Cysteine cathepsins are a family of cysteine proteases that represent a major component of the lysosomal proteolytic system. In general, cathepsins contain a signal peptide, followed by a propeptide and then a catalytically active mature region. The very long (251-amino acid residues) proregion of the cathepsin F precursor contains a C-terminal domain similar to the pro-segment of Cathepsin L-like enzymes, a 50-residue flexible linker peptide, and an N-terminal domain predicted to adopt a cystatin-like fold. The cathepsin F proregion is unique within the papain family cysteine proteases in that it contains this additional N-terminal segment predicted to share structural similarities with cysteine protease inhibitors of the cystatin superfamily. This cystatin-like domain contains some of the elements known to be important for inhibitory activity. CTSF encodes a predicted protein of 484 amino acids that contains a 19-residue signal peptide. Cathepsin F contains five potential N-glycosylation sites, and it may be targeted to the endosomal/lysosomal compartment via the mannose 6-phosphate receptor pathway. The cathepsin F gene is ubiquitously expressed, and it maps to chromosome 11q13, close to the gene encoding cathepsin W.[7]
Opisthorchis viverrini, a parasite, is typically detected by stool examination, specifically by counting eggs. However, this non-invasive, "gold standard" method can be unreliable in light infection and labor-intensive. An ELISA assay that detects the presence of the parasite's cathepsin F protein may be used as an alternative way to test for the parasite's presence.[8]
Discovery in Yesso scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis)
The Yesso scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis), was found in 2018 to express Cathepsin F in response to bacterial infection. The Yesso scallop has been suffering from high mortality due to bacterial diseases. Understanding the workings of its innate immune system, in various embryonic developmental stages, may help the associated aquaculture industry.[9]
Nägler DK, Sulea T, Ménard R (1999). "Full-length cDNA of human cathepsin F predicts the presence of a cystatin domain at the N-terminus of the cysteine protease zymogen". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 257 (2): 313–8. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.0461. PMID10198209.
Wex T, Levy B, Wex H, Brömme D (1999). "Human cathepsins F and W: A new subgroup of cathepsins". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 259 (2): 401–7. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.0700. PMID10362521.
Wex T, Wex H, Brömme D (2000). "The human cathepsin F gene--a fusion product between an ancestral cathepsin and cystatin gene". Biol. Chem. 380 (12): 1439–42. doi:10.1515/BC.1999.185. PMID10661872. S2CID28469574.
Kaakinen R, Lindstedt KA, Sneck M, et al. (2007). "Angiotensin II increases expression and secretion of cathepsin F in cultured human monocyte-derived macrophages: an angiotensin II type 2 receptor-mediated effect". Atherosclerosis. 192 (2): 323–7. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.08.001. PMID16963053.
