1922 Bodmin by-election

The 1922 Bodmin by-election was a parliamentary by-election for the British House of Commons. The constituency of Bodmin in Cornwall polled on 23 February 1922.^[1] The by-election was notable for the opposition Liberal Party gaining a seat from the Coalition-supporting Conservative Party.

Vacancy

The by-election was caused by the death of the sitting Coalition Conservative MP, Sir Charles Hanson on 17 January 1922.^[2] Hanson had been MP for Bodmin since himself winning the seat in a by-election on 15 August 1916.

Electoral history

The constituency was a traditional Unionist/Liberal marginal. The last Liberal win came in January 1910. In December 1910 a Liberal Unionist narrowly gained the seat. In 1918 the Coalition Government of Lloyd George chose to endorse the incumbent Unionist candidate. The result at the General Election in 1918 was;

1918 general election: Bodmin^[3]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
C	Unionist	Charles Hanson	12,228	58.4	+8.2
	Liberal	Isaac Foot	8,705	41.6	−8.2
Majority			3,523	16.8	+16.4
Turnout			20,933	69.1	−17.1
	Unionist hold		Swing	+8.2
C indicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government.

Candidates

The Bodmin Unionists had already selected Major-General Frederick Poole as the Coalition candidate to replace Sir Charles Hanson who had indicated he was standing down at the next election.^[4] Poole was Hanson's son-in-law.^[5] Poole has usually been described as a Coalition Conservative but The Times newspaper did refer to him as a Coalition Liberal in its report on the by-election polling day.^[6]
The Bodmin Liberals re-adopted 41-year-old Plymouth solicitor Isaac Foot who had fought Bodmin twice before,^[7] including at the last election. He had also stood as Liberal candidate in the 1919 Plymouth Sutton by-election when he was beaten by Nancy Astor. Foot was seen as a direct opponent of Lloyd George.^[1]
The Labour Party had never before contested Bodmin and did not put forward a candidate this time.

Campaign

The Coalition was fighting on its record of having won the war and negotiated the peace and was relying on appeals to the electorate of being allowed to get on with the task of steering the country through the difficult domestic and international waters currently flowing around the British ship of state. Sir Austen Chamberlain in a letter to General Poole asked for the support of the electors for the giving of peace to Ireland and the restoration of that economic and financial stability necessary for good trade and prosperity.^[8] Poole was supported by almost all the local press except the previously pro-Coalition Western Morning News which had supported Foot due to the Coalition government's "reckless expenditure".^[1]

For the Independent Liberals, Foot attacked the government's record in waste and inefficiency. He said that the electorate had recognised the 1918 general election as a fraud and resented having been tricked by 'delusive promises' and 'crooked politics'.^[9] As well as being endorsed by the Western Morning News, Foot gained the formal support of the constituency Labour Party and was supported by Arthur Quiller-Couch, who served as one of his nominators.^[1]^[10]

The campaign also took on a distinctly Cornish aspect: there was significant local disillusion over the perceived failure of the government to support the Cornish tin mining industry after the war. An election song at the time had the lines "The Coalition would not help the miners poor", being sung to the tune of Trelawny.^[11]

Lib-Lab co-operation

One question which was raised during the round of by-elections being fought at this time, as the date of the next general election neared, was if there was a some kind of electoral arrangement between the Independent, Asquithian Liberals and the Labour Party. Foot had no Labour opponent in Bodmin but Labour had not contested the seat at the 1918 general election either. The Executive Committee of the Labour Party in Bodmin did however issue a strong attack on the government's record, especially what it described as 'its wanton waste of the country's resources' and it recommended that Labour supporters should vote for Foot.^[10] The endorsement led Poole's campaign to try and paint Foot as a radical socialist and the constituency party to later be censured by the national party.^[1] The local Labour Party's active help during Foot's campaign caused the Cornish Times to say that he had "the open blessing of the Socialists".^[1]

By-elections were taking place at Manchester Clayton, Camberwell North and Wolverhampton West in this period as well as at Bodmin. In the other three seats the Independent Liberals did not stand candidates, allowing Labour to take on the Coalition in straight fights with the result that Manchester and Wolverhampton were Labour gains. The Coalition leadership regarded this as evidence that understandings, formal or unofficial, were being entered into by the opposition parties in anticipation of a similar but formal arrangement for the next general election, but that was denied by Labour and Liberal spokesmen. The Times tended to accept these denials, given the difficulty of imposing national arrangements on independently minded local Liberal and Labour constituency organisations, but clearly it was then in the interests of the opposition parties to avoid fighting each other as far as possible, as it made it easier to for the government candidate to win.^[8]

Result

The by-election turnout was up on the last general election. The result was a gain for the Liberal Party from the Coalition Unionist. Foot obtained a swing of 14.8%.

Bodmin by-election, 1922: Cornwall, Bodmin ^[12]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Isaac Foot	13,751	56.4	+14.8
C	Unionist	Frederick Poole	10,610	43.6	−14.8
Majority			3.141	12.8	N/A
Turnout			24,361	74.8	+5.7
	Liberal gain from Unionist		Swing	+14.8
C indicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government.

The size of the Liberal victory has been described by one historian as a 'landslide'. The result was said to have turned the tide for the Liberals in the region restoring the party as the true heir of the old Radical tradition ^[13] and that as a result Cornish Methodism now had a charismatic spokesman at Westminster.^[14]

Aftermath

Foot and Poole were to face off again at the general election later in the year. On this occasion Foot again won, though his majority was halved;

General election, 1922: Cornwall, Bodmin ^[12]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Isaac Foot	14,292	53.4	−3.0
	Conservative	Frederick Poole	12,467	46.6	+3.0
Majority			1,825	6.8	−6.0
Turnout			26,759	80.4	+5.6
	Liberal hold		Swing	-3.0

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f John Ault (1 May 2012). "The Inter-War Cornish By-Elections: Microcosm of 'Rebellion'?". Cornish Studies. 20 (1): 241–259. doi:10.1386/corn.20.1.226_1. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
^ The Times, 18 January 1922, p12
^ British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, FWS Craig
^ The Times, 5 September 1921, p5
^ The Times, 11 February 1922, p7
^ The Times, 24 February 1922
^ The Times, 30 January 1922, p12
^ ^a ^b The Times, 21 February 1922, p10
^ The Times, 27 February 1922, p10
^ ^a ^b Michael Foot & Alison Highet, Isaac Foot: a Westcountry boy – Apostle of England; Politico’s Publishing, 2006 p138
^ Garry Tregidga (1 May 2012). "'A Shrewd Choice': Isaac Foot and Cornish politics in the General Election of 1910". Cornish Studies. 20 (1): 226–240. doi:10.1386/corn.20.1.226_1. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
^ ^a ^b F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949; Political Reference Publications, Glasgow 1949, p310
^ Garry Tregidga, The Liberal Party in South West-Britain since 1918: Decline, Dormancy and Rebirth; University of Exeter Press, 2000 p27
^ Garry Tregidga (ed.) Killerton, Camborne and Westminster: The Political Correspondence of Sir Francis and Lady Acland, 1910-1929; Devon and Cornwall Record Society, 2006 p42

v t e « 30th Parliament « By-elections to the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom » 32nd Parliament »
1919	February: Liverpool West Derby March: Leyton West North Londonderry Oxford University Hull Central April: Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire Central May: East Antrim July: Swansea East Bothwell Dublin University August: Widnes September: Pontefract October: Manchester Rusholme November: Chester-le-Street Croydon South Isle of Thanet Plymouth Sutton December: St Albans Bromley Spen Valley
1920	January: Ashton-under-Lyne February: The Wrekin Paisley Horncastle March: Argyll Dartford Stockport Basingstoke Camberwell North West April: Northampton Edinburgh North Edinburgh South Sunderland June: Louth Nelson and Colne July: Ebbw Vale South Norfolk Woodbridge September: Ilford November: Hemel Hempstead The Wrekin Middleton and Prestwich December: Abertillery Rhondda West
1921	January: Hereford Dover February: Cardiganshire March: Woolwich East Dudley Birmingham Moseley Kirkcaldy Burghs Penistone Birmingham West April: Taunton Bristol West Glasgow Pollok East Dorset Bewdley Eddisbury Bedford Chichester May: Hastings Penrith and Cockermouth Abingdon Orkney and Shetland June: Belfast Duncairn Mid Armagh North Down West Down July: Mid Down Westminster St George's Heywood and Radcliffe Hertford August: Caerphilly Westminster Abbey South Londonderry September: Lewisham West Louth October: Westhoughton November: Hornsey December: Southwark South East
1922	January: Ludlow Tamworth South Londonderry February: West Down Manchester Clayton Camberwell North North Down Bodmin March: Wolverhampton West Liverpool Exchange Cambridge Inverness Chertsey Leicester East May: Clapham City of London June: North Londonderry Newbury Moray and Nairn Banbury Nottingham East July: Gower North Down Pontypridd August: Hackney South October: Newport
Lists of UK by-elections 1801–1806 1806–1818 1818–1832 1832–1847 1847–1857 1857–1868 1868–1885 1885–1900 1900–1918 1918–1931 1931–1950 1950–1979 1979–2010 2010–present Northern Ireland Hereditary peers