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Carcharodon

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Carcharodon
Temporal range: 16–0 Ma
Great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Order: Lamniformes
Family: Lamnidae
Genus: Carcharodon
A. Smith, 1838
Type species
Carcharias atwoodi
Species
Synonyms
  • Procarcharodon Casier, 1960

Carcharodon (meaning "jagged/sharp tooth")[2] is a genus of sharks within the family Lamnidae, colloquially called the "white sharks." The only extant member is the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias). The extant species was preceded by a number of fossil (extinct) species including C. hubbelli and C. hastalis.[3] The first appearance of the genus may have been as early as the Early Miocene or Late Oligocene.[1] Carcharocles megalodon is still argued by some paleontologists (e.g. Michael D. Gottfried, Leonard Compagno, and Ewan Fordyce) to be a close relative of Carcharodon carcharias - as well as being in the same genus.[3] The megalodon's scientific name was originally "Carcharodon" megalodon (belonging to the same genus as the great white shark), but more recently, the giant shark has been assigned by most scientists to either the genus Carcharocles or Otodus.

Fossil History and Evolution

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The fossil ancestry of Carcharodon is an active area of research and debate, given the dearth of the fossil record and the incompleteness of found specimens. Most fossil remains of Carcharodon are in the form of teeth, with some vertebral centra;[3] as is the norm for fossil Chondrichthyans, since soft tissues don't preserve well, and a shark's skeleton is made of cartilage. Thus, assessing relationships between fossil species relies largely on the form of their teeth. This difficulty is compounded by the necessarily incomplete fossil record of Lamnids. However, some researchers have proffered Macrorhizodus, Isurolamna, and Cretalamna as candidates for genera ancestral to Carcharodon, taxa ranging from the Eocene to the Cretaceous.[1][4][5]

Carcharodon is well-represented in the fossil record by the Middle Miocene. The first widespread, cosmopolitan species being C. hastalis, with fossils recovered from North America, South America, Europe, Australia, and Asia.[6] The modern great white shark has been posited to have evolved from C. hastalis, through a transitional species, C. hubbelli.[3]

Extinct white shark tooth.

Study of white shark taxonomy is complicated by nomenclature and repeated taxonomic reassignments of various species. C. hastalis, C. subserratus, and C. planus traditionally were placed in Isurus,[3] given their superficial similarity to the teeth of mako sharks, leading many shark tooth collectors even in the present to refer to these extinct species as "makos." They were later reassigned to a new genus, Cosmopolitodus,[7][3] a genus maintained as valid in some current literature, and considered a junior synonym of Carcharodon in others.[8][3] C. hastalis has also been described as two morphotypes, "broad-form" and "narrow-form," which some authors have split into two species, C. plicatilis (xiphodon) and C. hastalis, respectively.[9][3][10] C. subserratus has also been placed in yet another related genus, Carcharomodus,[11] as C. escheri (the historically used species name), but has recently been placed back in Carcharodon as C. subserratus.[12]

The fossil "mega-toothed" sharks like megalodon have also traditionally been placed in Carcharodon,[5] but most current literature refutes this position, placing mega-toothed sharks in a separate family, Otodontidae, and genus, Otodus (Carcharocles).[3][13] The Carcharodon caifassii is other species of genus Carcharodon, is debated species, and considered dubious. He lived in Miocene and Pliocene period, and was possible ancestor of great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias).[14][15]

Species

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Trif, N.; Ciobanu, R.; Codrea, V. (2016). "The first record of the giant shark Otodus megalodon (Agassiz, 1835) from Romania". Brukenthal, Acta Musei. 11 (3): 507–526.
  2. ^ "Carcharodon", Wiktionary, 2022-01-02, retrieved 2023-01-04
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ehret, D.J.; Macfadden, B.J.; Jones, D.S.; DeVries, T.J.; Foster, D.A.; Salas-Gismondi, R. (2012). "Origin of the white shark Carcharodon (Lamniformes: Lamnidae) based on recalibration of the Upper Neogene Pisco Formation of Peru". Palaeontology. 55 (6): 1139-1153. Bibcode:2012Palgy..55.1139E. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01201.x.
  4. ^ Martin, A. P. (1996). "Systematics of the Lamnidae and the Origination Time of Carcharodon carcharias Inferred from the Comparative Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Sequences". In Klimley, A. P.; Ainley, D. G. (eds.). Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias. Academic Press. pp. 49–53. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-415031-7.X5000-9
  5. ^ a b Applegate, Shelton P.; Espinosa-Arrubarrena, Luis (1996). "The Fossil History of Carcharodon and Its Possible Ancestor, Cretolamna: A Study in Tooth Identification". In Klimley, A. Peter; Ainley, David G. (eds.). Great white sharks : the biology of Carcharodon carcharias. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 19–36. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-415031-7.x5000-9. ISBN 978-0-08-053260-8. OCLC 392312939.
  6. ^ "Carcharodon hastalis". Florida Museum. 2017-03-30. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
  7. ^ Glikman , L. S. (1964). "Sharks of the Paleogene their stratigraphic significance." Nakua Press, Moscow, 229 pp. [Russian]
  8. ^ Yun, C. (2021). "A tooth of the extinct lamnid shark, Cosmopolitodus planus comb. nov. (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from the Miocene of Pohang City, South Korea" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae. 18 (1): 9–16. doi:10.35463/j.apr.2022.01.02 S2CID 242113412.
  9. ^ Whitenack, L. B. and Gottfried, M. D. (2010). "A morphometric approach for addressing tooth-based species delimitation in fossil Mako sharks, Isurus (Elasmobranchii, Lamniformes)." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30, 17–25.
  10. ^ Cione A. L., Cabrera D. A., et al (2012). "Oldest record of the Great White Shark (Lamnidae, Carcharodon; Miocene) in the Southern Atlantic", Geobios 45, 167-172 doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2011.06.002
  11. ^ Kriwet, J., Mewis, H., and Hampe, O. 2015. A partial skeleton of a new lamniform mackerel shark from the Miocene of Europe. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 60 (4): 857–875.
  12. ^ Godfrey, Stephen J., ed. (2018-09-25). "The Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Calvert Cliffs, Maryland, USA". Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology (100): 2–274. doi:10.5479/si.1943-6688.100 ISSN 1943-6688.
  13. ^ Kent, B. W. (2018). "The Cartilaginous Fishes (Chimaeras, Sharks, and Rays) of Calvert Cliffs, Maryland, USA". In Godfrey, S. J. (ed.). The Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Calvert Cliffs, Maryland. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. The Smithsonian Institution. pp. 45–157. doi:10.5479/si.1943-6688.100 ISSN 1943-6688. S2CID 134274604.
  14. ^ Lawley, Lawley. "Carcharodon caifassi". Mindat.org. 1876. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  15. ^ Hay., 1902, Hay., 1902. "Carcharodon". Mindat.org. 1902. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ a b c Agassiz, L. J. R. 1833–1844. Recherches sur les poisons fossiles. Text (5 vols; I., xlix + 188 pp., II xii + 310 + 366 pp., III viii+390pp., IV xvi+296pp., V xii+122+160pp.) and Atlas. Imprimerie de Petitpierre, Neuchâtel.
  17. ^ Agassiz, L., 1856. Notice on the fossil fishes found in California by W.P. Blake. American Journal of Science and Arts, Series 2, 21: 272–275.
  18. ^ Lawley, Lawley. "Carcharodon caifassii". Shark-References. 1876.
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