Afak) Khan 1618–1630, second son of Shudja ad-Din Ahmad Khan, who was only 13 when was set up on khanship, died in the age of 25
  • Sultan Ahmad Khan (Pulat Khan) 1630–1633, first son of Timur Sultan, who was the first son of Shuja ad-Din Ahmad Khan and died in 1615
  • Mahmud Sultan (Qilich Khan) 1633–1636, second son of Timur Sultan, died in the age of 22 when was poisoned in 1636 by Khoja Yahiya (died in 1646), son of Khoja Ishak, founder of Ishakiyya branch of Nakshbandi Khojagan Sufi Order, followers of which were known as Kara Taghliks.
  • Sultan Ahmad Khan (Pulat Khan) 1636–1638, restored on khanship with help of Khoja Yahiya, who was granted village Guma near Khotan by Sultan Ahmad Khan, resigned in 1638 on demands of emirs in favor of Abdullah Khan, died in 1640 in the age of 27
  • Abdullah Khan (in Turfan 1634/5–1638/9) 1638–1669, eldest son of Abduraim Khan, grandson of Abdurashid Khan, expelled to India in 1669, where he was received by Moghul Emperor Aurangzeb, who arranged his Hajj to Mecca, died in 1675 in the age of 67, buried in Agra
  • Nur ad-Din Sultan ( in Aksu 1649–1667) 1667–1668 in Kashgar and Yengisar, youngest son of Abdullah Khan, died in 1668 in the age of 31, reigned one year with help of the Kara Yanchuks , mercenaries from Dzungars and Kyrgyz tribes, who were first recruited on service in Yarkand Khanate during last years of reigning of Abdullah Khan.
  • Ismail Khan (in Chalish 1666–1669, in Aksu 1669–1670) 1669, 5th son of Abduraim Khan, grandson of Abdurashid Khan, disciple of Kara Taghlik leader Khoja Ubaidullah (Khoja Shadi), son of Khoja Yahiya, was declared a Khan in Aksu after Abdullah Khan fled to India.
  • YuIbars Khan ( In Kashgar 1638–1667, since age of 8) 1669–1670, eldest son of Abdullah Khan, disciple of Ak Taghlik Khoja Mohammad Yusuf and his son Appak Khoja, during his reign positions of Ak Taghliks in Yarkand Khanate greatly increased, was killed in 1670 by Dzungar supporter Erka Bek in the age of 40
  • Abd al Latif Sultan 1670, son of Yulbars Khan, who was set up on khanship by Ak Taghliks, was killed in the same 1670 by Kara Taghliks with all other sons of Yulbars Khan
  • Ismail Khan 1670–1678, restored on 2 April 1670 by Kara Taghliks, expelled Appak Khoja and his son Yahia Khoja from the country in 1670, in 1678 captured by Dzungars, who were invited by Ak Taghlik leader Appak Khoja using recommendation letter from 5th Dalai Lama, died in Ili River Valley ( Baghistan) in 1680 in the age of 56.
  • Abd ar-Rashid Khan II (in Turfan 1680–1682) 1678–1680, eldest son of Sultan Said Baba Khan, set up on khanship by Dzungar Galdan Boshugtu Khan, who came to Yarkand with Appak Khoja.
  • Muhammad Imin Khan (Muhammad Amin Khan) (in Turfan 1682–1690) 1680–1681 in Chalish, second son of Sultan Said Baba Khan
  • Appak Khoja 1680–1690, died in 1694, set up himself on khanship after expelling Abd ar-Rashid Khan II from Yarkand with help of Dzungars, expelled Kara Taghlik leader Khoja Daniyal into Kashmir.
  • Muhammad Imin Khan (Muhammad Amin Khan) 1690–1692, was recalled from Turpan and elected a Khan on Kurultai of Kashgar and Yarkand Beks, was killed in 1692 after losing a battle with Appak Khoja near Kargalik
  • Yahiya Khoja (in Kashgar 1690–1692) 1692–1695, son of Appak Khoja, set up on khanship by Appak Khoja, killed in 1695 by Hanim Pasha
  • Hanim Pasha (Hanum Padshah) 1695, sister of Muhammad Imin Khan, widow of Appak Khoja, was killed in 1695
  • Akbash Khan 1695–1705, youngest son of Sultan Said Baba Khan, great grandson of Abdurashid Khan, disciple of Kara Taghliks, recalled Kara Taghlik leader Khoja Daniyal (died in 1735) from exile to resist Ak Taghliks and Dzungars, fled to India in 1705

The remnants of the state fell to two different rival branches of Khojas- Ak Taghliks and Kara Taghliks. Aqtaghlyq branch of Khojas, a confederation under the influence of the Dzungars, took power in Kashgar where Ahmad Khoja, son of Yahiya Khoja, was declared a Khan. In Yarkand Kara Taghliks took power with Khoja Daniyal being declared a Khan, that caused civil war between Kashgar and Yarkand.
In 1713 remnant of Yarkant Khanate - Altishar ( union of 6 cities)-became dependency of Dzungar Khanate under Tsewang Rabtan, paying annual tribute from all 6 cities in amount of one silver tanga from soul, for Yarkand it was established in amount of 100,000 silver tangas, for Kashgar-67,000 silver tangas, this time Kara Taghliks were established by Dzungars to be responsible for collecting tribute. In 1752 Altishar restored its independence after revolt against Dzungar Khanate under leadership of Kara Taghlik leader Khoja Yusup, son of Khoja Daniyal. In 1755 sons of Ahmad Khoja and great grandsons of Appak Khoja, Ak Taghliks Burhan ad-Din Khoja and Jahan Khoja were rescued by Qings troops in Ili River Valley from Dzungar's captivity and sent to Altishar to claim mandate of Qing China for the country. In ensuing bloody war with Kara Taghliks brothers emerged victorious and established total control of Altishar in 1756 but refused to submit to Qings after that. In 1759 Altishar was conquered by Qing China, that created province Nanlu (Southern Road) on its territory in 1760, while province Beilu (Northern Road) was created on the territory of former Dzungar Khanate, that was exterminated by Qing China in 1756.

Mansur Khan successors (Turpan Khanate)

[edit]

The following successors to Mansur Khan possessed the titles of Little Khans sitting in Turpan, contrary to the Great Khans sitting in Yarkand.

Annexed by the Dzungars. After exterminating of Dzungar Khanate by Qing China in 1756, remnants of Dynasty survived in semi-autonomous Kumul Khanate till the 20th century, last ruler of which Maqsud Shah died in 1930.

Genealogy of Ulus of Chaqatay

[edit]
House of Borjigin

Mongol Empire
Chaqatay Khanate
Eastern Chaqatay Khanate
Turpan Khanate
Yarkent Khanate

Temüjin
r. 1206–1227
Chaqatay
r. 1225–1242
Ögetay
r. 1229–1241
MutukanSarbanYesü-Möngke
r. 1246–1252
BaydarKödenMalik
BüriYesünto'aQara-Hülegü
r. 1242–1246, 
1252–1252
Negü-Beg
r. 1271–1271
Alghu
r. 1260–1266
YebeTorchan
QadaqchiBaraq
r. 1266–1271
Mubarak-Shah
r. 1252–1260, 
1266–1266
Esen-TemürQuchun
Buqa-Temür
r. 1271–1272
Taliqu
r. 1308–1309
Duwa
r. 1272–1307
KüresbeDanishmandchi
r. 1346–1348
Örüg-TemürKönchek
r. 1307–1308
Esen-Buqa I
r. 1310–1319
Kebek I
r. 1309–1310, 
1319–1326
Eljigitay
r. 1326–1329
Duwa-Temür
r. 1329–1330
Tarmashirin
r. 1330–1334
IbuganSurqatuEmil-KhwajaAli-Sultan
r. 1342–1342
Soyurqatmysh
r. 1370–1384
Yasa'urPuladDorjiBuzan
r. 1334–1335
Changshi
r. 1335–1338
Yesün-Temür
r. 1338–1342
Bayan-Quli
r. 1348–1358
Tughluq-Timur
r. 1347–1360
r. 1360–1363
Qamar ad-Din
r. 1368–1389
Sultan-Mahmud
r. 1384–1402
Ghazan
r. 1343–1346
Muhammad I
r. 1342–1343
Khabul-Shah
r. 1363–1370
Shah-Timur
r. 1358–1359
Ilyas-Khwaja
r. 1363–1368
Khidr-Khwaja
r. 1389–1399
Adil-Sultan
r. 1363–1363
Shams-i-Jahan
r. 1399–1408
Muhammad II
r. 1408–1415
Shir-AliShir-Muhammad
r. 1415–1420
Naqsh-i-Jahan
r. 1415–1418
Uways
r. 1418–1429
Yunus
r. 1456–1487
Esen-Buqa II
r. 1429–1462
Mahmud
r. 1487–1508
Ahmad
r. 1487–1503
Dust-Muhammad
r. 1462–1468
UnnamedMansur
r. 1503–1543
Sa'id
r. 1514–1533
Kebek II
r. 1468–1472
Masud
r. 1565–1570
Shah
r. 1543–1565
Abdur-Rashid I
r. 1533–1560
Abdul-Karim
r. 1560–1592
Muhammad
r. 1592–1609
Yunus-SultanAbdur-Rahim
Ahmad
r. 1609–1618
Quraysh-Sultan
r. 1618–1618
Abdullah
r. 1639–1667
Ismail
r. 1667–1680
Baba
Timur-SultanAbdul-Latif I
r. 1618–1630
Yulbars
r. 1667–1670
Abdur-Rashid II
r. 1680–1682
Muhammad-Amin
r. 1682–1692
Muhammad-Mumin
r. 1694–1700
Sultan-Ahmad I
r. 1630–1632, 
1635–1639
Sultan-Mahmud
r. 1632–1635
Abdul-Latif II
r. 1670–1670
Yahya-Khwaja
r. 1692–1694
Sultan-Ahmad II
r. 1700–1700

References

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Citations

[edit]

Sources

[edit]
  • Godrich, L. Carrington; Fang, Chaoying, eds. (1976). "Ḥājjī 'Ali". Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644. Vol. I (A-L). Columbia University Press. pp. 479–480. ISBN 0-231-03801-1.
  • Kutlukov M About foundation of Yarkent Khanate (1465–1759), "Pan" publishing house. Almata, 1990.
  • Shah Mahmud Churas Chronicles (written in 1670 in Yarkand in 118 chapters) Translation and research by Akimushkin O.F. Publishing house of eastern literature "Nauka". Moscow, 1976.