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Henry Benedict Stuart

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His Eminence

Henry Benedict Stuart
Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia and Velletri
and Dean of the College of Cardinals
Portrait by Anton Raphael Mengs, c. 1750
ProvinceRome
DioceseOstia and Velletri
Appointed26 September 1803
Term ended13 July 1807
PredecessorGian Francesco Albani
SuccessorLeonardo Antonelli
Other post(s)
Previous post(s)
Orders
Ordination1 September 1748
by Pope Benedict XIV
Consecration19 November 1758
by Pope Clement XIII
Created cardinal3 July 1747
by Pope Benedict XIV
RankCardinal-Bishop
Personal details
Born
Henry Benedict Mary Clement Thomas Francis Xavier Stuart

(1725-03-06)6 March 1725[1]
Palazzo Muti, Rome, Papal States
Died13 July 1807(1807-07-13) (aged 82)
Frascati, Rome, Papal States
BuriedSt. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City
Parents
SignatureHenry Benedict Stuart's signature
Coat of armsHenry Benedict Stuart coat of arms

Henry Benedict Thomas Edward Maria Clement Francis Xavier Stuart, Cardinal Duke of York (6 March 1725 – 13 July 1807) was a Roman Catholic cardinal, and was the fourth and final Jacobite heir to publicly claim the thrones of Great Britain and Ireland, as the younger grandson of King James II of England. One of the longest-serving cardinals in history, Henry spent his whole life in the Papal States and became the Dean of the College of Cardinals and Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia and Velletri. Unlike his father James Francis Edward Stuart (The Old Pretender) and elder brother Charles Edward Stuart (The Young Pretender or Bonnie Prince Charlie), Henry made no effort to seize the thrones. After Charles's death in 1788, Henry became known by Jacobites as Henry IX and I, but the Papacy did not recognise Henry as the lawful ruler of Great Britain and Ireland and instead referred to him as the "Cardinal Duke of York".[2] He was most widely known as the Duke of York, a title in the Jacobite peerage granted to him by his father.

Early life

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Henry Benedict Stuart, age 13, by Louis Gabriel Blanchet (1738)

Henry was born in exile at the Palazzo Muti in Rome on 6 March 1725 and baptised on the same day by Pope Benedict XIII,[3] 37 years after his grandfather James II and VII lost the thrones, and ten years after his father's failed attempt to regain it. His father was James Francis Edward Stuart, known to his opponents as "the Old Pretender". His mother was the Princess Maria Klementyna Sobieska, granddaughter of the Polish King and Lithuanian Grand-Duke, John III Sobieski. Henry was apparently an intelligent child who could spell and write better than his older brother Charles. More introverted than Charles and more cautious in his approach to problems, Henry was described as pious and mild-mannered.[4]

A young Henry Benedict Stuart (painted ca. 1729–1732), bearing a striking resemblance to his elder brother Charles Edward Stuart

Henry went to France in 1745 to help his brother, Prince Charles Edward Stuart ("Bonnie Prince Charlie", or "the Young Pretender") prepare the Jacobite rising of 1745. Attached to the French Royal Army, he was in nominal command of a cross-channel invasion force of some 10,000 men that never made it out of Dunkirk, and subsequently served under Maurice de Saxe at the siege of Antwerp. After the defeat at the Battle of Culloden (1746), Henry Stuart returned to Italy, aged 21.

Ecclesiastical career

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On 30 June 1747 Pope Benedict XIV conferred the tonsure on him and created him Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Campitelli in a special consistory held on 3 July 1747. On 27 August 1747 he was promoted through the four minor orders by Benedict. He received the subdiaconate on 18 August 1748 and diaconate on 25 August 1748. His elder brother Charles, who was in France at the time, was not in favor of the ecclesiastical honors as he believed they would only serve to further religious prejudice against the Stuarts.[5]

As the cardinalate was a rank rather than one of the priestly orders, Charles hoped that Henry might yet make a politically advantageous marriage, and was dismayed to discover that his brother had been ordained a priest on 1 September 1748.[3] Later that month, Henry was made Cardinal-Priest, retaining his diaconal church. In 1751, he was made Arch-Priest of St. Peter's Basilica.[3]

His revenues from the many ecclesiastical preferments he enjoyed were enormous. His income from abbeys and other pluralities in Flanders, Spain, Naples and France amounted to 40,000 Pounds in British money at the time. He also held sinecure benefices yielding revenues in Spanish America. He owned territory in Mexico, which contributed largely to his income.[6]

Louis XV of France bestowed on the Cardinal the abbeys of Auchin and St. Amand as compensation for having had to evict his brother pursuant to the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.[5]

In December 1752 his titular seat was changed to Santi Apostoli; and in 1758 the Pope named him Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals. The responsibilities of this office included administering all property, fees, funds and revenue belonging to the College of Cardinals, celebrating the requiem Mass for a deceased cardinal, and charge of the registry of the Acta Consistoralia. He participated in the 1758 papal conclave, which elected Pope Clement XIII. In October of that year, Henry was made titular Archbishop of Corinth. The following year, he resigned the title of Santa Maria in Campitelli to assume that of Santa Maria in Trastevere; however, he retained the Church of Santi Apostoli in commendam.

He was made Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati on 13 July 1761.[7] He was appointed Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals on 26 September 1803, then also succeeding to the See of Ostia and Velletri. He lived and worked in Frascati for many years, descending each afternoon in his carriage to Rome, where his position as vice-chancellor entitled him to the Palazzo della Cancelleria.

Henry was the last claimant to the British throne to touch the sick to cure them from the King's Evil.

Henry is described as a beatific, abstemious, wealthy, celibate aesthete who lived to a great age, 'inoffensive and respectable' to the end.[8]

French Revolution and later life

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Henry Benedict Stuart by Maurice Quentin de La Tour (1746/47), long thought to be of Charles Edward Stuart

At the time of the French Revolution, he lost his French Royal benefices and sacrificed many other resources to assist Pope Pius VI. This, in addition to the seizure of his Frascati property by the French, caused him to descend into poverty,[9] which resulted in the sale of the Stuart Sapphire. The British Minister in Venice arranged for Henry to receive an annuity of £4,000 from George III of Great Britain. Although the British government represented this as an act of charity, Henry and the Jacobites considered it to be a first instalment on the money which was legally owed to him. (For many years the British government had promised to return the English dowry of his grandmother, Mary of Modena, but never did so.)

The Vatican had recognised James Francis Edward Stuart as James III and VIII as the King of Great Britain and Ireland. After his death in 1766, the Vatican did not recognise his son (Henry's brother) Charles, who had converted to Anglicanism in 1750. The Vatican had not, however, overtly recognised the Hanoverian monarchs. However, in November 1792 the Vatican first referred to George III as the King of Great Britain and Ireland instead of the Elector of Hanover. This resulted in a protest by Henry, who suggested the insult would result in him not visiting Rome again.[10]

Despite their general anti-clericalism and hostility to the Bourbon monarchy, the French Directory suggested to the United Irishmen in 1798 to elevate Henry as King of the Irish (Henry IX).[11][12] This was in the course of General Jean Joseph Amable Humbert landing a force in County Mayo for the Irish Rebellion of 1798, and trying to rally the Catholic population: a significant number of Irish priests supported the Rising, even though Humbert's army had been veterans of the anti-clerical campaign in Italy.[12] The French hoped Henry could lead a French client state in Ireland; however, Wolfe Tone, the Protestant republican leader, vetoed the scheme.[12] Henry returned to Frascati in 1803. In September of that year he became the Dean of the College of Cardinals and hence Cardinal Bishop of Ostia and Velletri,[9] though he still lived in the episcopal palace at Frascati. He died there on 13 July 1807, aged 82, simultaneously the 60th anniversary of his appointment as the Cardinal Deacon of his titular church, and the 46th anniversary of his elevation to the rank of Cardinal Bishop.

Homosexuality

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Henry Benedict Stuart by Anton Raphael Mengs (1756)

Some modern historians have explored whether Henry was homosexual.[1] Contemporary accounts include the writings of Hester Lynch Thrale[13] (1741–1821), and the diplomat and writer Giuseppe Gorani [it; fr][14] (1740–1819). Gorani admitted to having gathered evidence insufficient to confirm his suspicions either way, but drew attention to the number of handsome clerics that were to be found in Henry's palace. The historian Andrew Lang alluded to James's comment that his younger son would never marry although many marriages had been planned for him.[1]

The writer Gaetano Moroni[15] provides the lengthiest account of Henry's close attachment with his majordomo Giovanni Lercari [it; nl] (1722–1802), whom Henry was said to have "loved beyond measure". This led to serious tensions between the cardinal and his father James, who in 1752 tried to have Lercari dismissed from Rome. Henry reacted by attempting to secure his financial independence, and refused to return to Rome from Bologna without Lercari by his side. A public scandal was narrowly avoided by the intervention of Pope Benedict XIV.[16] It was agreed that Lercari would leave the household, and he was later made Archbishop of Genoa.

Things became easier after the death of James in 1766. From 1769 onwards Henry remained close to Angelo Cesarini, a nobleman from Perugia, who under Henry's protection won various honours, was made canon of the cathedral in Frascati, and in 1801 became Bishop of Milevi. Henry died with Cesarini at his side, as for the past 32 years. Cesarini was later buried in the church of Santa Maria in Vallicella.

These relationships may have had a romantic element.[17]

Legacy

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Monument to the Royal Stuarts, left aisle of Saint Peter's Basilica, Rome

Under his will, which he signed as "Henry R" (i.e. Rex or king), he was succeeded in all his claimed British rights by his nearest blood-relative and friend, King Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia. Like his successors, Charles Emmanuel neither asserted nor renounced his Jacobite claims.[citation needed]

In his will he left the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom to the Prince of Wales, the future George IV.[18][19]

Henry, his brother, his father and his mother are buried in the crypt of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. There is a monument to the Royal Stuarts on one of the columns in the basilica proper, designed by Antonio Canova. The monument was originally commissioned by Angelo Cesarini, executor of Henry Benedict's estate. Among the subscribers was George IV.[citation needed]

The monument was restored at the expense of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother in the 1940s.[20]

Titles, styles, honours and arms

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Titles as cardinal

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During his life, Cardinal Stuart was assigned the following Diaconia and Tituli:

In March 1774 he became Sub-dean, and on 15 September 1803 – Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals.

He was a cardinal elector in the papal conclaves of 1758, 1769, 1774–75 and 1799–1800.

Arms

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During the pretence of his father and brother, Henry claimed a coat of arms consisting of those of the kingdom, differenced by a crescent argent[21] or white crescent.

Ancestors

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Marshall 2010.
  2. ^ Macleod 2000, pp. 371–373.
  3. ^ a b c Tribe, Shawn (22 June 2018). "Vestments of the Cardinal Duke of York: Henry Benedict Stuart". Liturgical Arts Journal. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  4. ^ "Henry Stuart, cardinal duke of York". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  5. ^ a b Kelly 1899, p. [page needed].
  6. ^ Lees-Milne 1984, p. 75.
  7. ^ "Cardinals Created by Benedict XIV (1743-7)". www.gcatholic.org. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  8. ^ Haggard 1840, p. 151.
  9. ^ a b Burton 1913.
  10. ^ Fothergill 1958, pp. 205–206.
  11. ^ Pittock 2006, p. 210.
  12. ^ a b c Aston 2002, p. 220
  13. ^ Piozzi 1942, p. 874–875 (dated 29 March 1794).
  14. ^ Gorani 1793, pp. 100–103.
  15. ^ Angeli 1931, pp. 98–108.
  16. ^ McLynn 1991, pp. 468–469.
  17. ^ Schofield 2002, p. 98.
  18. ^ National Portrait Gallery, https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp04973/henry-benedict-maria-clement-stuart-cardinal-york: "He bequeathed the Stuart crown jewels to the future George IV in an act which symbolically brought the Jacobite cause to a close."
  19. ^ Columbia Encyclopedia, fifth edition, 1993, published by Columbia University Press & distributed by Houghton Mifflin, p. 2638: "Stuart or Stewart, Henry Benedict Maria Clemont, known as Cardinal York, 1725-1807... Cardinal York bequeathed to George IV (then Prince of Wales) the crown jewels of the Stuarts."
  20. ^ "Remembering the Stuarts". Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. 8 January 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  21. ^ Velde, Francois R. "Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family". Heraldica. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  22. ^ a b Louda, Jiří; Maclagan, Michael (1999) [1981]. Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe (2nd ed.). London: Little, Brown. pp. 27, 50. ISBN 978-0-316-84820-6.
  23. ^ Mary of Modena at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  24. ^ de Saint-Évremond, Charles (1728). The works of Monsieur de St. Evremond. Translated by des Maizeaux. London: J. and J. Knapton, J. Darby, A. Battesworth. p. 106.

Sources

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Further reading

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  • Bindelli, Pietro (1982). Enrico Stuart, Cardinale, Duca di York [Enrico Stuart, Cardinal, Duke of York] (in Italian). Frascati: Associazione Tuscolana "Amici di Frascati". OCLC 320050913.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henry Benedict Stuart.
Henry Benedict Stuart
Born: 11 March 1725 Died: 13 July 1807
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Portico (Campitelli)
31 July 1747 – 16 September 1748 		Succeeded by
Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Portico (Campitelli)
16 September 1748 – 12 February 1759
Preceded by Archpriest of St. Peter's Basilica
8 November 1751 – 13 July 1807 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Cardinal-Priest of Santi Apostoli
18 December 1752 – 13 July 1761 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Titular Archbishop of Corinthus
2 October 1758 – 13 July 1761 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere
12 February 1759 – 13 July 1761 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati
13 July 1761 – 26 September 1803 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Cardinal-Priest of San Lorenzo in Damaso
24 January 1763 – 13 July 1807 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia and Velletri
and Dean of the College of Cardinals
26 September 1803 – 13 July 1807 		Succeeded by
Titles in pretence
Preceded byas Charles III — TITULAR —
King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland
Jacobite succession
1788–1807
Reason for succession failure:
Grandfather deposed in 1688 		Succeeded byas Charles IV
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