Boardwalk Hall Auditorium Organ

Boardwalk Hall Auditorium Organ

Classification	Aerophone: Pipe organ
Developed	1929–1932, in Atlantic City, New Jersey
Playing range
12 octaves: CCCCC to c8 (64' to 0.2" pipes)
Builders
Midmer-Losh Organ Company
More articles or information
List of pipe organs

The Boardwalk Hall Auditorium Organ, known also as the Midmer-Losh and the Poseidon, is the pipe organ in the Main Auditorium of Boardwalk Hall (formerly known as Atlantic City Convention Hall) in Atlantic City, New Jersey, built by the Midmer-Losh Organ Company during 1929–1932. It is the largest organ in the world, as measured by the number of pipes – officially 33,112, but the exact number is uncertain. After decades of accumulated damage from water, building renovations, and neglect, a multi-million-dollar restoration program is gradually returning the organ to full operability.

The Main Auditorium is an unobstructed 456×310×137 feet (139×94×42 m), with a volume of 5,500,000 cubic feet (160,000 m³). The organ runs on much higher wind pressures than most organs, to be loud enough to fill the space without amplification.

The organ was awarded four entries in Guinness World Records, including the largest and loudest musical instrument ever constructed. It is one of only two organs in the world to have an open 64-foot pipe rank, and the only organ to have stops voiced on 100 inches of wind pressure (about 3.6 psi) and a console featuring seven manuals and 1,235 stop tabs.

Construction and layout

Construction of the organ took place from May 1929 through December 1932, shortly after the hall was built. The organ was designed by state senator Emerson Lewis Richards and was built by the Midmer-Losh Organ Company of Merrick, New York. Most of the pipes were built by Midmer-Losh. Anton Gottfried made some of the reed pipes, including the Brass Trumpet, Egyptian Horn, Euphone and Musette Mirabilis. The German firm Welte-Mignon provided the Bassoon with papier-mâché resonators and wooden Tuba d'Amour for the Echo division.

The organ is built around the Main Auditorium of Boardwalk Hall, though no pipes are visible from the public space. The organ's pipe divisions are distributed across eight organ chambers behind the auditorium walls:

	Left Stage Pedal Left, Unenclosed Choir, Swell, String I, Swell-Choir	Stage	Right Stage Pedal Right, Percussion, Great, Solo, Great-Solo (Flues), Great-Solo (Reeds)
Left Forward Choir				Right Forward Brass Chorus, String II
Left Center Gallery III (Diapasons), Gallery IV (Orchestral)	Left Upper Fanfare, String III	The Upper chambers are located above the Center chambers	Right Upper Echo	Right Center Gallery I (Reeds), Gallery II (Flutes)

The 1964 Democratic National Convention took place in the Main Auditorium. Several of the organ's pipe chamber openings are visible to the left and right of the stage, and along the left wall at the bottom of the first giant arch from the front, at the bottom of the fourth arch, and in the ceiling of the fourth arch. The organ's main console is visible to the right of the stage, in front of the flag banner. Click for enlargements.

The current layout of the organ was Emerson Richards' third design. The first design was to house 43,000 pipes in six chambers (all mentioned above without the two Forward chambers), but the quoted cost greatly exceeded the allocated $300,000, and there wasn't enough space to house all the pipes. The number of pipes was then reduced to 29,000. Later, when the Forward chambers were also used, some stops from the original plan were reinstated, raising the numbers of pipes to the present official number of 33,112 (see also below). The Upper chambers were placed in the ceiling above the Center chambers, as placing them any further back would result in synchronization issues due to the speed of sound, which takes nearly half a second to travel the length of the arena. The contract price was $347,200, signed shortly before the Great Depression (equivalent to $6,161,000 in 2023).

Console

The organ's main console is the biggest in the world. It has 1,235 stop tabs (heavily unified, "borrowing" from the same ranks) controlling 587 flue stops, 265 reed stops, 35 melodic percussions, 46 non-melodic percussions, 164 couplers, 18 tremolos, 120 swell pedal selectors for the 6 swell pedals controlling 15 swell boxes, and a stop crescendo pedal. The console is also the only one in the world with 7 manuals. The lowest two (Choir and Great) have a range of seven octaves, and the next lowest (Swell) has a range of six octaves, while the rest have a normal five-octave range. The bottom five keys on the Swell manual (GGG to BBB) are in place mainly for cosmetic reasons, as most ranks have no pipes for these notes; however, they would sound if couplers were activated. The manuals from top to bottom are:

Console location, approximately to scale.

VII	Bombard	5 octaves, 61 keys, CC to c4
VI	Echo	5 octaves, 61 keys, CC to c4
V	Fanfare	5 octaves, 61 keys, CC to c4
IV	Solo	5 octaves, 61 keys, CC to c4
III	Swell	6 octaves, 73 keys, GGG to g4
II	Great	7 octaves, 85 keys, CCC to c5
I	Choir	7 octaves, 85 keys, CCC to c5

The Great and Choir manuals have been enlarged to seven octaves so that specially extended stops in the pedal can be played throughout the 85-note compass of both manuals. These stops can be selected by stopkeys in two divisions on the right stop jamb. The Grand Great (for the Great manual) controls stops from the Pedal Right pipe division, and the Grand Choir (for the Choir manual) controls stops from the Pedal Left pipe division. For example, the Grand Ophicleide pipes can be played from the pedalboard, but also from the Great manual by means of the Grand Great.

Also, some pipe divisions are independently playable on two manuals. For example, the Choir-Swell division is usually played from the Choir manual (I), but it has been duplexed stopkey for stopkey to the Swell manual (III). In this way, the division's stops are also available there as the Swell-Choir, no matter which stops are selected on the Choir manual. The same is true for the Great-Solo pipes, which are usually played from the Great manual (II), but can also be selected as the Solo-Great from the Solo manual (IV).

Although the four Gallery divisions (when repaired) can be played from any manual, their "home" is the Bombard manual (VII). They are the only pipe divisions playable from it, and its keyslip contains the divisional pistons for setting combinations of the Gallery's stops.

Stops

Main article: Boardwalk Hall Auditorium Organ stoplist

Stephen D. Smith, president of the former Atlantic City Convention Hall Organ Society, reviewed the organ's stops in his 2002/2010 book and his 2014 web update, including "compound" Celeste and Mixture stops that are each built with multiple pipe ranks. His unofficial estimate of 33,116 pipes had the following distribution:

Stoplist Summary

Division	Voices	Ranks	Pipes
Pedal Right	11	11	903
Pedal Left	10	16	955
Choir	29	37	2,792
Unenclosed Choir	6	9	657
Great	38	63	4,647
Great-Solo (Flues)	13	13	1,152
Great-Solo (Reeds)	12	12	972
Swell	36	55	4,456
Swell-Choir	17	17	1,542
Solo	22	33	2,085
Fanfare	21	36	2,364
Echo	22	27	1,898
Gallery I	4	10	754
Gallery II	7	9	621
Gallery III	6	9	681
Gallery IV	8	8	596
Brass Chorus	8	10	730
String I	11	20	1,436
String II	24	37	2,658
String III	9	17	1,217
Total	314	449	33,116

In addition to the 314 stops controlling the pipe ranks summarized above, the instrument also has 23 percussions (7 melodic and 16 non-melodic), for a total of 337 stops.

64-foot Diaphone-Dulzian

The organ possesses a unique stop in the organ world, the 64-foot Diaphone-Dulzian in the Right Stage chamber (Pedal Right division), one of only two full-length 64-foot stops in the world. The stop is unique, because it is a reed/diaphone hybrid. (The other 64-foot stop is the Contra-Trombone reed stop in the Sydney Town Hall Grand Organ.)

When construction of the organ commenced, it was planned to have two 64-foot stops in the pedal, a Diaphone Profunda and a Dulzian, in the Right Stage and Left Stage chambers respectively. Later, the design was revised, and the Diaphone was omitted because it was feared it would crowd the Right Stage chamber. Consequently, the Dulzian was moved to the Right Stage chamber. However, the sound of the 64-foot Dulzian did not meet the criteria, requiring Diaphone pipes to be used for the lowest 22 notes. The remaining pipes in the rank are reeds. Because of the low frequencies involved, and because the diaphone is voiced to imitate a reed stop, the transition from reed to diaphone cannot be detected.

The Diaphone-Dulzian's low-C pipe is 59 feet (18 m) in length, weighs 3,350 pounds (1,520 kg), and produces a frequency of 8 Hz, a tone that is more felt than heard; the sound of the vibrating pallet is described as "a helicopter hovering over the building". The pipe stands upright for about 40 feet (12 m), the remainder is mitered (turned) towards the Right Stage chamber's grill, like an upside-down L. All pipes taller than 32 feet (10 m) are designed in this manner. The two lowest pipes (CCCCC and CCCCC#) are fed by a single, dedicated 8-inch diameter wind line, operating on 35 inches of pressure. A second identical wind line feeds the remaining pipes.

The Diaphone-Dulzian rank spans from C₃ to g²; it is sufficiently extended so that the 64-, 32-, 16-, 8- and 4-foot unison stops, and the 42+2⁄3-foot, 21+1⁄3-foot and 10+2⁄3-foot mutation stops, may be drawn from the same rank. No other extension rank in the world spans that far. Also, when the 64-foot and 42+2⁄3-foot are combined, the resultant tone simulates a 128-foot stop, equivalent to a 4 Hz tone on low C.

Use of the Diaphone-Dulzian is rare, being used primarily in registrations of moderate volume. In very big combinations it is lost, and in smaller ones it is too loud. Nonetheless, when the stop was first tested in 1930, it caused tiles to fall from the auditorium ceiling and structural elements of the building to rattle.

32-foot stops

To provide the power needed in the pedal, the organ has ten 32-foot stops:

Stop	Division
Tibia Clausa 32'	Pedal Right
Bombardon 32'	Pedal Right
Diaphone 32'	Pedal Left
Diapason 32'	Pedal Left
Bombard 32'	Pedal Left
Fagotto 32'	Pedal Left
Sub Principal 32'	Great
Trombone 32'	Fanfare
Violone 32'	Echo
Diaphone-Dulzian 32' (extension of 64')	Pedal Right

Grand Ophicleide

The Grand Ophicleide in the organ's Pedal Right division, behind the Right Stage chamber grill, speaking on 100" wind pressure, was recognized by Guinness World Records as the loudest organ stop in the world. It is described as having "a pure trumpet note of ear-splitting volume, more than six times the volume of the loudest locomotive whistle." The Grand Ophicleide produces up to 130 decibels at a distance of 1 meter, and is designed to be heard over any other stops that might be playing. The pipes were built by Roscoe Evans, who served as the organ's first curator.

Because of the high pressure on which the pipes stand, they must be tightly secured to the pipe chest, with individual parts secured to each other. If any wind leaks, a whistle, almost as loud as the tone of the pipes themselves, may be heard. The highest 12 notes are produced by special flue pipes having a similar voice and timbre. All of the reed pipes use weighted tongues. The tuning wires are held firmly in place to maintain the correct tuning. The 8' rank is made from lead alloy of exceptional thickness (to prevent the pipes from cracking under the extreme sonic vibrations), while the 16' octave is made of wood.

The Grand Ophicleide rank is extended one octave above the 16' unison rank, allowing an 8' register to be drawn from the rank; it is playable from the 85-key Great manual and from the 32-key pedalboard.

Grand Cornet XI

The largest single stop in the organ by number of pipes, the Grand Cornet contains 11 ranks totaling 803 pipes, nearly 2.5% of the entire organ. The stop is spread across two chests, and speaks on 20" wind pressure. It was fully restored and brought back on line in 2023. The ranks are 10-2/3', 8', 5-1/3', 4', 3-1/5', 2-2/3', 2-2/7', 2', 1-3/5', 1-1/3', and 1', with the last three being separately available as a Scharf Mixture stop.

The 8', 3-1/5', and 2' ranks use flared and tapered pipes, and the 2-2/3' uses harmonic pipes. The 4' pipes are double languid.

Records and distinctions

The organ has been recognized by Guinness World Records as the largest musical instrument, the loudest musical instrument, and the largest pipe organ ever constructed, although debate exists about the selection criteria. (Philadelphia's Wanamaker Organ has fewer pipes but more pipe ranks, and is fully operational.) Guinness also recognized the Grand Ophicleide 16' in the Pedal Right division to be the loudest organ stop in the world (until it was exceeded by the Vox Maris, a 1-rank outdoor instrument that relies on compressed air, built for South Korea's Expo 2012).

The Boardwalk Hall Auditorium Organ was recognized by the Organ Historical Society as an instrument "of historical value and worthy of preservation" as part of its Historic Organs Citations program. The Citation, No. 313, was presented to the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority on October 26, 2004.

Officially, the organ has 33,112 pipes, but the exact number is uncertain. It is very hard to determine exactly how many pipes the organ has, due to undocumented revisions made during its construction, followed by extensive damage that is still being repaired, further confounded by erroneous reports that have circulated over the years.

The organ is the only one in the world to have stops standing on 100 inches wind pressure. It is also the only organ to have two 32-foot pedal stops on 50 inches wind pressure. There are two more organs in the world with stops on 50 inches, but these are 8-foot solo trumpet or tuba stops. 100 inches wind pressure, equivalent to 3.56 psi or 0.25 bars, is about 30 times more than a normal organ stop. (Even high-pressure stops usually stand on only 10 to 12 inches.) The organ has four stops on 100 inches (also known as the "Big Reeds") and ten stops on 50 inches wind pressure:

Stop	Division	Wind pressure
Grand Ophicleide 16'	Pedal Right	100"
Tuba Imperial 8'	Solo	100"
Trumpet Mirabilis 16'	Gallery I	100"
Tuba Maxima 8'	Gallery I	100"
Diaphone 32'	Pedal Left	50"
Tuba Magna 16'	Solo	50"
Bugle 8'	Solo	50"
Bombard 32'	Pedal Left	50"
Major Posaune 16'	Pedal Left	50"
Diaphone Phonon 16'	Pedal Right	50"
Posaune 16'	Fanfare	50"
Harmonic Tuba 8'	Fanfare	50"
Ophicleide 8'	Fanfare	50"
Major Clarion 4'	Fanfare	50"

Apart from the aforementioned stops on record wind pressure, almost every division stands on at least 15 inches wind pressure, except for the Choir on 10 inches and the Unenclosed Choir on 3-3/4 inches. Also, some individual stops stand on lower wind pressure; for example, the Diapason X of the Great division stands on only 4 inches.

The organ's wind supply is the most powerful ever used in a pipe organ. The DC motors for the original eight blowers had a total of 394 horsepower (294 kW). These were replaced with AC motors in the early 1990s, which have a total of 600 horsepower (450 kW), and their seven blowers pump 36,400 cubic feet (1,030 m³) of wind per minute. The Right Stage chamber has two dedicated blowers, a high-pressure blower and a low-pressure blower. A step-up blower is fed from the low-pressure blower, and provides 100" pressure to the two 100" reeds in the Right Stage chamber and the two 100" reeds in the Right Center chamber. The Left Stage chamber is similar in having a high-pressure and a low-pressure blower, with the low-pressure blower originally also winding the Left Forward chamber. Renovations to the arena resulted in cut windlines through walls that no longer exist. The Left Forward chamber will soon be winded from its own independent blower in a new location. The Left Center chamber and Left Upper chambers are winded from a common blower, and the Right Forward, Right Center, and Right Upper chambers are fed from a common blower, except for the two 100" reeds in the Right Center chamber.

Damage and restoration

1944 damage

The instrument has not been fully functional since the 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane, when the subterranean floors of Boardwalk Hall were flooded with seawater. This significantly damaged the blowers and completely destroyed the combination action for the organ stops.

1998 restoration

In September 1998, the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority provided a $1.17 million grant, which was used to return the Right Stage chamber of the Main Auditorium Organ and the entire Ballroom (Kimball) Organ to playable condition. Afterwards, a recording session took place, which captured the main organ's record holders (the 64' Diaphone-Dulzian, and the 100" Tuba Imperial and Grand Ophicleide).

2001 damage

Further damage to the organ took place during a 2001 renovation of Boardwalk Hall, due to lack of planning and oversight and the carelessness of workmen. Pipes were removed, bent, and stepped on. (Most organ pipes are made from soft alloys based on lead, so it is very easy to dent or crush them.) The 32-foot Trombone stop was effectively entombed in the building's walls when an opening in one of the upper chambers, which allowed the rank to speak through the grille in the ceiling, was sealed off. Windlines to various pipe chambers were cut, with no effort to identify the lines, nor any plans to re-route or repair them. The relay for the Left Stage chamber was cut out without regard to its restoration, and various switching and control cables were cut. The 5-manual console connection was cut. Cement dust disrupted the switching contacts, magnets, and the organ pipes. All this left the entire organ damaged and the Right Stage chamber, which was 98% operational in 1998, completely disabled. The relay of the Ballroom Organ was also removed in a careless way, which rendered that organ unplayable as well.

Ongoing restoration

In 2013, the Main Auditorium Organ once again began to be restored, with 15–20% of the organ operational. The organ was played in September 2013 during the Miss America pageant, its first public performance in 40 years. Since May 2014, free half-hour noon concerts are offered Monday through Friday from May through September, excluding holidays. As of May 2015, in-depth "behind the scenes" tours are available weekly on Wednesdays at 10 a.m. for most of the year. On September 1, 2015, Nathan Bryson became the fifth Curator of Organs at Boardwalk Hall. Both organs of the hall (the Ballroom features a 4/55 Kimball opus 7073) are gradually returning to the regular musical life of the building as their mechanical condition permits.

The current restoration program, led by the Historic Organ Restoration Committee (HORC, a 501(c) organization), is a $16 million project funded entirely by donations from charitable foundations and the general public. The restoration effort focuses on the re-leathering of the full instrument, as well as the correction of damage to pipework and mechanical/electrical systems sustained from construction and water over the years.

HORC reports that as of 2024, 95% of the Ballroom Organ and 67% of the Main Auditorium Organ are operational, the latter including most of the pipe ranks in the Right Stage, Left Stage and Left Forward chambers. Restoration work is ongoing and proceeding, as the organ's 100th anniversary approaches in 2029–2032.

External links

• Historic Organ Restoration Committee (official website), with concert livestreams and many photographs
  • "A Virtual Tour of the Largest Pipe Organ in the World!" (2020) – via YouTube
• Organ Historical Society Database information, with many photographs
• "Specification of the Organ at Atlantic City", on The Organ Site (in German), with many photographs
• "The Midmer-Losh Pipe Organ: Breathing Life Into the Beast". Ultimate Restorations, Season 1, Episode 6 (2014) – via Tubi