Cebuano numerals
The Cebuano numbers are the system of number names used in Cebuano to express quantities and other information related to numbers. Cebuano has two number systems: the native system and the Spanish-derived system. The native system is mostly used for counting small numbers, basic measurement, and for other pre-existing native concepts that deals with numbers. Meanwhile, the Spanish-derived system is mainly used for concepts that only existed post-colonially such as counting large numbers, currency, solar time, and advanced mathematics.
History
[edit]Unlike other Philippine languages, the native number system of Cebuano was derived solely from the non-human forms of Proto-Austronesian numerals instead of a combination of both human and non-human numerals, such as in Tagalog and Hiligaynon.[1] The numbers were first recorded by chronicler Antonio Pigafetta during Magellan's expedition.[2]
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| uzza | dua | tolo | upat | lima | onom | pitto | gualu | ciam | polo |
Types
[edit]The native numbers are categorized into four types: cardinal, ordinal, distributive, and multiplicative (also referred to as "viceral" or "adverbial").[3] The multiples of ten are formed by attaching the circumfix "ka-ø-an" (e.g. kawaloan). Those that are within the 20-60 range undergo the process of metathesis and syncope (e.g. katloan, from katuloan).
Cardinal
[edit]| Number | Native | Spanish-derived |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | usá | uno |
| 2 | duhá | dos |
| 3 | tuló | tres |
| 4 | upát | kwatro |
| 5 | limá | singku |
| 6 | unóm | says |
| 7 | pitó | syete, siti |
| 8 | waló | otso |
| 9 | siyám | nuybi |
| 10 | napulò, pulò | dyis |
| 11 | napúlog usá | onse |
| 12 | napúlog duhá | dose |
| 13 | napúlog tuló | trese |
| 14 | napúlog upát | katórse |
| 15 | napúlog limá | kinse |
| 16 | napúlog unóm | diyesiséys, disisays |
| 17 | napúlog pitó | diyesisiyete, disisiti |
| 18 | napúlog waló | diyesiyotso, disiutsu |
| 19 | napúlog siyám | diyesinwebe, disinuybi |
| 20 | kaluháan (kaduháan) | beynte, baynti |
| 21 | kaluháag usá | beyntiwuno, bayntiuno |
| 22 | kaluháag duhá | beyntidos, bayntidus |
| 23 | kaluháag tuló | beyntitres, bayntitris |
| 24 | kaluháag upát | beyntikwatro, bayntikwatru |
| 25 | kaluháag limá | beyntisingko, bayntisingku |
| 30 | katlóan (katulóan) | treynta, traynta, trinta |
| 40 | kap-atan (kaupátan) | kwarénta, kwarinta |
| 50 | kalím-an (kalimáan) | sinkwénta, singkwinta |
| 60 | kan-óman (kaunóman) | sesenta, sisinta |
| 70 | kapitóan | seténta, sitinta |
| 80 | kawalóan | otsénta, utsinta |
| 90 | kasiyáman | nobénta |
| 100 | usá ka gatós | siyén, siyento |
| 200 | duhá ka gatós | dosiyéntos, dosentos |
| 300 | tuló ka gatós | tresiyéntos, tresentos |
| 400 | upát ka gatós | kwatrosiyéntos, kwatrosentos |
| 500 | limá ka gatós | kiniyéntos, kinyentos |
| 1,000 | usá ka libo, libo | mil |
| 5,000 | limá ka libo | singko mil |
| 10,000 | usá ka laksà, napulò ka libo | dyis mil |
| 50,000 | limá ka laksà, kalím-an ka libo | singkwenta mil |
| 100,000 | usá ka yaba,[4] usá ka gatós ka líbo | siyén mil |
| 1,000,000 | usá ka yukót[5] | milyón |
| 1,000,000,000 | usá ka wakát | bilyón (US-influence, common), mil milyones (rare) |
Like other Visayan languages, cardinal numbers are linked to the noun with the ligature ka.
usá ka tawo a/one person kaluhaan ug usá ka bulan twenty-one months
Ordinal
[edit]Ordinal numbers in Cebuano are formed using the ika- prefix, except una.
| Number | Cebuano |
|---|---|
| 1st | kina-unhán |
| 2nd | ikaduhá |
| 3rd | ikatuló |
| 4th | ikaupát |
| 5th | ikalimá |
| 6th | ikaunóm |
| 7th | ikapitó |
| 8th | ikawaló |
| 9th | ikasiyám |
| 10th | ikanapulò, ikapulò |
| 11th | ikanapúlog-usá |
| 20th | ikakaluháan |
| 21st | ikakaluháag-usá |
| 25th | ikakaluháag-limá |
| 30th | ikakatlóan |
| 40th | ikakap-atan |
| 50th | ikakalím-an |
| 60th | ikakan-óman |
| 70th | ikakapitóan |
| 80th | ikakawalóan |
| 90th | ikakasiyáman |
| 100th | ikagatós |
| 200th | ikaduhá ka gatós |
| 500th | ikalimá ka gatós |
| 1,000th | ikalibo |
| 5,000th | ikalimá ka libo |
| 10,000th | ikalaksà, ikanapulò ka libo |
| 50,000th | ikalimá ka laksà, ikakalím-an ka libo |
| 100,000th | ikayaba |
| 1,000,000th | ikayukót |
| 1,000,000,000th | ikawakát |
Distributive
[edit]Distributive numbers in Cebuano are formed by attaching the tag- prefix to the numerical root. Irregular words may be formed depending on the number being attached to.
| Number | Cebuano |
|---|---|
| 1 | tagsa |
| 2 | tagurha |
| 3 | tagutlo, tag-tulo |
| 4 | tag-upat |
| 5 | tagilma |
| 6 | tag-unom |
| 7 | tagpito |
| 8 | tagwalo |
| 9 | tagsiyam |
| 10 | tagnapulò, tagpulò |
| 11 | tagnapúlog-usá |
| 20 | tagkaluháan |
| 21 | tagkaluháag-usá |
| 25 | tagkaluháag-limá |
| 30 | tagkatlóan |
| 40 | tagkap-atan |
| 50 | tagkalím-an |
| 60 | tagkan-óman |
| 70 | tagkapitóan |
| 80 | tagkawalóan |
| 90 | tagkasiyáman |
| 100 | taggatós |
| 200 | tagurha ka gatós |
| 500 | tagilma ka gatós |
| 1,000 | taglibo |
| 5,000 | tagilma ka libo |
| 10,000 | taglaksà, tagnapulò ka libo |
| 50,000 | tagilma ka laksà, tagkalím-an ka libo |
| 100,000 | tagyaba |
| 1,000,000 | tagyukót |
| 1,000,000,000 | tagwakát |
Multiplicative
[edit]Multiplicative (or viceral) numbers in Cebuano are formed using the ka- prefix. The prefixes "naka-" and "maka-" may also be used to specify if the number is used in the nasugdan or pagasugdan aspect, respectively.
| Number | Cebuano |
|---|---|
| 1 (once) | kausá, kás-a |
| 2 (twice) | kaduhá |
| 3 (thrice) | katuló |
| 4 | kaupát |
| 5 | kalimá |
| 6 | kaunóm |
| 7 | kapitó |
| 8 | kawaló |
| 9 | kasiyám |
| 10 | kanapulò, kapulò |
| 11 | kanapúlog-usá |
| 20 | kakaluháan |
| 21 | kakaluháag-usá |
| 25 | kakaluháag-limá |
| 30 | kakatlóan |
| 40 | kakap-atan |
| 50 | kakalím-an |
| 60 | kakan-óman |
| 70 | kakapitóan |
| 80 | kakawalóan |
| 90 | kakasiyáman |
| 100 | kagatós |
| 200 | kaduhá ka gatós |
| 500 | kalimá ka gatós |
| 1,000 | kalibo |
| 5,000 | kalimá ka libo |
| 10,000 | kalaksà, kanapulò ka libo |
| 50,000 | kalimá ka laksà, kakalím-an ka libo |
| 100,000 | kayaba |
| 1,000,000 | kayukót |
| 1,000,000,000 | kawakát |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Blust, R. A. (2009). The Austronesian languages (PDF) (Revised ed.). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. p. 278. ISBN 9780858836020.
- ^ Pigafetta, Antonio (1894). Il Primo Viaggio Intorno al Globo di Antonio Pigafetta, e le Sue Regole sull'Arte del Navigare; Giraloamo Benzoni e la Sua Historia del Mondo Nuovo (in Italian). p. 83.
- ^ Encina, Francisco (1801). "Chapter 24". Arte de la lengua zebuana (in Spanish and Cebuano). p. 569.
- ^ Encarnación, Juan Félix (1885). Diccionario bisaya español [Texto impreso] (in Spanish and Cebuano). p. 428.
- ^ San Jerónimo, Tomás (1686). Arte de la lengua visaya (in Spanish). p. 174.