Comparison of programming languages (syntax)
This comparison of programming languages compares the features of language syntax (format) for over 50 computer programming languages.
Expressions
[edit]Programming language expressions can be broadly classified into four syntax structures:
- prefix notation
- Lisp
(* (+ 2 3) (expt 4 5))
- infix notation
- Fortran
(2 + 3) * (4 ** 5)
- suffix, postfix, or Reverse Polish notation
- Forth
2 3 + 4 5 ** *
- math-like notation
- TUTOR
(2 + 3)(45) $$ note implicit multiply operator
Statements
[edit]When a programming languages has statements, they typically have conventions for:
- statement separators;
- statement terminators; and
- line continuation
A statement separator demarcates the boundary between two separate statements. A statement terminator defines the end of an individual statement. Languages that interpret the end of line to be the end of a statement are called "line-oriented" languages.
"Line continuation" is a convention in line-oriented languages where the newline character could potentially be misinterpreted as a statement terminator. In such languages, it allows a single statement to span more than just one line.
Language | Statement separator-terminator | Secondary separator-terminator[1] |
---|---|---|
ABAP | period separated | |
Ada | semicolon terminated | |
ALGOL | semicolon separated | |
ALGOL 68 | semicolon and comma separated[2] | |
APL | newline terminated | [Direct_function ⋄] separated Secondary
|
AppleScript | newline terminated | |
AutoHotkey | newline terminated | |
BASIC | newline terminated | colon separated |
Boo | newline terminated | |
C | semicolon terminates statements | comma separates expressions |
C++ | semicolon terminates statements | comma separates expressions |
C# | semicolon terminated | |
COBOL | whitespace separated, sometimes period separated, optionally separated with commas and semi-colons. | |
Cobra | newline terminated | |
CoffeeScript | newline terminated | |
CSS | semicolon terminated | |
D | semicolon terminated | |
Eiffel | newline terminated | semicolon |
Erlang | colon separated, period terminated | |
F# | newline terminated | semicolon |
Fortran | newline terminated | semicolon |
Forth | semicolons terminate word definitions. space terminates word use | |
GFA BASIC | newline terminated | |
Go | semicolon separated (inserted by compiler) | |
Haskell (in do-notation) | newline separated | |
Haskell (in do-notation, when braces are used) | semicolon separated | |
Java | semicolon terminated | |
JavaScript | semicolon separated (but often inserted as statement terminator) | |
Kotlin | semicolon separated (but sometimes implicitly inserted on newlines) | |
Lua | whitespace separated (semicolon optional) | |
Mathematica also called Wolfram |
semicolon separated | |
MATLAB | newline terminated | semicolon or comma[3] |
MUMPS also called M |
newline terminates line-scope, the closest to a "statement" that M has | a space separates/terminates a command, allowing another command to follow |
Nim | newline terminated | |
Object Pascal (Delphi) | semicolon separated | |
Objective-C | semicolon terminated | |
OCaml | semicolon separated | |
Pascal | semicolon separated | |
Perl | semicolon separated | |
PHP | semicolon terminated | |
Pick Basic | newline terminated | semicolon separated |
PowerShell | newline terminated | semicolon separated |
Prolog | comma separated (conjunction), semicolon separated (disjunction), period terminated (clause) | |
Python | newline terminated | semicolon |
R | newline terminated[4] | semicolon[4] |
Raku | semicolon separated | |
Red | whitespace separated | |
Ruby | newline terminated | semicolon |
Rust | semicolon terminated | comma separates expressions |
Scala | newline terminated (semicolon optional) | semicolon |
Seed7 | semicolon separated (semicolon termination is allowed) | |
Simula | semicolon separated | |
S-Lang | semicolon separated | |
Smalltalk | period separated | |
Standard ML | semicolon separated | |
Swift | semicolon separated (inserted by compiler) | |
V (Vlang) | newline terminated | comma or semicolon separated |
Visual Basic | newline terminated | colon separated |
Visual Basic .NET | newline terminated | colon separated |
Wolfram Language | semicolon separated | |
Xojo | newline terminated | |
Zig | semicolon terminated | |
Language | Statement separator-terminator | Secondary separator-terminator[1] |
Line continuation
[edit]Line continuation is generally done as part of lexical analysis: a newline normally results in a token being added to the token stream, unless line continuation is detected.
- Whitespace – Languages that do not need continuations
- Ada – Lines terminate with semicolon
- C# – Lines terminate with semicolon
- JavaScript – Lines terminate with semicolon (which may be inferred)
- Lua
- OCaml
- Ampersand as last character of line
- Backslash as last character of line
- bash[5] and other Unix shells
- C, C++ preprocessor
- Mathematica, Wolfram Language
- Python[6]
- Ruby
- JavaScript – only within single- or double-quoted strings
- Backtick as last character of line
- Hyphen as last character of line
- Underscore as last character of line
- Ellipsis (as three periods–not one special character)
- MATLAB: The ellipsis token need not be the last characters on the line, but any following it will be ignored.[7] (In essence, it begins a comment that extends through (i.e. including) the first subsequent newline character. Contrast this with an inline comment, which extends until the first subsequent newline.)
- Comma delimiter as last character of line
- Ruby (comment may follow delimiter)
- Left bracket delimiter as last character of line
- Batch file: starting a parenthetical block can allow line continuation[8]
- Ruby: left parenthesis, left square bracket, or left curly bracket
- Operator as last object of line
- Ruby (comment may follow operator)
- Operator as first character of continued line
- AutoHotkey: Any expression operators except ++ and --, and a comma or a period[9]
- Backslash as first character of continued line
- Some form of inline comment serves as line continuation
- Turbo Assembler:
\
- m4:
dnl
- TeX:
%
- Character position
- Fortran 77: A non-comment line is a continuation of the prior non-comment line if any non-space character appears in column 6. Comment lines cannot be continued.
- COBOL: String constants may be continued by not ending the original string in a PICTURE clause with
'
, then inserting a-
in column 7 (same position as the*
for comment is used.) - TUTOR: Lines starting with a tab (after any indentation required by the context) continue the prior command.
- [End and Begin] using normal quotes
- C, C++ preprocessor: The string is ended normally and continues by starting with a quote on the next line.
Libraries
[edit]This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2009) |
To import a library is a way to read external, possibly compiled, routines, programs or packages. Imports can be classified by level (module, package, class, procedure,...) and by syntax (directive name, attributes,...)
- File import
addpath(directory)
MATLAB[10]COPY filename.
COBOL:-include("filename").
Prolog#include file="filename"
ASP#include "filename"
, AutoHotkey, AutoIt, C, C++#include <filename>
AutoHotkey, AutoIt, C, C++#import "filename"
, Objective-C#import <filename>
Objective-CImport["filename"]
Mathematica, Wolfram Languageinclude 'filename'
Fortraninclude "filename";
PHPinclude [filename] program
, Pick Basic#include [filename] program
Pick Basicinclude!("filename");
Rustload "filename"
Rubyload %filename
Redrequire('filename')
Luarequire "filename";
Perl, PHPrequire "filename"
Rubysource(""filename"")
R@import("filename");
Zig
- Package import
#include filename
C, C++#[path = "filename"] mod altname;
, Rust@import module;
Objective-C<<name
Mathematica, Wolfram Language:-use_module(module).
Prolog:from module import *
Pythonextern crate libname;
, Rustextern crate libname as altname;
Rustmod modname;
, Rustlibrary("package")
R:IMPORT module
Oberonimport altname "package/name"
Go:import package.module;
, Dimport altname = package.module;
Dimport Module
, Haskellimport qualified Module as M
Haskellimport package.*
Java, MATLAB, Kotlinimport "modname";
JavaScript:import altname from "modname";
, JavaScript:import package
Scalaimport package._
, Scalaimport module
Swiftimport module
V (Vlang)import module
, Pythonrequire('modname')
Lua:require "gem"
, Rubyuse module
, Fortran 90+use module, only : identifier
Fortran 90+use Module;
, Perluse Module qw(import options);
Perluse Package.Name
Cobrauses unit
Pascalwith package
Ada@import("pkgname");
Zig
- Class import
from module import Class
Pythonimport package.class
Java, MATLAB, kotlinimport class from "modname";
, JavaScriptimport {class} from "modname";
, JavaScriptimport {class as altname} from "modname";
JavaScriptimport package.class
, Scalaimport package.{ class1 => alternativeName, class2 }
, Scalaimport package._
Scalause Namespace\ClassName;
, PHPuse Namespace\ClassName as AliasName;
PHP
- Procedure/function import
from module import function
Python:import package.module : symbol;
, D:import package.module : altsymbolname = symbol;
D:import Module (function)
Haskell:import function from "modname";
, JavaScript:import {function} from "modname";
, JavaScript:import {function as altname} from "modname";
JavaScript:import package.function
MATLAB:import package.class.function
, Scala:import package.class.{ function => alternativeName, otherFunction }
Scala:use Module ('symbol');
Perl:use function Namespace\function_name;
, PHP:use Namespace\function_name as function_alias_name;
PHP:use module::submodule::symbol;
, Rust:use module::submodule::{symbol1, symbol2};
, Rust:use module::submodule::symbol as altname;
Rust:
- Constant import
use const Namespace\CONST_NAME;
PHP
The above statements can also be classified by whether they are a syntactic convenience (allowing things to be referred to by a shorter name, but they can still be referred to by some fully qualified name without import), or whether they are actually required to access the code (without which it is impossible to access the code, even with fully qualified names).
- Syntactic convenience
- Required to access code
import altname "package/name"
Goimport altname from "modname";
JavaScriptimport module
Python
Blocks
[edit]A block is a notation for a group of two or more statements, expressions or other units of code that are related in such a way as to comprise a whole.
- Braces (a.k.a. curly brackets)
{
...}
- Curly bracket programming languages: C, C++, Objective-C, Go, Java, JavaScript/ECMAScript, V (Vlang), C#, D, Perl, PHP (
for
&loop
loops, or pass a block as argument), R, Rust, Scala, S-Lang, Swift, PowerShell, Haskell (in do-notation), AutoHotkey, Zig
- Parentheses
(
...)
- Square brackets
[
...]
begin
...end
- Ada, ALGOL, F# (verbose syntax),[11] Pascal, Ruby (
for
,do/while
&do/until
loops), OCaml, SCL, Simula, Erlang.
do
...end
do
...done
- Bash (
for
&while
loops), F# (verbose syntax)[11] Visual Basic, Fortran, TUTOR (with mandatory indenting of block body), Visual Prolog
do
...end
- X ...
end
(e.g.if
...end
):
- Ruby (
if
,while
,until
,def
,class
,module
statements), OCaml (for
&while
loops), MATLAB (if
&switch
conditionals,for
&while
loops,try
clause,package
,classdef
,properties
,methods
,events
, &function
blocks), Lua (then
/else
&function
)
- (
begin
...)
- (progn ...)
- (
do
...)
- Indentation
- Off-side rule languages: Boo, Cobra, CoffeeScript, F#, Haskell (in do-notation when braces are omitted), LiveScript, occam, Python, Nemerle (Optional; the user may use white-space sensitive syntax instead of the curly-brace syntax if they so desire), Nim, Scala (Optional, as in Nemerle)
- Free-form languages: most descendants from ALGOL (including C, Pascal, and Perl); Lisp languages
- Others
- Ada, Visual Basic, Seed7:
if
...end if
- APL:
:If
...:EndIf
or:If
...:End
- Bash, sh, and ksh:
if
...fi
,do
...done
,case
...esac
; - ALGOL 68:
begin
...end
,(
...)
,if
...fi
,do
...od
- Lua, Pascal, Modula-2, Seed7:
repeat
...until
- COBOL:
IF
...END-IF
,PERFORM
...END-PERFORM
, etc. for statements; ....
for sentences. - Visual Basic .Net:
If
...End If
,For
...Next
,Do
...Loop
- Small Basic:
If
...EndIf
,For
...EndFor
,While
...EndWhile
Comments
[edit]Comments can be classified by:
- style (inline/block)
- parse rules (ignored/interpolated/stored in memory)
- recursivity (nestable/non-nestable)
- uses (docstrings/throwaway comments/other)
Inline comments
[edit]Inline comments are generally those that use a newline character to indicate the end of a comment, and an arbitrary delimiter or sequence of tokens to indicate the beginning of a comment.
Examples:
Symbol | Languages |
---|---|
C
|
Fortran I to Fortran 77 (C in column 1) |
REM
|
BASIC, Batch files, Visual Basic |
::
|
Batch files, COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe |
NB.
|
J; from the (historically) common abbreviation Nota bene, the Latin for "note well". |
⍝
|
APL; the mnemonic is that the glyph (jot overstruck with shoe-down) resembles a desk lamp, and hence "illuminates" the foregoing. |
#
|
Boo, Bourne shell and other UNIX shells, Cobra, Perl, Python, Ruby, Seed7, PowerShell, PHP, R, Make, Maple, Elixir, Julia, Nim[12] |
%
|
TeX, Prolog, MATLAB,[13] Erlang, S-Lang, Visual Prolog, PostScript |
//
|
ActionScript, Boo, C (C99), C++, C#, D, F#, Go, Java, JavaScript, Kotlin, Object Pascal (Delphi), Objective-C, PHP, Rust, Scala, Sass, Swift, Xojo, V (Vlang), Zig |
'
|
Monkey, Visual Basic, VBScript, Small Basic, Gambas, Xojo |
!
|
Factor, Fortran, Basic Plus, Inform, Pick Basic |
;
|
Most assembly languages, AutoHotkey, AutoIt, Lisp, Common Lisp, Clojure, PGN, Rebol, Red, Scheme |
--
|
Euphoria, Haskell, SQL, Ada, AppleScript, Eiffel, Lua, VHDL, SGML, PureScript, Elm |
*
|
Assembler S/360 (* in column 1), COBOL I to COBOL 85, PAW, Fortran IV to Fortran 77 (* in column 1), Pick Basic, GAMS (* in column 1) |
||
|
Curl |
"
|
Vimscript, ABAP |
\
|
Forth |
*>
|
COBOL 90 |
Block comments
[edit]Block comments are generally those that use a delimiter to indicate the beginning of a comment, and another delimiter to indicate the end of a comment. In this context, whitespace and newline characters are not counted as delimiters. In the examples, the symbol ~ represents the comment; and, the symbols surrounding it are understood by the interpreters/compilers as the delimiters.
Examples:
Symbol | Languages |
---|---|
comment ~ ;
|
ALGOL 60, SIMULA |
¢ ~ ¢ ,# ~ # , co ~ co ,comment ~ comment
|
ALGOL 68[14][15] |
/* ~ */
|
ActionScript, AutoHotkey, C, C++, C#, D,[16] Go, Java, JavaScript, Kotlin, Objective-C, PHP, PL/I, Prolog, Rexx, Rust (can be nested), Scala (can be nested), SAS, SASS, SQL, Swift (can be nested), V (Vlang), Visual Prolog, CSS |
#cs ~ #ce
|
AutoIt[17] |
/+ ~ +/
|
D (can be nested)[16] |
/# ~ #/
|
Cobra (can be nested) |
<# ~ #>
|
PowerShell |
<!-- ~ -->
|
HTML, XML |
=begin ~ =cut
|
Perl (Plain Old Documentation) |
#`( ~ )
|
Raku (bracketing characters can be (), <>, {}, [], any Unicode characters with BiDi mirrorings, or Unicode characters with Ps/Pe/Pi/Pf properties) |
=begin ~ =end
|
Ruby |
#<TAG> ~ #</TAG> , #stop ~ EOF ,#iffalse ~ #endif , #ifntrue ~ #endif ,#if false ~ #endif , #if !true ~ #endif
|
S-Lang[18] |
{- ~ -}
|
Haskell (can be nested) |
(* ~ *)
|
Delphi, ML, Mathematica, Object Pascal, Pascal, Seed7, AppleScript, OCaml (can be nested), Standard ML (can be nested), Maple, Newspeak, F# |
{ ~ }
|
Delphi, Object Pascal, Pascal, PGN, Red |
{# ~ #}
|
Nunjucks, Twig |
{{! ~ }}
|
Mustache, Handlebars |
{{!-- ~ --}}
|
Handlebars (cannot be nested, but may contain {{ and }} )
|
|# ~ #|
|
Curl |
%{ ~ %}
|
MATLAB[13] (the symbols must be in a separate line) |
#| ~ |#
|
Lisp, Scheme, Racket (can be nested in all three). |
#= ~ =#
|
Julia[19] |
#[ ~ ]#
|
Nim[20] |
--[[ ~ ]] ,--[=[ ~ ]=] ,--[= ...=[ ~ ]= ...=]
|
Lua (brackets can have any number of matching = characters; can be nested within non-matching delimiters) |
" ~ "
|
Smalltalk |
(comment ~ )
|
Clojure |
#If COMMENT Then ~ #End If [a]
|
Visual Basic .NET |
#if COMMENT ~ #endif [b]
|
C# |
' comment _ or REM comment _ [c]
|
Classic Visual Basic, VBA, VBScript |
Unique variants
[edit]- Fortran
- Indenting lines in Fortran 66/77 is significant. The actual statement is in columns 7 through 72 of a line. Any non-space character in column 6 indicates that this line is a continuation of the prior line. A '
C
' in column 1 indicates that this entire line is a comment. Columns 1 though 5 may contain a number which serves as a label. Columns 73 though 80 are ignored and may be used for comments; in the days of punched cards, these columns often contained a sequence number so that the deck of cards could be sorted into the correct order if someone accidentally dropped the cards. Fortran 90 removed the need for the indentation rule and added inline comments, using the!
character as the comment delimiter.
- COBOL
- In fixed format code, line indentation is significant. Columns 1–6 and columns from 73 onwards are ignored. If a
*
or/
is in column 7, then that line is a comment. Until COBOL 2002, if aD
ord
was in column 7, it would define a "debugging line" which would be ignored unless the compiler was instructed to compile it.
- Cobra
- Cobra supports block comments with "
/#
...#/
" which is like the "/*
...*/
" often found in C-based languages, but with two differences. The#
character is reused from the single-line comment form "#
...", and the block comments can be nested which is convenient for commenting out large blocks of code.
- Curl
- Curl supports block comments with user-defined tags as in
|foo# ... #foo|
.
- Lua
- Like raw strings, there can be any number of equals signs between the square brackets, provided both the opening and closing tags have a matching number of equals signs; this allows nesting as long as nested block comments/raw strings use a different number of equals signs than their enclosing comment:
--[[comment --[=[ nested comment ]=] ]]
. Lua discards the first newline (if present) that directly follows the opening tag.
- Perl
- Block comments in Perl are considered part of the documentation, and are given the name Plain Old Documentation (POD). Technically, Perl does not have a convention for including block comments in source code, but POD is routinely used as a workaround.
- PHP
- PHP supports standard C/C++ style comments, but supports Perl style as well.
- Python
- The use of the triple-quotes to comment-out lines of source, does not actually form a comment.[21] The enclosed text becomes a string literal, which Python usually ignores (except when it is the first statement in the body of a module, class or function; see docstring).
- Elixir
- The above trick used in Python also works in Elixir, but the compiler will throw a warning if it spots this. To suppress the warning, one would need to prepend the sigil
~S
(which prevents string interpolation) to the triple-quoted string, leading to the final construct~S""" ... """
. In addition, Elixir supports a limited form of block comments as an official language feature, but as in Perl, this construct is entirely intended to write documentation. Unlike in Perl, it cannot be used as a workaround, being limited to certain parts of the code and throwing errors or even suppressing functions if used elsewhere.[22]
- Raku
- Raku uses
#`(...)
to denote block comments.[23] Raku actually allows the use of any "right" and "left" paired brackets after#`
(i.e.#`(...)
,#`[...]
,#`{...}
,#`<...>
, and even the more complicated#`{{...}}
are all valid block comments). Brackets are also allowed to be nested inside comments (i.e.#`{ a { b } c }
goes to the last closing brace).
- Ruby
- Block comment in Ruby opens at
=begin
line and closes at=end
line.
- S-Lang
- The region of lines enclosed by the
#<tag>
and#</tag>
delimiters are ignored by the interpreter. The tag name can be any sequence of alphanumeric characters that may be used to indicate how the enclosed block is to be deciphered. For example,#<latex>
could indicate the start of a block of LaTeX formatted documentation.
- Scheme and Racket
- The next complete syntactic component (s-expression) can be commented out with
#;
.
- ABAP
ABAP supports two different kinds of comments. If the first character of a line, including indentation, is an asterisk (*
) the whole line is considered as a comment, while a single double quote ("
) begins an in-line comment which acts until the end of the line. ABAP comments are not possible between the statements EXEC SQL
and ENDEXEC
because Native SQL has other usages for these characters. In the most SQL dialects the double dash (--
) can be used instead.
- Esoteric languages
- Many esoteric programming languages follow the convention that any text not executed by the instruction pointer (e.g., Befunge) or otherwise assigned a meaning (e.g., Brainfuck), is considered a "comment".
Comment comparison
[edit]There is a wide variety of syntax styles for declaring comments in source code.
BlockComment
in italics is used here to indicate block comment style.
InlineComment
in italics is used here to indicate inline comment style.
Language | In-line comment | Block comment |
---|---|---|
Ada, Eiffel, Euphoria, Occam, SPARK, ANSI SQL, and VHDL | -- InlineComment
|
|
ALGOL 60 | comment BlockComment;
| |
ALGOL 68 | ¢ BlockComment ¢
| |
APL | ⍝ InlineComment
|
|
AppleScript | -- InlineComment
|
(* BlockComment *)
|
Assembly language (varies) | ; InlineComment one example (most assembly languages use line comments only)
|
|
AutoHotkey | ; InlineComment
|
/* BlockComment */
|
AWK, Bourne shell, C shell, Maple, PowerShell | # InlineComment
|
<# BlockComment #>
|
Bash | # InlineComment
|
<<EOF : '
|
BASIC (various dialects): | 'InlineComment (not all dialects)
|
|
C (K&R, ANSI/C89/C90), CHILL, PL/I, REXX | /* BlockComment */
| |
C (C99), C++, Go, Swift, JavaScript, V (Vlang) | // InlineComment
|
/* BlockComment */
|
C# | // InlineComment /// InlineComment (XML documentation comment)
|
/* BlockComment */ /** BlockComment */ (XML documentation comment)#if COMMENT (Compiler directive)[b]
|
COBOL I to COBOL 85 | * InlineComment (* in column 7)
|
|
COBOL 2002 | *> InlineComment
|
|
Curl | || InlineComment
|
|# BlockComment #|
|
Cobra | # InlineComment
|
/# BlockComment #/ (nestable)
|
D | // InlineComment /// Documentation InlineComment (ddoc comments)
|
/* BlockComment */ /** Documentation BlockComment */ (ddoc comments)
|
DCL | $! InlineComment
|
|
ECMAScript (JavaScript, ActionScript, etc.) | // InlineComment
|
/* BlockComment */
|
Elixir | # InlineComment
|
~S""" @doc """ (Documentation, only works in modules)@moduledoc (Module documentation)@typedoc (Type documentation)
|
Forth | \ InlineComment
|
( BlockComment ) (single line and multiline)
|
FORTRAN I to FORTRAN 77 | C InlineComment (C in column 1)
|
|
Fortran 90 and later | ! InlineComment
|
#if 0 [d]
|
Haskell | -- InlineComment
|
{- BlockComment -}
|
J | NB.
|
|
Java | // InlineComment
|
/* BlockComment */
|
Julia | # InlineComment
|
#= BlockComment =#
|
Lisp, Scheme | ; InlineComment
|
#| BlockComment |#
|
Lua | -- InlineComment
|
--[==[ BlockComment]==] (variable number of = signs, nestable with delimiters with different numbers of = signs)
|
Maple | # InlineComment
|
(* BlockComment *)
|
Mathematica | (* BlockComment *)
| |
Matlab | % InlineComment
|
%{ Note: Both percent–bracket symbols must be the only non-whitespace characters on their respective lines. |
Nim | # InlineComment
|
#[ BlockComment ]#
|
Object Pascal | // InlineComment
|
(* BlockComment *) { BlockComment }
|
OCaml | (* BlockComment (* nestable *) *)
| |
Pascal, Modula-2, Modula-3, Oberon, ML: | (* BlockComment *)
| |
Perl, Ruby | # InlineComment
|
=begin (=end in Ruby) (POD documentation comment)
|
PGN, Red | ; InlineComment
|
{ BlockComment }
|
PHP | # InlineComment // InlineComment
|
/* BlockComment */ /** Documentation BlockComment */ (PHP Doc comments)
|
PILOT | R:InlineComment
|
|
PLZ/SYS | ! BlockComment !
| |
PL/SQL, TSQL | -- InlineComment
|
/* BlockComment */
|
Prolog | % InlineComment
|
/* BlockComment */
|
Python | # InlineComment
|
''' BlockComment ''' (Documentation string when first line of module, class, method, or function) |
R | # InlineComment
|
|
Raku | # InlineComment
|
#`{
|
Rust | // InlineComment
|
/* BlockComment */ (nestable)
|
SAS | * BlockComment; /* BlockComment */
| |
Seed7 | # InlineComment
|
(* BlockComment *)
|
Simula | comment BlockComment; ! BlockComment;
| |
Smalltalk | "BlockComment"
| |
Smarty | {* BlockComment *}
| |
Standard ML | (* BlockComment *)
| |
TeX, LaTeX, PostScript, Erlang, S-Lang | % InlineComment
|
|
Texinfo | @c InlineComment
|
|
TUTOR | * InlineComment command $$ InlineComment
|
|
Visual Basic | ' InlineComment Rem InlineComment
|
' BlockComment _ Rem BlockComment _ [c]
|
Visual Basic .NET | ' InlineComment
|
#If COMMENT Then
|
Visual Prolog | % InlineComment
|
/* BlockComment */
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Wolfram Language | (* BlockComment *)
| |
Xojo | ' InlineComment // InlineComment rem InlineComment
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Zig | // InlineComment /// InlineComment //! InlineComment
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See also
[edit]- C syntax
- C++ syntax
- Curly bracket programming languages, a broad family of programming language syntaxes
- Java syntax
- JavaScript syntax
- PHP syntax and semantics
- Python syntax and semantics
References
[edit]- ^ a b For multiple statements on one line
- ^ Three different kinds of clauses, each separates phrases and the units differently:
- serial-clause using go-on-token (viz. semicolon): begin a; b; c end – units are executed in order.
- collateral-clause using and-also-token (viz. ","): begin a, b, c end – order of execution is to be optimised by the compiler.
- parallel-clause using and-also-token (viz. ","): par begin a, b, c end – units must be run in parallel threads.
- ^ semicolon – result of receding statement hidden, comma – result displayed
- ^ a b From the R Language Definition, section 3.2 Control structures: "A semicolon always indicates the end of a statement while a new line may indicate the end of a statement. If the current statement is not syntactically complete new lines are simply ignored by the evaluator."
- ^ Bash Reference Manual, 3.1.2.1 Escape Character
- ^ Python Documentation, 2. Lexical analysis: 2.1.5. Explicit line joining
- ^ "Mathworks.com". Archived from the original on 7 February 2010.
- ^ "Parenthesis/Brackets - Windows CMD - SS64.com". ss64.com.
- ^ "Scripts - Definition & Usage | AutoHotkey".
- ^ For an M-file (MATLAB source) to be accessible by name, its parent directory must be in the search path (or current directory).
- ^ a b c "Verbose Syntax - F# | Microsoft Learn". Microsoft Learn. 5 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
- ^ "Nim Manual". nim-lang.org.
- ^ a b "Mathworks.com". Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
- ^ "Algol68_revised_report-AB.pdf on PDF pp. 61–62, original document pp. 121–122" (PDF). Retrieved 27 May 2014.
- ^ "HTML Version of the Algol68 Revised Report AB". Archived from the original on 17 March 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
- ^ a b "DLang.org, Lexical". Retrieved 27 May 2014.
- ^ "AutoItScript.com Keyword Reference, #comments-start". Retrieved 27 May 2014.
- ^ "slang-2.2.4/src/slprepr.c – line 43 to 113". Retrieved 28 May 2014.
- ^ "Punctuation · The Julia Language".
- ^ "Nim Manual". nim-lang.org.
- ^ "Python tip: You can use multi-line strings as multi-line comments", 11 September 2011, Guido van Rossum
- ^ "Writing Documentation — Elixir v1.12.3". Retrieved 28 July 2023.
- ^ "Perl 6 Documentation (Syntax)". docs.perl6.org. Comments. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
- ^ "Using the FPP Preprocessor". Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
- ^ "Perl 6 POD Comments". 25 May 2023.
- ^ "Perl 6 POD (Abbreviated Blocks)". 25 May 2023.
Notes
[edit]- ^ Visual Basic .NET does not support traditional multi-line comments, but they can be emulated through compiler directives.
- ^ a b While C# supports traditional block comments
/* ... */
, compiler directives can be used to mimic them just as in VB.NET. - ^ a b The line continuation character
_
can be used to extend a single-line comment to the next line without needing to type'
orREM
again. This can be done up to 24 times in a row. - ^ Fortran does not support traditional block comments, but some compilers support preprocessor directives in the style of C/C++, allowing a programmer to emulate multi-line comments.[24]