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British thermal unit

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(Redirected from Centigrade heat unit)
"BTU" redirects here. For other uses, see BTU (disambiguation).

The British thermal unit (Btu) is a measure of heat, which is a form of energy. It was originally defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. It is also part of the United States customary units.[1] The SI unit for energy is the joule (J); one Btu equals about 1,055 J (varying within the range of 1,054–1,060 J depending on the specific definition of BTU; see below).

While units of heat are often supplanted by energy units in scientific work, they are still used in some fields. For example, in the United States the price of natural gas is quoted in dollars per the amount of natural gas that would give 1 million Btu (1 "MMBtu") of heat energy if burned.[2][3]

Definitions

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A Btu was originally defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of liquid water by one degree Fahrenheit at a constant pressure of one atmospheric unit.[4] There are several different definitions of the Btu that differ slightly. This reflects the fact that the temperature change of a mass of water due to the addition of a specific amount of heat (calculated in energy units, usually joules) depends slightly upon the water's initial temperature. As seen in the table below, definitions of the Btu based on different water temperatures vary by up to 0.5%.

Variant Energy (J) Notes
Thermochemical ≈1,054.35[a] Originally, the thermochemical Btu was defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water from its freezing point to its boiling point, divided by 180 (the temperature change being 180 °F). The basis for its modern definition in terms of SI units is the conceptually similar thermochemical calorie, originally defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from freezing to boiling divided by 100 (the temperature change being 100 °C). The thermochemical calorie is exactly 4.184 J by definition of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).[4] The thermochemical Btu is calculated by converting from grams to pounds and from Celsius to Fahrenheit.[5]
59 °F (15.0 °C) ≈1,054.80[6] Used for American natural gas pricing.[3]
60 °F (15.6 °C) ≈1,054.68[7] Mainly Canadian.[citation needed]
39 °F (3.9 °C) ≈1,059.67[7] Uses the calorie value of water at its maximum density (4 °C, 39.2 °F).[citation needed]
IT ≈1,055.06[b] An early effort to define heat units directly in terms of energy units, and hence to remove the direct association with the properties of water, was made by the International Steam Table Conferences. These conferences originally adopted the simplified definition that 860 "IT" calories corresponded to exactly 1 international watt-hour (not the same as a modern watt-hour). This definition ultimately became the statement that 1 IT calorie is exactly 4.1868 J.[4][8] The Btu is then calculated from the calorie as is done for the thermochemical definitions of the BTU and the calorie, as in International standard ISO 31-4 Quantities and units—Part 4: Heat and British Standard BS 350:Part 1:1974 Conversion factors and tables.[5][9][10]

Prefixes

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Units of kBtu are used in building energy use tracking and heating system sizing. Energy Use Index (EUI) represents kBtu per square foot of conditioned floor area. "k" stands for 1,000.[11]

The unit Mbtu is used in natural gas and other industries to indicate 1,000 Btu.[12][13] However, there is an ambiguity in that the metric system (SI) uses the prefix "M" to indicate 'Mega-', one million (1,000,000). Even so, "MMbtu" is often used to indicate one million Btu particularly in the oil and gas industry.[14]

Energy analysts accustomed to the metric "k" ('kilo-') for 1,000 are more likely to use MBtu to represent one million, especially in documents where M represents one million in other energy or cost units, such as MW, MWh and $.[15]

The unit 'therm' is used to represent 100,000 Btu.[12] A decatherm is 10 therms or one million Btu. The unit quad is commonly used to represent one quadrillion (1015) Btu.[14]

Conversions

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One Btu is approximately:

A Btu can be approximated as the heat produced by burning a single wooden kitchen match or as the amount of energy it takes to lift a one-pound (0.45 kg) weight 778 feet (237 m).[16]

For natural gas

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Main article: Natural gas prices
  • In natural gas pricing, the Canadian definition is that 1,000,000 Btu ≡ 1.054615 GJ.[17]
  • The energy content (high or low heating value) of a volume of natural gas varies with the composition of the natural gas, which means there is no universal conversion factor for energy to volume. 1 cubic foot (28 litres) of average natural gas yields ≈ 1,030 Btu (between 1,010 Btu and 1,070 Btu, depending on quality, when burned)
  • As a coarse approximation, 1,000 cubic feet (28 m3) of natural gas yields ≈ 1,000,000 Btu ≈ 1 GJ.
  • For natural gas price conversion 1,000 m3 ≈ 36.9 million Btu and 1,000,000 Btu ≈ 27.1 m3

BTU/h

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The SI unit of power for heating and cooling systems is the watt. Btu per hour (Btu/h) is sometimes used in North America and the United Kingdom - the latter for air conditioning mainly, though "Btu/h" is sometimes abbreviated to just "Btu".[18] MBH—thousands of Btu per hour—is also common.[19]

  • 1 W is approximately 3.412142 Btu/h[20]
  • 1,000 Btu/h is approximately 0.2931 kW
  • 1 hp is approximately 2,544 Btu/h

Associated units

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  • 1 ton of cooling, a common unit in North American refrigeration and air conditioning applications, is 12,000 Btu/h (3.52 kW). It is the rate of heat transfer needed to freeze 1 short ton (907 kg) of water into ice in 24 hours.
  • In the United States and Canada, the R-value that describes the performance of thermal insulation is typically quoted in square foot degree Fahrenheit hours per British thermal unit (ft2⋅°F⋅h/Btu). For one square foot of the insulation, one Btu per hour of heat flows across the insulator for each degree of temperature difference across it.
  • 1 therm is defined in the United States as 100,000 Btu using the Btu59 °F definition. In the EU it was listed in 1979 with the BTUIT definition and planned to be discarded as a legal unit of trade by 1994.[21] United Kingdom regulations were amended to replace therms with joules with effect from 1 January 2000.[22] As of 2013 the therm was still used in natural gas pricing in the United Kingdom.[23]
  • 1 quad (short for quadrillion Btu) is 1015 Btu, which is about 1 exajoule (1.055×1018 J). Quads are used in the United States for representing the annual energy consumption of large economies: for example, the U.S. economy used 99.75 quads in 2005.[24] One quad/year is about 33.43 gigawatts.

The Btu should not be confused with the Board of Trade Unit (BTU), an obsolete UK synonym for kilowatt hour (1 kW⋅h or 3,412 Btu).

The Btu is often used to express the conversion-efficiency of heat into electrical energy in power plants. Figures are quoted in terms of the quantity of heat in Btu required to generate 1 kW⋅h of electrical energy. A typical coal-fired power plant works at 10,500 Btu/kWh (3.1 kWh/kWh), an efficiency of 32–33%.[25]

The centigrade heat unit (CHU) is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one Celsius degree. It is equal to 1.8 Btu or 1,899 joules.[26] In 1974, this unit was "still sometimes used" in the United Kingdom as an alternative to Btu.[27]

Another legacy unit for energy in the metric system is the calorie, which is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.[28]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ 4.184 × 453.59237 × ⁠5/9⁠
  2. ^ 4.1868 × 453.59237 × 5⁄9

References

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  1. ^ In a short note, Woledge notes that the actual technical term "British thermal unit" apparently originated in the United States, and was subsequently adopted in Great Britain. See Woledge, G. (30 May 1942). "History of the British Thermal Unit". Nature. 149 (149): 613. Bibcode:1942Natur.149..613W. doi:10.1038/149613c0. S2CID 4104904.
  2. ^ "Henry Hub Natural Gas Spot Price". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017.
  3. ^ a b The Btu used in American natural gas pricing is "the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 avoirdupois pound of pure water from 58.5 to 59.5 °F (14.7 to 15.3 °C) at a constant pressure of 14.73 pounds per square inch." See "Chapter 220: Henry Hub Natural Gas Futures" (PDF). NYMex Rulebook. New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMex). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
  4. ^ a b c Smith, J. M.; Van Ness, H. C.; Abbott, M. M. (2003). Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics. B. I. Bhatt (adaptation) (6 ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 15. ISBN 0-07-049486-X.
  5. ^ a b The pound is 453.59237 grams by definition; see "Appendix C of NIST Handbook 44, Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices, General Tables of Units of Measurement" (PDF). United States National Bureau of Standards. p. C-12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2006. One degree Fahrenheit is exactly ⁠5/9⁠ of a degree Celsius by definition.
  6. ^ Thompson, Ambler; Taylor, Barry N. "Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) 2008 Edition" (PDF). National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). p. 58. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 June 2016. NIST Special Publication 811.
  7. ^ a b Sørensen, Bent (2008). Renewable Energy Focus e-Mega Handbook. Academic Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780123747068.
  8. ^ Koch, Werner (2013). VDI Steam Tables (4 ed.). Springer. p. 8. ISBN 9783642529412. Published under the auspices of the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI).
  9. ^ Cardarelli, Francois (2012). Scientific Unit Conversion: A Practical Guide to Metrication. M.J. Shields (translation) (2 ed.). Springer. p. 19. ISBN 9781447108054.
  10. ^ BS 350:Part 1:1974 Conversion factors and tables, Part 1. Basis of tables. Conversion factors. British Standards Institution. 1974. p. 59.
  11. ^ "VOLUNTARY BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE SCORE SYSTEMS". Oregon Secretary of State Administrative Rules.
  12. ^ a b "What are Mcf, Btu, and therms? How do I convert prices in Mcf to Btus and therms?". U.S. Energy Information Administration. 6 April 2016. Archived from the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  13. ^ Price, Gary D. (2014). Power Systems and Renewable Energy: Design, Operation, and Systems Analysis. Momentum Press. p. 98. ISBN 9781606505717.
  14. ^ a b "Energy Units". American Physical Society. Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  15. ^ Cook, Warren C (2018): https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/sites/default/files/attachments/Home%20Energy%20Score%20Report%20Example.pdf https://www.oregon.gov/energy/Data-and-Reports/Documents/BER-Chapter-1-Energy-Numbers.pdf
  16. ^ Ristinen, Robert A.; Kraushaar, Jack J. (2006). Energy and the Environment. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-0-471-73989-0.
  17. ^ "Energy Measurements". Government of Alberta Province. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  18. ^ Ken Matesz (2010). Masonry Heaters: Designing, Building, and Living with a Piece of the Sun. Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 148.
  19. ^ Arimes, Tom (1994). HVAC and chemical resistance handbook for the engineer and architect : a compilation. Lexington, Ky.: BCT. p. 11-12. ISBN 0-9640967-0-6. OCLC 32314774.
  20. ^ "2009 ASHRAE Handbook – Fundamentals (I-P Edition)". American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  21. ^ "Council Directive of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to units of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71/354/EEC (80/181/EEC)". Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  22. ^ "The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995". Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  23. ^ "The GB gas wholesale market". Office of Gas and Electricity Markets. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013. The wholesale gas market in Britain has one price for gas irrespective of where the gas comes from. This is called the National Balancing Point (NBP) price of gas and is usually quoted in price per therm of gas.
  24. ^ Husher, John Durbin (2009). Crises of the 21st Century: Start Drilling-The Year 2020 Is Coming Fast. iUniverse. p. 376. ISBN 9781440140549. OCLC 610004375..
  25. ^ Bellman, David K., ed. (18 July 2007). "Electric Generation Efficiency" (PDF). National Petroleum Council (NPC). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2012. Working Document of the NPC Global Oil & Gas Study.
  26. ^ "Centigrade Heat Unit". Archived from the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  27. ^ BS 350: Part 1:1974 - Conversion factors and tables; Part 1. Basis of tables, Conversion factors. British Standards Institution. 1974. p. 59.
  28. ^ Hargrove, James L. (2007). "Does the history of food energy units suggest a solution to 'Calorie confusion'?". Nutrition Journal. 6: 44. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-6-44. PMC 2238749. PMID 18086303.
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