Jump to content

Bomb threat

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Bomb hoaxes)
"Bomb scare" redirects here. For the song by 2 Bad Mice, see Bombscare.

A bomb threat or bomb scare is a threat, usually verbal or written, to detonate an explosive or incendiary device to cause property damage, death, injuries, and/or incite fear,[1][2] whether or not such a device actually exists.

History

[edit]

Bomb threats were used to incite fear and violence during the American Civil Rights Movement, during which leader of the movement Martin Luther King Jr. received multiple bomb threats during public addresses,[3][4][5] and schools forced to integrate faced strong opposition, resulting in 43 bomb threats against Central High School in Arkansas being broadcast on TV and the radio.[6]

Motivations

[edit]

Supposed motives for bomb threats include: "humor, self assertion, anger, manipulation, aggression, hate and devaluation, omnipotence, fantasy, and psychotic distortion,[7] ideology, retaliation," and creating chaos.[8][9][10] Many of the motives based on personal emotion are speculative.[11] Bomb threats that aren’t intended to be pranks are often made as parts of other crimes, such as extortion, arson, or aircraft hijacking.[12] Actual bombings for malicious destruction of property, terrorism, or murder are often perpetrated without warning.[13][14]

Ideological

[edit]

Bomb threats may be motivated by political, religious, and ideological differences. These include political issues, abortion, animal testing, eco-terrorism, and use of nuclear power. The aim of these threats is to draw attention to certain causes or incite fear and unrest among those who support said causes.[15][13][16][17] Some threats are racially-motivated,[18] while others are made against houses of worship or research and medical facilities.[19][20][21]

Extortion

[edit]

Bomb threats made as part of extortion schemes demand some form of bribe, payment, or incentive to prevent the use of a bomb. The payment can be made in the form of cash, Bitcoin,[22][23] or forcing the victim to adhere to demands.[24][25]

Hoax Device

[edit]

Because of the potential for loss of life, injury, and property damage of a bomb detonation, bomb threats are treated as realistic and maliciously intended by authorities until proven otherwise.[26] Bomb threats made as jokes or pranks, especially those made against schools, annually waste thousands of dollars in law enforcement costs, other government resources, and educational time.[26][11] These threats may be made as distractions or disruptions, forcing school officials to cancel or postpone planned activities such as exams.[27][28] A so-called "hoax device" may be deployed in lieu of a real bomb. They are designed to make a reasonable person assume the item was a truly destructive device capable of causing injury or death.[29]

False flag

[edit]

False flag bomb threats are made to create the appearance of a specific group or person being responsible for an activity to disguise the true perpetrators.[30][31]

Political

[edit]

Bomb threats can be part of politically-motivated operations. For example: It was reportedly used as a pretext by the Belarusian government to divert Ryanair Flight 4978 to Minsk to arrest Raman Pratasevich, an oppositional figure. As a result the nation was accused of committing state terrorism.[32][33]

Targets

[edit]

Schools and universities

[edit]

Bomb threats are often made toward educational institutions. They are typically by students who are overwhelmed by academic pressure,[34][35][36][37] are resentful of the school, and/or are acting on violent impulses. Their frustration may be aimed at specific groups or individuals that are part of the school’s community.[38][39][40] During 1999— which was the most recent year with publicly published data as of 2005— roughly 5% of bomb threats made in the United States targeted schools. Over a decade later bomb threats against schools saw a 33% increase of while threats against residences decreased by 35% between 2014 and 2016. [41] Perpetrators of bomb threats are usually immediately expelled or fired from the school. [citation needed]

On December 16, 2013 at approximately 8:30 a.m. the final exams at Harvard University were disrupted by several anonymous emails threatening plant shrapnel bombs at various locations on the campus. [citation needed] The FBI charged Eldo Kim, a sophomore at Harvard, for the false bomb threats on the following day. [42]

Eldo Kim agreed to take responsibility for his attempt to cancel the fall 2013 final exams on November 19th, 2014. Following his legal agreement, Kim agreed to publish his confession in The Harvard Crimson on November 25th, pay restitution to law enforcement agencies, complete a rehabilitative "diversionary program", remain under home confinement for four months, and perform 750 hours of community service.[43][44]

Public figures

[edit]

Bomb threats against political figures such as the President of the United States, occur regularly and are illegal under the United States Code Title 18, Section 871 law.[45]

The British royal family, specifically Queen Elizabeth, has faced bomb threats based on blame for the actions of the British government.[46] Celebrities may also be the victims of bomb threats, especially those who have expressed political views,[47] or those who are leaders of political causes.[3][4][5] Author Salman Rushdie and his publisher faced multiple bomb threats from Islamic fundamentalist groups because of his controversial book The Satanic Verses, which was interpreted by these groups as opposing Muslim ideology.[48]

Government and public infrastructure

[edit]
Evacuation of the Paris Expo Porte de Versailles during the 2008 Salon du livre de Paris, after a bomb threat

Many buildings are the recipients of bomb threats, including transportation hubs such as airports and train stations,[49][50][51][52] power plants, medical facilities,[53] and government buildings[54] such as the Pentagon,[55] the US Embassy,[56] and the Casa Rosada.[57] Among these, airports, city halls, and courthouses are most likely to experience repeated bomb threats.[14] Among bomb threats related to transportation, threats and false information knowingly provided about bombs on airplanes have the most severe response.[58][59]

Private institutions and businesses

[edit]

Private institutions and businesses, including as banks, department stores, malls, casinos, restaurants, manufacturing plants,[60] and truck stops, have been the recipients of bomb threats for various reasons.[61][62][63][52][64][65][66] Some bomb threats are made because of ideological differences or opposition to the mission or perceived mission of the institution, such as those made against Planned Parenthood and abortion clinics,[67][68][69] news organizations such as CNN,[55] or nuclear facilities.[15] From 1983 to 1992, the World Trade Center experienced roughly 350 bomb threats and scares for various reasons.[70]

Some threats are motivated by money, involving an offender demanding a payoff from a bank or department store over a public phone.[61] Other reasons for attacking a restaurant or shopping center include revenge or vandalism, the primary motives found in a study analyzing 69 Finnish offenders.[62]

Methods

[edit]

A majority of bomb threats are perpetrated by middle-aged men who make these threats via a telephone call.[61][62][71][72][60] Different types of offenders tend to call the target directly on a public phone to demand money, call directly on a personal line because of resentment, or call emergency service lines and make threats for personal entertainment.[61]

Bomb threats may also be made by text message, as in the case of a March 2004 message to a private operator sending a warning of bombs in five Washington, D.C. schools,[26] and February 2014 messages to school employees of Ateneo de Manila University.[73]

Bomb threats may be made in letters or notes,[38][74][39] delivered either personally or through the mail system. Packages intended to mimic or represent bombs, including backpacks, luggage, bags, or attache cases,[70] even if they may not have the capability of exploding because of poor construction or intentional choices, are still treated as potential explosives, as in the case of 13 devices mailed to various politicians and opponents of Donald Trump.[75][76]

Electronic bomb threats may be made over websites,[11] email,[40] or social media,[38][77] as in the case of the emailed wave of 2018 Bitcoin bomb threats in the United States and Canada.[78][79][67] A series of mail bombs sent to celebrities based on their political ideologies was found to have been preceded by threats on Twitter.[80]

They can also be made face-to-face.[11]

Indirect threats

[edit]

Many activities treated as bomb threats do not explicitly state an intent to set off an explosive; nevertheless, they convey through context or action that a threat is being made. Some actions may indicate an intent to bomb, such as parking a truck outside an abortion clinic, after a similar bombing made by the same vehicle.[81] In other scenarios, a message mentioning bombs may be interpreted as a threat based on context, such as an email to a school principal reading "bomb,"[40] a statement that a bomb exists in a specific location,[38][60][39] the expression of a desire to build a bomb,[82] a description of a bomb that was placed,[77] or other communications.[54]

Credibility and response

[edit]

Most bomb threats are false alarms which do not involve actual explosives, only the incitement of fear.[13][14] There are more bomb threats than incidents, with only 14 of 1,055 school incidents recorded from 1990 to 2002 being preceded by threats.[11] According to the Hunter-Howler threat dynamic, the group of people who make bomb threats is largely separate from those who attempt a real bombing, which typically occurs without warning.[13]

Standard procedure is usually to take all threats seriously because civilians are usually threatened by them if valid as well as the community,[83] and arrests may be made even for bomb threats made falsely as in most jurisdictions even hoaxes are a crime.[8] Signs that a threat is legitimate include an out-of-place object found, a motive or specific targets being stated, and multiple calls or specific threats being made.[84][11]

Police and bomb disposal professionals are typically alerted to respond to bomb threat incidents to assess and mitigate potential harm. Schools and government organizations offer instructions and sometimes training for both bomb prevention planning and response to assist those facing bomb threats.[85][86] Organizations involved in responding to a bomb threat may also include anti-terrorism government agencies, fire departments, and other emergency services.[26]

The decision to evacuate an area or building, depending on the perceived reliability of the threat, may be made by local controlling authorities or those in charge of the targeted facility based on advice from bomb disposal experts.[76][87][88] When a large facility is involved, it can be very difficult and time-consuming to ensure the absence of any bomb or other hazardous device or substance. A search is conducted for out-of-place packages that have features such as unusual shapes, sounds, smells, leakage, or electrical components. Bomb-sniffing dogs may be used as part of this search.[13][89][90][38] Forensic evidence and law enforcement searches are then used to attempt to locate the perpetrator.

Law

[edit]

While the terms "bomb threat" and "bomb scare" are often used interchangeably, a bomb threat in the legal context is typically in the form of a statement, or some "communicated intent to inflict harm,"[8][91][92] whereas a "bomb scare" refers to situations of imminent risk, such as the discovery of a suspicious bag.[2] These are both distinct from false statements knowingly made about bombs, which are sometimes also criminalized.[8]

Some statutory definitions include the threatened use, release or placement of other harmful agents, such as poisons, biological pathogens, radioactive materials, or even a dangerous weapon (e.g., aboard an airliner). Other statutes enhance the penalties for threats made against specific places or persons (e.g. government facilities or dignitaries), and the actual possession of harmful devices or agents. Prosecution of making a bomb threat hinges only on the victim's reasonable belief of the threat's veracity rather than the actual existence of a dangerous device.[93]

United States

[edit]

A total of 1536 bomb threat incidents took place in the US in 2016, 254 of which were made against businesses and 186 of which were made to residences.[41] Criminal statutes typically dictate severe penalties. For example, in the United States, Massachusetts provides for penalties of up to 20 years in prison, up to $50,000 fine, and restitution for the costs of the disruption.[94] New York law makes it a "Class E Felony ... to issue a false bomb threat directed toward a school in New York State."[95] Even a false bomb threat has a maximum fine of $5,000 and up to 5 years in prison.[96] In Orange County in North Carolina, a person may face "a felony charge, a 365-day suspension, revocation of his or her driver’s license, and a civil lawsuit of up to $25,000."[26]

The current federal law regarding bomb threats applies to a person who "threatens by any means the placement or setting of a weapon of mass destruction."[77] Although there is some contention as to whether the law is overly broad, some current statutes making bomb threats illegal do not define a "threat," as a "true threat", meaning that the intent to use an actual bomb,[97] the existence of a target,[92] or the ability to convince the recipient that a bomb exists,[98] is not relevant.[99] This is because verbal acts which inherently cause panic are not protected under Freedom of speech.[97] However, other sentencing guidelines apply only to "defendants whose conduct evidenced an intent to carry out the threat"[100]

Society

[edit]

Bomb threats are likely influenced by the power of suggestion and mass media, with threats likely to be made against targets with recent media coverage. Analysis suggests bomb threats against nuclear energy facilities tend to follow greater publicity of nuclear power problems.[15] In the 6 months after the 1999 Columbine High School massacre, there were a reported 5,000 bomb threats made against schools, with hundreds more made every year.[26] Before 1999, there were roughly 1 to 2 threats a year, but by May 1999 a Gallup poll showed one fifth of teenage students experiencing a bomb threat evacuation.[101] Because of copycat trends, some schools are moving toward policies of immediate criminal action against students caught making such threats, regardless of motivation.[26] In addition, the FBI has created a campaign, namely “#ThinkBeforeYouPost”, and warns students not to post or send any threats against a school online.[102]

Notable incidents

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "People v. Turnage, 55 Cal. 4th 62". California Supreme Court Resources.
  2. ^ a b "State v. Dekowski, 218 N.J. 596". CaseMine.
  3. ^ a b "King visits Yale University; delivers "The Future of Integration"". King Institute. Stanford University. 29 June 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  4. ^ a b "Bomb scare delays King's address to Nashville Christian Leadership Conference at Fisk University". King Institute. Stanford University. 5 August 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  5. ^ a b Kruzman, Diana (January 21, 2019). "52 years ago, a bomb threat interrupted MLK's speech at Bovard". Daily Trojan. California: University of Southern California. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  6. ^ "Aaron v. Cooper, 257 F.2d 33". resource.org.
  7. ^ Wagner, Meg; Rocha, Veronica; Tatum, Sophie; Levenson, Eric; Ries, Brian; Murphy, Paul P.; Yeung, Jessie (November 5, 2018). "Suspect arrested after explosive devices sent to Trump critics and CNN". CNN. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  8. ^ a b c d "Moosavi v. State, 355 Md. 651". Casetext.
  9. ^ "Indictment: Hackers charged with making threats to schools". Associated Press. February 12, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  10. ^ "UK teen jailed for 3 years for bomb hoaxes". Associated Press. December 7, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Newman, Graeme R. (August 2011). "Bomb Threats in Schools". Center for Problem-Oriented Policing. 32. Arizona State University.
  12. ^ "New York Supplement". West Publishing Company. December 24, 1913 – via Google Books.
  13. ^ a b c d e Albrecht, Steve (April 19, 2013). "Bombers or Bomb Threat Makers?: Looking for Hunters, Dealing with Howlers". Psychology Today. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  14. ^ a b c Barrera, Dan Jerome S (20 July 2017). "Bomb threats and reports of suspicious items in the Philippines: Spatial and temporal patterns". Security Journal. 30 (3). Palgrave Macmillan UK: 665–685. doi:10.1057/sj.2015.1. eISSN 1743-4645. ISSN 0955-1662. S2CID 154319270.
  15. ^ a b c Mazur, Allan. “Bomb Threats and the Mass Media: Evidence for a Theory of Suggestion.” American Sociological Review, vol. 47, no. 3, 1982, pp. 407–411. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2094997.
  16. ^ Calhoun, Frederick S.; Weston, Stephen W. (2003). Contemporary threat management : a practical guide for identifying, assessing, and managing individuals of violent intent. San Diego: Specialized Training Services. OCLC 55002916.
  17. ^ Murnaghan, Ian (February 21, 2018). "Threats to Researchers who Use Animals for Testing". About Animal Testing. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  18. ^ "Arizona man pleads guilty to Harvard bomb threats". Associated Press. February 28, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  19. ^ "Israeli who threatened US Jewish centers gets 10 years". Associated Press. November 22, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  20. ^ "Police spend 6 hours probing false bomb threat at NY church". Associated Press. December 28, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  21. ^ "Muslim advocacy group seeks investigation into mosque threat". Associated Press. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  22. ^ Silva, Daniella (December 13, 2018). "Wave of bomb threats causes evacuations, anxiety across U.S. and Canada". NBC. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  23. ^ Goudsward, Andrew; Walker, Tamara; Larsen, Erik (December 13, 2018). "Multiple bomb threats reported in Monmouth and Ocean counties". Asbury Park Press. USA Today. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  24. ^ "Man charged in school bomb threats facing sextortion charges". Associated Press. April 11, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  25. ^ Mack, Justin L. (April 11, 2019). "'Brian Kil' suspect faces life in prison with Plainfield threats, child porn, sextortion charges". Indianapolis Star. USA Today. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g Bowman, Darcia Harris (October 2, 2004). "Bomb Threats Taking Financial Toll". Education Week. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  27. ^ "Man pleads guilty to bomb threat made to thwart traffic stop". Associated Press. March 26, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  28. ^ "Gulden v. McCorkle, 680 F.2d 1070". Casetext.
  29. ^ lawinsider.com
  30. ^ "United States v. Mohamed, 459 F.3d 979". Casetext.
  31. ^ "Ex-journalist to get resentenced in Jewish threats case". Associated Press. April 10, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  32. ^ "Exiled opposition figure arrested after flight diverted to Belarus citing bomb threat". India Today. 23 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  33. ^ "Belarus 'diverts Ryanair flight to arrest journalist', opposition says". BBC News. 2021-05-23. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  34. ^ Maine State Legislature (1 November 2000). "Final Report of the Joint Study Committee to Study Bomb Threats in Maine Schools". Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  35. ^ "FBI — Fresno Woman Pleads Guilty to Bomb Threat Hoax at Fresno City College". FBI.
  36. ^ "Five Massachusetts schools receive hoax bomb threats". Reuters. 12 November 2014. Archived from the original on 2015-10-18. Retrieved 2017-06-30.
  37. ^ "Man indicted for bomb hoax at Louisiana university". Reuters. 13 August 2014.
  38. ^ a b c d e "R.L. v. Cent. York Sch. Dist., 183 F. Supp. 3d 625 -- Factual Summary". Casetext.
  39. ^ a b c "State v. J.P. (In the Interest of J.P.)". Justia.
  40. ^ a b c "State v. Jacob J.B. (in the Interest of Jacob J.B.), 2001 Wisc" (PDF). Justia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-03-06.
  41. ^ a b "Bomb Threats Across the United States". ATF. August 17, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  42. ^ Fandos, Nicholas (18 December 2013). "Harvard Sophomore Charged in Bomb Threat". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  43. ^ Klein, Mariel (25 November 2014). "One Year Later, Kim Apologizes for Bomb Threat Hoax". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 2019-06-05.
  44. ^ U.S. Attorney’s Office (17 December 2013). "Harvard Student Charged with Bomb Hoax". FBI. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  45. ^ "18 USCS 871". Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  46. ^ Harley, Nicola (16 December 2016). "'This one is for the Queen': Man jailed over bomb threat made during historic Royal visit to Ireland". The Telegraph. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  47. ^ Hutzler, Alexander (25 October 2018). "BOMB THREAT: HERE'S EVERYONE WHO'S BEEN TARGETED AND EVERYTHING WE KNOW SO FAR". Newsweek. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  48. ^ Mitgang, Herbert (14 January 1989). "Rushdie Novel Brings Bomb Threats". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  49. ^ "Norwegian Air plane evacuated after receiving threat". Associated Press. 7 February 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  50. ^ "Amsterdam airport departure area evacuated for bomb threat". Associated Press. 31 December 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  51. ^ "Flight held when crew fears bomb threat; no threat found". Associated Press. 25 December 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  52. ^ a b "Mall evacuated over bomb threat". Associated Press. 24 December 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  53. ^ "Man pleads guilty to making bomb threat at veterans clinic". Associated Press. 30 January 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  54. ^ a b "United States v. Darby, 37 F.3d 1059". Casetext.
  55. ^ a b "Man pleads guilty of phoning bomb threats to Pentagon, CNN". Associated Press. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  56. ^ McCay, Katie (24 January 2017). "Bomb Threat At US Embassy Turns Out To Be False Alarm". The Bubble. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  57. ^ McCay, Katie (30 December 2021). "Bomb Threat At Argentina's House of Government, Police Are Searching". Ámbito. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  58. ^ "Levin v. United Air Lines, Inc., 158 Cal. App. 4th 1002" – via Casetext.
  59. ^ "United States v. Gray, 780 F.3d 458". Casetext.
  60. ^ a b c "State v. Rivera, 42 Kan. App. 2d 914". Casetext.
  61. ^ a b c d Zaitsu, Wataru (14 October 2009). "Bomb threats and offender characteristics in Japan". Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling. 7 (1): 75–89. doi:10.1002/jip.106.
  62. ^ a b c Häkkänen, Helinä (1 March 2006). "Finnish Bomb Threats: Offence and Offender Characteristics". International Journal of Police Science & Management. 8 (1). Vantaa, Finland: National Bureau of Investigation: 1–8. doi:10.1350/ijps.2006.8.1.1. S2CID 145741072.
  63. ^ "Bomb threat leads to evacuation of Target store". Associated Press. 22 December 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  64. ^ "Canadian man arrested for Deadwood casino bomb threats". Associated Press. 20 February 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  65. ^ "Man in custody after bomb threat at Missouri truck stop". Associated Press. 21 January 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  66. ^ "Man charged in school bomb threats facing sextortion charges". Associated Press. 11 April 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  67. ^ a b Woods, Amanda (27 January 2019). "Threats against Planned Parenthood posted to Bronx state senator's Facebook page". New York Post. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  68. ^ Busch, Monica (23 October 2017). "That Hoax Bomb At Planned Parenthood Proves Threats To Abortion Clinics Are Still Horribly Real". Bustle. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  69. ^ Day, Brian (21 October 2017). "Bomb squad destroys 'hoax device' left outside Whittier Planned Parenthood office". Whittier Daily News. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  70. ^ a b "Matter of World Trade Ctr. Bombing Litig., 17 N.Y.3d 428". Leagle.
  71. ^ "United States v. Baller, 519 F.2d 463". Casetext.
  72. ^ "U.S. v. Gilbert, 181 F.3d 152 | Casetext". casetext.com.
  73. ^ Ramos, Billy Jane (18 February 2014). "Accenture confirms receiving bomb threat". Yahoo! Philippines. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  74. ^ "A.B. v. Slippery Rock Area Sch. Dist., 906 A.2d 674" – via Leagle.
  75. ^ Wolf, Z. Byron. "A timeline of the pipe bomb scare". CNN. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  76. ^ a b Burke, Minyvonne (26 October 2018). "What we know about the pipe bomb scare and suspect Cesar Sayoc's arrest". NBC News. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  77. ^ a b c "Commonwealth v. Burik" – via Casetext.
  78. ^ Silva, Daniella (13 December 2018). "Wave of bomb threats causes evacuations, anxiety across U.S. and Canada". NBC News. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  79. ^ "Woman admits making hoax bomb threats to 2 courthouses". Associated Press. 8 April 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  80. ^ Roettgers, Janko (26 October 2018). "Jim Carrey, Ron Howard Among Celebrities Threatened on Twitter by Mail Bomb Suspect". Variety. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  81. ^ "United States v. Bagdasarian, 652 F.3d 1113" – via Court Listener.
  82. ^ "United States v. Gebert" – via Court Listener.
  83. ^ "Bomb scares taken seriously, punished appropriately".
  84. ^ "Bomb Threat". University of Maryland: University College. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  85. ^ "What To Do - Bomb Threat". Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  86. ^ "Bomb Threat/Explosive Device Information". Loyola. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  87. ^ Villarin, Jose Ramon T (12 February 2014). "FR. JETT'S MEMO ON THE BOMB THREAT". Atteneo de Manila University. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  88. ^ Healey, Kelly; Tutten, James (14 December 2018). "Nationwide hoax: Multiple bomb threats received across U.S., including Orlando". WFTV. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  89. ^ Parsippany Police (27 October 2018). "Bomb Threat at Hilton". TAPinto. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  90. ^ "Connecticut police department adds bomb-sniffing dog". Associated Press. 5 November 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  91. ^ "State v. Douglas D. (In the Interest of Douglas D.), 2001 WI 47 - P63" – via Court Listener.
  92. ^ a b "Commonwealth v. Grenga" – via Caselaw Access Project.
  93. ^ "United States v. Furey, 491 F. Supp. 1048 | Casetext". casetext.com.
  94. ^ "M.G.L. - Chapter 269, Section 14 - General Laws". mass.gov.
  95. ^ "School Bomb Threats Are A Felony", press release on New York State Education Department website. Retrieved April 15, 2009.
  96. ^ "1427. Imparting Or Conveying False Information (Bomb Hoax) -- 18 U.S.C. 35". www.justice.gov. February 19, 2015.
  97. ^ a b "State ex rel. RT, 781 So. 2d 1239" – via Casetext.
  98. ^ "Mustafa v. City of Chicago, 442 F.3d 544" – via Casetext.
  99. ^ "State v. Johnston, 156 Wn.2d 355" – via MRSC.
  100. ^ "United States v. Horton, 98 F.3d 313" – via Casetext.
  101. ^ Kostinsky, S; Bixler, EO; Kettl, PA (2001). "Threats of School Violence in Pennsylvania After Media Coverage of the Columbine High School Massacre: Examining the Role of Imitation". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 155 (9): 994–1001. doi:10.1001/archpedi.155.9.994. PMID 11529800.
  102. ^ "Hoax Threats are Crimes". Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bomb threat.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bomb_threat&oldid=1248345758"