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Celebrity chef

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A celebrity chef is a kitchen chef who has become a celebrity.[1] Today, chefs often become celebrities by presenting cookery advice and demonstrations, usually through the media of television and radio, or in printed publications.[1] While television is ultimately the primary way for a chef to become a celebrity, some have achieved this through success in the kitchen, cookbook publications, and achieving awards such as Michelin stars, while others are home cooks who won competitions.[1] In South Korea, a celebrity chef is referred as a cheftainer.[2][3]

Celebrity chefs can also influence cuisines across countries, with foreign cuisines being introduced in their natural forms for the first time due to the work of the chef to inform their viewers. Sales of certain foodstuffs can also be enhanced, such as when Delia Smith caused the sale of white eggs across the United Kingdom to increase by 10% in what has since been termed the "Delia effect".[4] Endorsements are also to be expected from a celebrity chef, such as Ken Hom's range of bestselling woks in Europe, but can also lead to criticism over which endorsements are chosen such as when Marco Pierre White teamed up with Bernard Matthews Farms, or when Darren Simpson advised and endorsed fast-food restaurant KFC.

History

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Cooks rising to prominence date at least as far back as the Roman Empire. The Roman historian Livy dated the advent of Rome's decline with the cook's "rise above his station". "And it was then," he wrote, "that the cook, who had formerly the status of the lowest kind of slave, first acquired prestige, and what had once been servitude came to be thought of as an art." He was not alone in this belief: Roman sumptuary laws were passed to curb what was seen as a culture of excess.[5][6]

The earliest chef to be credited with being a celebrity was the 16th century Italian, Bartolomeo Scappi. He was the personal chef to Pope Pius V, and is credited with writing the first cookbook, Opera Dell'arte del Cucinare in 1577.[7]

The 19th-century French chef Marie-Antoine Carême has also since been referred to as a celebrity of his era, due to the complexity of his recipes.[8]

Alexis Soyer's image was used to market a range of sauces produced by the Crosse & Blackwell company.

The first chef to achieve widespread fame and celebrity status was Alexis Soyer. Born in France, Soyer became the most celebrated cook in early Victorian England. In 1837, he became chef de cuisine at the Reform Club in London, where he designed the kitchens with Charles Barry. His exceptional cooking skills were combined with an excellent eye to marketing and self-publicity to ensure that he molded the public's perception of him. His image was even successfully used as a trademark to market a range of bottled sauces produced by Crosse & Blackwell.[9]

Doña Petrona giving a cooking class in Buenos Aires, 1938

Soyer also invented many popular new recipes and foods; he produced and marketed a popular drink made of a variety of fruits mixed with carbonated water, which he called Soyer's Nectar Soda Water. His special dish at the club, Soyer's Lamb Cutlets Reform, is still on the menu today. At the Reform Club, he instituted many innovations, including cooking with gas, refrigerators cooled by cold water, and ovens with adjustable temperatures.[9] His kitchens were so famous that they were opened for conducted tours. When Queen Victoria was crowned on 28 June 1838, he prepared a breakfast for 2,000 people at the club.[9]

He was also well known for his philanthropy. During the Great Irish Famine in April 1847, he implemented a network of soup kitchens to feed the poor. His "famine soup" was served to thousands of the poor for free. Soyer wrote a number of bestselling books about cooking, one of them even selling over a quarter of a million copies. His 1854 book A Shilling Cookery for the People[10] was a recipe book for ordinary people who could not afford elaborate kitchen utensils or large amounts of exotic ingredients. Other works included The Gastronomic Regenerator (1846), The modern Housewife or, Ménagère[11] and Soyer's Culinary Campaign (1857).

Television celebrity chefs

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The earliest television celebrity chef in Britain was Philip Harben. The earliest television celebrity female chef in the UK was Fanny Cradock.[12] She appeared on British television for over two decades, from the 1950s through the 1970s. She originally became popular following the publication of her first cookbook in 1949, The Practical Cook, and after gaining a cult following with cookery demonstrations in theatres around the country. Her television career came to an end when she appeared as a judge on reality television show The Big Time in 1976. She appeared to pretend to retch as contestant Gwen Troake described her menu for former Prime Minister Edward Heath. Presenter Esther Rantzen later described the incident as like "Cruella de Vil meets Bambi".[citation needed]

Described as America's first celebrity chef,[13] Julia Child first appeared on American television in 1963 on the Boston-based WGBH-TV. She soon starred in her own show, The French Chef, which was followed by other shows. At the time of her death, she was credited by the media as having "demystified the art of cuisine for the home cook and inspired many of today's celebrity chefs".[14] Such was her impact on American cuisine, her kitchen has been preserved on display at the Smithsonian Museum of American History.[15]

In recent years, gaining a Michelin star has increased chefs' profiles sufficiently for them to be featured on television and become a household name. Marco Pierre White became the youngest chef in the world to achieve three Michelin stars,[16] which went on to make him a household name and have one of his cookbooks, White Heat, described in 2005 as "possibly the most influential recipe book of the last 20 years" by food critic Jay Rayner.[17] More typical of Michelin-starred restaurants in recent years, the success of Gordon Ramsay led to the commissioning of a five-part television series, Boiling Point, by the UK's Channel 4, which followed the chef as he opened his first solo restaurant, Restaurant Gordon Ramsay.[18] While Joël Robuchon, Alain Ducasse, and Gordon Ramsay all run restaurant empires that each hold more than 10 Michelin stars, Ramsay is arguably the more famous chef due to his number of television shows broadcast internationally in the UK, the United States, and around the world.[19]

Dedicated food-related television channels have also become a medium for chefs to become household names, for example in the United States, the Food Network features shows from celebrity chefs such as Paula Deen and Bobby Flay.[20][21][22] While in the UK, the Good Food Channel has shows with chefs such as Rick Stein and Jamie Oliver.[23] Certain chefs, such as Nigella Lawson, have had shows featuring on channels in more than one country.[20][23]

MasterClass and YouTube Celebrity Chefs

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MasterClass has a number of celebrity chefs including Thomas Keller, Massimo Bottura, Alice Waters, Roy Choi, and Gordon Ramsay. Youtube has brought other celebrity chefs such as Chef Jean-Pierre and Jamie Oliver to a wider audience.

Influences

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Jamie Oliver's campaign on the quality of school dinners changed the government standards in the United Kingdom.

Celebrity chefs have changed the styles of food that the general public consume. For example, despite the fact that Asian cuisine had been available in the UK since before the Victorian era, only due to the influence of chefs such as Ken Hom and Madhur Jaffrey in the early 1980s did the public become aware that these anglicised meals were not the authentic article.[24] Tying into his first television series in 1984,[25] the book Ken Hom's Chinese Cookery sold 1.2 million copies in the UK alone.[26] Chef Jamie Oliver ran a campaign in the UK in his television show Jamie's School Dinners to introduce supposedly better eating habits in school dinners for schoolchildren.[27] The campaign caused a change in food-standard requirements across the United Kingdom.[28]

Endorsements

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Endorsements by celebrity chefs have led to increased demands for certain food products. Both Jamie Oliver and Nigella Lawson caused a surge in sales of goose fat after including it in recipes,[24] and Ken Hom's first television series caused a surge in sales of Peking ducks.[26] Endorsements by Delia Smith became so well known that the "Delia effect" was added to the British dictionary in 2001.[24]

Product range tie-ins on housewares have also becoming a staple part of a celebrity chef's income. More than 4.7 million of Ken Hom-endorsed wok range have been sold in Europe.[25] The writing of cookbooks has also been a regular product of the celebrity chefs, from both those who have gained Michelin stars, and homestyle cooks who have had books produced as a tie-in for television shows.[29]

Certain endorsements by celebrity chefs have led to high levels of criticism from the food industry and the public. In 2011, Australian chef Darren Simpson created a range of burgers for fast-food restaurant Kentucky Fried Chicken, leading to comments being posted on Twitter such as "Darren Simpson you complete and utter sell-out. KFC? Seriously?".[30] Australian television chef Colin Fassnidge said that the move by Simpson resulted in him becoming a laughing stock, and that while celebrity chefs can make a fortune from such deals, they also risk their credibility.[30] In the UK, Marco Pierre White drew criticism after teaming up with Bernard Matthews Farms in March 2010 to create a range of ready meals that were dropped after a year of production.[31]

Healthiness of recipes

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A 2012 paper published in the BMJ found that recipes in top-selling books by television chefs (Nigella Lawson, Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall, Jamie Oliver, and Lorraine Pascale) were less healthy than supermarket ready meals. Neither ready meals nor the chefs' recipes met national or international recommendations for a balanced diet.[32][33]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Müller, Anders Riel; Sørensen, Bo Ærenlund (March 2022). "I was never in it for the money: Media narratives of celebrity chefs and the gastro-capitalist social entrepreneur". European Journal of Cultural Studies. 25 (5). SAGE Publications: 1377–1394. doi:10.1177/13675494221081547. hdl:11250/2987111. ISSN 1460-3551. S2CID 247577231.
  2. ^ "'Cheftainer' cooks up a storm in new TV show". Korea Times. 11 June 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  3. ^ Ji-young, Sohn (17 March 2015). "New generation of cooking shows eyes lone living". The Korea Herald. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  4. ^ "Delia factor; Forget about sophisticated marketing strategies". The Mirror (London, England). 19 November 1998. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017 – via thefreelibrary.com.
  5. ^ Turner, Jack (2005). Spice; The History of a Temptation. New York: Vintage Books. p. 79. ISBN 0-375-70705-0. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  6. ^ Tom Holland (2003). Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-50313-6. Nothing was more scandalous to the Romans than a reputation for enjoying haute cuisine. Celebrity chefs had long been regarded as a particularly pernicious symptom of decadence. Back in the virtuous, homespun days of the early Republic, so historians liked to claim, the cook "had been the least valuable of slaves," but no sooner had the Romans come into contact with the fleshpots of the East than "he began to be highly prized, and what had been a mere function instead came to be regarded as high art." In a city awash with new money and with no tradition of big spending, cookery had rapidly become an all-consuming craze.
  7. ^ Zopiatis, Anastasios; Melanthiou, Yioula (11 February 2019). "The celebrity chef phenomenon: a (reflective) commentary". International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 31 (2): 538–556. doi:10.1108/IJCHM-12-2017-0822. S2CID 159228043. Archived from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  8. ^ Montgomery, Hugh (12 February 2012). "Paul A Young: 'Whenever you're baking anything, add a pinch of sea salt'". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  9. ^ a b c Ruth Cowen (2010). "Introduction". Relish: The Extraordinary Life of Alexis Soyer, Victorian Celebrity Chef. Hachette UK. ISBN 9780297865575.
  10. ^ Soyer, Alexis Benoît (1854). A shilling cookery for the people n. Geo. Routledge & Company. Archived from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 23 June 2017 – via Googlebooks-Herndon/Vehling Collection.
  11. ^ Soyer, Alexis (1850). The Modern Housewife or, Ménagère. New York: D. Appleton & Co. Archived from the original on 21 July 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  12. ^ Zendle, Miriam (10 May 2006). "First celebrity chef story adapted for screen". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  13. ^ Kasper, Rob (14 August 2004). "Julia's Joy of Cooking ; America's first celebrity chef found pleasure and fame in the kitchen". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on February 1, 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  14. ^ Schrambling, Regina (14 August 2004). "She took cooking and made it cuisine". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  15. ^ "Bon Appetit! Julia Child's Kitchen at the Smithsonian". Smithsonian Museum of American History. Archived from the original on 3 July 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  16. ^ "I made Ramsay weep, says top chef White". The Scotsman. 31 July 2006. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  17. ^ Rayner, Jay (10 July 2005). "The Man with the Dough". Observer Food Monthly. Guardian Newspapers Limited. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  18. ^ "Gordon Ramsay: Chef terrible". BBC News. 20 July 2001. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  19. ^ Vines, Richard (19 November 2007). "Joel Robuchon Overtakes Ducasse, Ramsay as Michelin's Star Chef". Bloomberg. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  20. ^ a b "Chefs". Food Network. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  21. ^ "Celebrity chef Paula Deen whacked by a flying ham". The Palm Beach Post. 23 November 2009. Archived from the original on 28 February 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  22. ^ "Bobby Flay Signs With Food Network and Kohl's to Develop Branded Kitchenware". Reuters. 30 November 2007. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  23. ^ a b "Celebrity Chefs". UKTV Good Food Channel. Archived from the original on 9 September 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  24. ^ a b c Rohrer, Finlo (21 April 2009). "How celebrity chefs change the way we eat". BBC News Magazine. Archived from the original on 24 April 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
  25. ^ a b "Ken Hom To Be Awarded With Honorary Doctorate". Easier. 7 September 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  26. ^ a b Henley, Jon (21 January 2009). "The wok wizard". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  27. ^ Barnes, Anthony (13 March 2012). "Jamie Oliver welcomes school meals move". The Independent. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  28. ^ Carlin, Brendan; Moore, Malcolm (31 March 2005). "Oliver's campaign bears fruit". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  29. ^ Markwell, Lisa (18 December 2011). "Cookery Books: Recipes for those who know their onions – and their limits". The Independent. Archived from the original on January 8, 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  30. ^ a b Halliwell, Elle (21 August 2011). "'Try my burgers first,' celebrity chef Darren Simpson tells KFC critics". The Sunday Telegraph. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  31. ^ Sibun, Jonathan (18 November 2011). "Marco Pierre White trains Greene King's pub chefs". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  32. ^ Howard, Simon; Adams, Jean; White, Martin (2012). "Nutritional content of supermarket ready meals and recipes by television chefs in the United Kingdom: Cross sectional study". BMJ. 345: e7607. doi:10.1136/bmj.e7607. PMC 3524368. PMID 23247976.
  33. ^ John Burn-Murdoch (17 December 2012). "Are TV chefs' recipes good for you? See how they compare to ready meals". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
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