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Z-Library

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"Z-lib" redirects here. Not to be confused with Zlib.
"BookFinder" redirects here. For the commercial website, see BookFinder.com.

Z-Library
Official logo of Z-Library depicting letters of the word zlibrary
Z-Library homepage (December 20, 2022)
Type of site
Digital library, file sharing
URL
RegistrationOptional (required for certain features)
Current statusActive[4]
Native client(s) onAndroid, Windows
Content license
Hosts material without regard to copyright
Part of a series on
File sharing
Technologies
Video on demand sites
BitTorrent sites
Academic/scholarly
File sharing networks
P2P clients
Streaming programs
Anonymous file sharing
Development and societal aspects
By country or region
Comparisons

Z-Library (abbreviated as z-lib, formerly BookFinder) is a shadow library project for file-sharing access to scholarly journal articles, academic texts and general-interest books. It began as a mirror of Library Genesis, but has expanded dramatically.[5][6]

According to the website's own data released in February 2023, its collection comprised over 13.35 million books and over 84.8 million articles.[7][8] Z-Library is particularly popular in emerging economies and among academics.[9] In June 2020, Z-Library was visited by around 2.84 million users, of whom 14.76% were from the United States of America.[10] According to the Alexa Traffic Rank service, Z-Library was ranked as the 8,182nd most active website in October 2021.[11]

The organization describes itself as "the world's largest e-book library", as well as "the world's largest scientific articles store", and operates as a non-profit organization sustained by donations.[12][13] Besides sharing ebooks, Z-Library plans to expand their offerings to include physical paperback books, at dedicated "Z-Points" around the globe, as well.[14]

Z-Library and its activities are illegal in many jurisdictions. While website seizures reduced the accessibility of the content,[15] it remains available on the dark web.[16] The legal status of the project, as well as its potential impact on the publishing industry and authors' rights, is a matter of ongoing debate.[5][6]

Website

[edit]

The site is financed by user donations, that are collected twice a year (September and March) through fundraising.[17] Over the years, various URLs and IP addresses have been used for Z-Library as domain names have been confiscated by various legal authorities.[9]

Functionality

[edit]

Not much is known about Z-Library in terms of its operation, management, and commercial status. Notably, Z-Library does not open its full database to the public. Despite that, its database, excluding books from libgen, was mirrored by archivists in 2022.[5][18][19]

In an effort to prevent blacklisting of domains (oftentimes by internet providers at the DNS-level in accordance with legal procedures),[20][21] Z-Library used a homepage that did not contain any infringing content, but instead listed many working mirror domains for different regions.[22] This did not help, as the domain "z-lib.org" was seized in 2022.[23]

In March 2019, the Z-Library team claimed to have servers in Finland, Germany, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Panama, Russia and the United States, and the size of their database is over 220 TB.[13][24]

In August 2023, Z-Library announced the possible use of browser extensions to help mitigate challenges if the domain name has to change.[25]

[edit]
See also: Copyright infringement § Legality of downloading

Z-Library has cycled through domain names, some of which have been blocked by domain registry operators.[15][26] Z-Library remains reachable via alternative domains,[15][26] and is also accessible through the .onion-linked Tor network.

United Kingdom

[edit]

In mid-2015, The Publishers Association, a UK organization, attempted to enact internet service provider-level blocks on Z-Library.[27][28] In late 2015, publisher Elsevier filed a successful court request that ordered the registrar of bookfi.org to seize the site's internet domain.[29]

United States

[edit]

Some of Z-Library's domains, bookfi.org, booksc.org and b-ok.org, were included in the 2017 Office of the United States Trade Representative report on notorious markets.[30]

Z-Library's domains were temporarily blocked in 2021 after a DMCA notice issued by Harvard Business Publishing. The domain suspensions were lifted.[31]

In October 2022, TikTok blocked hashtags related to Z-Library after it gained popularity there and the Authors Guild submitted a complaint to the United States Trade Representative.[11][32][33] On November 3, 2022, over 240 domain names of Z-Library's[34][35] were seized by the United States Department of Justice and Federal Bureau of Investigation in response to a court order,[9][13][36] and two Russian nationals associated with the project were arrested on charges related to copyright infringement and money laundering in Argentina.[37][38] [39]

When the domains z-lib.org, b-ok.org, and 3lib.net were seized, the DNS servers utilised switched to ns1.seizedservers.com and ns2.seizedservers.com, used commonly in US law enforcement seizures. These servers have switched to Njalla, an anonymous hosting provider.[13] The website continues to be active and accessible through the Tor network and the I2P network,[34][40][16] before returning to the regular Internet through private personal domains issued to each user on February 11, 2023.[41][42]

On November 16, 2022, U.S. Attorneys for the Eastern District of New York of the Department of Justice unsealed the indictment for two Russian nationals, Anton Napolsky and Valeriiia Ermakva, who had been placed under house arrest in Argentina on November 3, 2022 pending an extradiction hearing.[43] They were charged with criminal copyright infringement, wire fraud and money laundering for operating the Z-Library website.[44][45][46] The indictment pertains to alleged criminal activity taking place from 2018 to 2022, though the pair are suspected to have operated Z-Library for "over a decade".[47] The arrests were accomplished by the FBI with data from Google and Amazon (among other sites), accessed with search warrants, that helped identify the founders of the website.[48] The U.S. lawyers retained as official representatives[49] requested a dismissal of the criminal indictment in June 2023.[50] The two escaped their house arrest in Argentina. The presiding judge issued an Interpol warrant for their arrest, and their whereabouts are unknown.[51]

The law enforcement efforts were formally assisted by The Publishers Association along with the Authors Guild,[52] and reportedly, indirectly by BREIN, a Dutch anti-piracy group.[53] The Authors Guild issued a statement supporting the arrests, commenting that it was "one of the biggest breakthroughs in the fight against online criminal e-book piracy to date".[35][47] The executive director for the Authors Alliance, a group dedicated to increasing access for literature, said "I certainly don't condone illegal behavior, but I think this seizure and press release highlight how broken our copyright system is".[54][55] Some authors like Alison Rumfitt have also defended the project, arguing that it provides a valuable service by increasing access to knowledge and promoting education in underprivileged communities.[56][57]

Decreased accessibility to Z-Library and its services has substantially impacted students and researchers in underfunded institutions who rely on its resources for their studies and work.[58][47][59] In response to the law enforcement action, a group of anonymous archivists launched Anna's Archive,[60] a free non-profit online shadow library search engine.[61][62][63] The team claims to provide metadata access to Open Library materials, to be a backup of the Library Genesis and Z-Library shadow libraries, presents ISBN information, has no copyrighted materials on its website, and only indexes metadata that is already publicly available.[62][64][65] Many other workarounds to the recent attempts to take down Z-Library have been reported.[66][40] Some of these purported alternative sites have taken up the top search results and submitted bogus DMCA takedown requests of their own, according to news reports.[67][68]

In May 2023, a new round of domain name seizures was carried out by U.S. authorities.[69][70]

In November 2023, dozens of domains were seized by authorities from the United States and Austria.[71]

In January 2024, additional Z-Library domains were reported to have been targeted by publishers.[15]

In May 2024, several domain name seizures were carried out by U.S. authorities, including the site’s email domain z-lib.se.[72]

India

[edit]

The website was banned in India in August 2022, following a court order from the Tis Hazari district court, after a complaint which stated that the copyrights of ten books (pertaining to the topics of tax and corporate law) were being violated by Z-Library.[73][74] Internet service providers in India were directed to block the site.[74] The decision to block Z-Library and other shadow libraries has been criticized by some Indian authors, students, academics, and freedom of information activists.[74][75] On November 5, 2022, the Hindu right wing group Swadeshi Jagran Manch formally objected that the FBI's seizure of the Indian domain name 1lib.in (used by Z-lib) merely by the District Judge of New York's order without jurisdiction had violated India's sovereignty.[76]

France

[edit]

In September 2022, it was announced that the Syndicat national de l'édition [fr] (National Publishing Union) in France succeeded in a legal challenge to Z-Library, having filed a complaint against about two hundred domains and mirror site domains associated with it. The decision was made by the Tribunal Judiciaire de Paris, a court in Paris; internet service providers in France were directed to block the domains.[77][78]

China

[edit]

The site is targeted and blocked by the Great Firewall.[79]

Fraudulent domains

[edit]

Some non Z-Library domains have attempted to impersonate the site. They use similar domain names and an identical visual design. The purpose of these sites is to obtain usernames and passwords from users to try them on other services, including banking, and obtain economic profit from it. Some of the fraudulent domains are z-lib.io, z-lib.id, zlibrary.to,[80] and z-lib.is.[81]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Z-Access | Z-Library". Z-Library. Retrieved 2024-10-16.[dead link‍]
  2. ^ Sobiraj, Lars (November 4, 2022). "Z-Library momentan nur per Tor-Netzwerk erreichbar" [Z-Library is currently only accessible via the Tor network]. tarnkappe.info [de] (in German). Archived from the original on 2023-05-03. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
  3. ^ "Welcome to the official Z-Library channel". April 26, 2023. Archived from the original on 2023-05-08. Retrieved 2023-05-06.
  4. ^ Van der Sar, Ernesto (March 30, 2023). "Z-Library Raises Tens of Thousands of Dollars to Keep its Pirate Library Running". TorrentFreak. Archived from the original on 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2023-03-30.
  5. ^ a b c Booth, Callum (July 4, 2022). "The Pirate Library Mirror wants to preserve all human knowledge… illegally". The Next Web. The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2022-11-04. Retrieved 2022-11-04.
  6. ^ a b Manos, Leda (November 14, 2022). "6 Free E-Book Download Sites Like Z-Library, And Their Legality". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on 2022-11-23. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
  7. ^ "Z library". Z library. Archived from the original on 2021-04-01. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  8. ^ Ritu Sharma (April 1, 2020). "Universities adapt to online classes, others go beyond just teaching". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2021-02-28.
  9. ^ a b c Venugopal, Sahana (November 5, 2022). "Digital database Z-Library's domains seized by the FBI". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 2022-11-05. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
  10. ^ "Commission publishes latest Counterfeit and Piracy Watch List - European Commission".
  11. ^ a b Setty, Riddhi (October 19, 2022). "Rampant 'Shadow Libraries' Drive Calls for Anti-Piracy Action". Bloomberg Law. Archived from the original on 2022-11-04. Retrieved 2022-11-04.
  12. ^ "Z-Library single sign on". 1lib.domains. Archived from the original on 2021-09-15. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  13. ^ a b c d Toulas, Bill (November 4, 2022). "Z-Library eBook site domains seized by U.S. Dept of Justice". Bleeping Computer. Archived from the original on 2022-11-04. Retrieved 2022-11-04.
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  19. ^ "The Z-Library Collection". pilimi.org. Archived from the original on 2022-07-03. Retrieved 2022-07-04.
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  22. ^ "Z-Library. The world's largest ebook library". z-lib.org. Archived from the original on 2021-04-01. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
  23. ^ "This website has been seized". z-lib.org. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-11-18. This domain has been seized by the Federal Bureau of Investigation in accordance with a warrant issued pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 981(b) and 21 U.S.C. § 853(f) by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York as part of a law enforcement action by: The United States Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of New York and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. (Seal for the Department of Justice - United States Attorney's Office - Eastern District of New York) (Seal for the Department of Justice - Federal Bureau of Investigation)
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  25. ^ Van der Sar, Ernesto (August 4, 2023). "Z-Library Rolls Out Browser Extensions in Anticipation of Domain Name Troubles - Pirate eBook repository Z-Library has launched browser extensions that should make it easier for users to find the site if its current domains are seized in the future. While the site doesn't explicitly mention the U.S. Government crackdown, it likely plays a key role in the decision to make these extensions available". TorrentFreak. Archived from the original on 2023-08-04. Retrieved 2023-08-06.
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  30. ^ "2017 Out-of-Cycle Review of Notorious Markets" (PDF). Office of the United States Trade Representative. August 16, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-04. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
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  44. ^ Marzulli, John; Hass, Danielle Blustein (November 16, 2022). "Two Russian Nationals Charged with Running Massive E-Book Piracy Website - Defendants Operated Z-Library, Which Offered Free Download of Copyrighted Works". United States Department of Justice. Archived from the original on 2022-11-17. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
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  46. ^ Manos, Leda (November 11, 2022). "Pirated E-Book Site Z-Library Shut Down By The Feds". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on 2022-11-23. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
  47. ^ a b c Belanger, Ashley (November 17, 2022). "Feds arrest Russians accused of running the largest pirated e-book library - Textbook piracy platform Z-Library sunk by popular TikTok hashtag". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 2022-11-17. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
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  51. ^ Belanger, Ashley (July 9, 2024). "Report: Z-Library admins on the lam ahead of US extradition; officials shocked". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2024-08-12.
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  81. ^ The Hindu Bureau (March 27, 2023). "Phishing website Z-Lib.is pretends to be Z-Library, asks for funds". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
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