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Cancer survival rates

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Cancer survival rates vary by the type of cancer, stage at diagnosis, treatment given and many other factors, including country. In general survival rates are improving, although more so for some cancers than others. Survival rate can be measured in several ways, median life expectancy having advantages over others in terms of meaning for people involved, rather than as an epidemiological measure.[1][2]

However, survival rates are currently often measured in terms of 5-year survival rates, which is the percentage of people who live at least five years after being diagnosed with cancer, and relative survival rates compare people with cancer to people in the overall population.[3]

Several types of cancer are associated with high survival rates, including breast, prostate, testicular and colon cancer. Brain and pancreatic cancers have much lower median survival rates which have not improved as dramatically over the last forty years.[4] Indeed, pancreatic cancer has one of the worst survival rates of all cancers. Small cell lung cancer has a five-year survival rate of 4% according to Cancer Centers of America's Website.[5] The American Cancer Society reports 5-year relative survival rates of over 70% for women with stage 0-III breast cancer with a 5-year relative survival rate close to 100% for women with stage 0 or stage I breast cancer. The 5-year relative survival rate drops to 22% for women with stage IV (metastatic) breast cancer.[3]

In cancer types with high survival rates, incidence is usually higher in the developed world, where longevity is also greater. Cancers with lower survival rates are more common in developing countries.[6] The highest cancer survival rates are in countries such as South Korea, Japan, Israel, Australia, and the United States.[7]

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In the United States there has been an increase in the 5-year relative survival rate between people diagnosed with cancer in 1975-1977 (48.9%) and people diagnosed with cancer in 2007-2013 (69.2%); these figures coincide with a 20% decrease in cancer mortality from 1950 to 2014.[8] Due to innovation in emerging treatments and cancer prevention strategies, the U.S.A cancer death rate has declined from 208.3 per 100,000 people in 1982 to 152.6 per 100,000 in 2017.[9][10][11]

Lung cancer

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In males, researchers suggest that the overall reduction in cancer death rates is due in large part to a reduction in tobacco use over the last half century, estimating that the reduction in lung cancer caused by tobacco smoking accounts for about 40% of the overall reduction in cancer death rates in men and is responsible for preventing at least 146,000 lung cancer deaths in men during the time period 1991-2003.[12]

Breast cancer

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The most common cancer among women in the United States is breast cancer (123.7 per 100,000), followed by lung cancer (51.5 per 100,000) and colorectal cancer (33.6 per 100,000), but lung cancer surpasses breast cancer as the leading cause of cancer death among women.[13] Researchers attribute the reduction in breast cancer mortality to improved treatment, including the increased use in adjuvant chemotherapy.[14]

Prostate cancer

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The National Institute of Health (NIH) attributes the increase in the 5-year relative survival of prostate cancer (from 69% in the 1970s to 100% in 2006) to screening and diagnosis and due to the fact that men that participate in screening tend to be healthier and live longer than the average man and testing techniques that are able to detect slow growing cancer before they become life-threatening.[15]

Childhood cancer

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The most common type of cancer among children and adolescents is leukemia, followed by brain and other central nervous system tumors. Survival rates for most childhood cancers have improved, with a notable improvement in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (the most common childhood cancer). Due to improved treatment, the 5-year survival rate for acute lymphoblastic leukemia has increased from less than 10% in the 1960s to about 90% during the time period 2003-2009.[16]

Improvements in cancer therapy

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The improvement in survival rates for many cancers in the last half century is due to improved understanding about the causes of cancer and the availability of new treatment options, which are continually evolving. Where surgery was previously the only option for treatment, cancer is now treated with radiation and chemotherapy, including combination chemotherapy that favors treatment with many drugs over just one.[17] Availability and access to clinical trials has also led to more targeted therapy and improved knowledge of treatment efficacy. There are currently over 60,000 clinical trials related to cancer registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, so novel approaches to cancer treatment are continuing to be developed.[18] The NCI lists over 100 targeted therapies that have been approved for the treatment of 26 different cancer types by the United States Food and Drug Administration.[19]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Adam Brimelow (22 November 2011). "Cancer survival: Macmillan hails major improvement". BBC News.
  2. ^ Macmillan report on median survival times. November 2011.
  3. ^ a b "Breast Cancer Survival Rates & Statistics". www.cancer.org. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
  4. ^ Cancer survival figures issued by the Office for National Statistics, 26 May 2011 (UK)
  5. ^ "Lung Cancer Survivor Rates, Statistics, & Results". 5 October 2018. Archived from the original on 13 December 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  6. ^ United Nations Global Cancer Research
  7. ^ OECD: Health at a Glance 2019, pages 138-143.
  8. ^ Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Miller D, Bishop K, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z, Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2014, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2014/, based on November 2016 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2017.
  9. ^ Howlader, N., Noone, A.M., Krapcho, M., Miller, D., Brest, A., Yu, M., . . . Cronin, K.A. (Eds). (2020). SEER cancer statistics review, 1975–2017. National Cancer Institute. https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2017/browse_csr.php?sectionSEL=2&pageSEL=sect_02_table.05
  10. ^ Desai, A., & Gyawali, B. (2020). Fall in US cancer death rates: Time to pop the champagne? EClinicalMedicine, 19, 100279. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100279
  11. ^ Glenn D.G. Behavioral risk factors: A guide for oncology nurses counseling patients. Clin. J. Oncol. Nurs.. 2020;24(5 Supplement):9-18. doi:10.1188/20.CJON.S2.9-18
  12. ^ Thun, Michael J; Jemal, Ahmedin (2017-04-21). "How much of the decrease in cancer death rates in the United States is attributable to reductions in tobacco smoking?". Tobacco Control. 15 (5): 345–347. doi:10.1136/tc.2006.017749. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 2563648. PMID 16998161.
  13. ^ "CDC - Cancer Statistics - Women". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
  14. ^ Narod, Steven A.; Iqbal, Javaid; Miller, Anthony B. (2015-09-01). "Why have breast cancer mortality rates declined?". Journal of Cancer Policy. 5: 8–17. doi:10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.03.002. ISSN 2213-5383.
  15. ^ "NIH Fact Sheets - Cancer". report.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
  16. ^ "Cancer in Children and Adolescents". National Cancer Institute. 10 November 2021.
  17. ^ "Evolution of Cancer Treatments: Chemotherapy". American Cancer Society.
  18. ^ "Search of: cancer - List Results - ClinicalTrials.gov". clinicaltrials.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
  19. ^ "Targeted Cancer Therapies". National Cancer Institute. 6 December 2021.
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