Bit Pazar shooting
| Bit Pazar shooting | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Date | 6 November 1992 | ||
| Location | |||
| Parties | |||
| |||
| Casualties | |||
| Death(s) | 3 Albanian male civilians 1 Macedonian female civilian | ||
| Injuries | 36 Albanian civilians wounded | ||
Bit Pazar shooting or Bit Pazar incident took place on 6 November 1992.[1][2] At the time, it was an event that weakened the stability of Macedonia and raised the possibility of an outbreak of armed conflict between ethnic Albanians and Macedonians in the country.[3][4][5]
Background
[edit]Following independence, relations between the Macedonian state and the ethnic Albanian minority were tense due to disagreements over sociopolitical rights.[1] Amidst that situation, on 6 November 1992, action was undertaken by Macedonian police against smuggling operations within Bit Pazar, an open marketplace located in the capital city Skopje.[6]
Shooting
[edit]A series of accounts exist as to what took place on 6 November 1992.[3] In one rendition, a teenager in Bit Pazar from an Albanian background that sold smuggled cigarettes tried to run away from police during a routine inspection and in the process, stumbled and yelled to say the police were physically attacking him.[2][3] It generated a riot at Bit Pazar.[2]
In another recollection, the teenager was taken by police to a hospital and that he was either treated badly or killed resulting in a group of 2000 people in an angered state to assemble and attempt to enter the medical facility.[7][3] Later, police dressed in riot gear arrived with a support van to stabilise the location.[8] Shots were fired from afternoon until nighttime and protestors were armed with guns and grenades.[9]
According to the other versions of the event, the police arrested several Albanians during an operation in Bit Pazar with the news media reporting that a young Albanian male, from the village of Ljuboten, was beaten to death at a police station.[3] A group of people angered by the incident later assembled, declared the innocence of the men and demonstrated against discrimination from the state.[10] The protest risked breaking out into violence and fueled concerns that armed conflict might occur.[10] In the ensuing confrontation due to the incident, police shot and killed 1 Macedonian female civilian and 3 Albanian male civilians.[3][8][11][4] 36 people were injured.[12]
Aftermath
[edit]At the time it was said among Macedonian circles that those wounded or killed were from Albania and Kosovo and not citizens from Macedonia.[13] In some parts of Skopje, buses were stoned, and in others, barricades made from tyres were erected.[9] At the funerals for Albanians, there was large turnout that for a short time obstructed major roads.[8]
British journalist Misha Glenny described most of Tetovo and Skopje after the incident as being in a state of "war psychosis".[5] He reported that people kept away from city streets in the evening and both ethnic groups were preparing for the possibility of a larger conflict.[5] According to him, ethnic Albanians and Macedonians credit Mitat Emini, then part of the Party for Democratic Prosperity (PDP) leadership and who had the trust of Macedonian leaders as preventing the situation from escalating out of control.[5] Emini spoke for more than half an hour in Albanian and urged Albanians in the country to not go out onto the streets.[5]
Macedonian-Albanian relations in the country were thrown into crisis due to the shooting.[3] The event placed the spotlight on the real possibility of violent conflict in the state, similar to the ongoing war in Bosnia-Hercegovina.[3][4] Among Macedonians, it sparked fears regarding the future and whether Albanians were loyal to the Macedonian state.[3] The Macedonian Ministry of Internal Affairs, dominated at the time by former communist members with anti-Albanian sentiments, used the incident as a reason not to recruit Albanians into the security forces.[4] Among Albanians, it sparked the fear that it signaled the beginning of police repression.[14] After the killings, leading Albanian politicians questioned the possibility of sharing positions in the government with the Macedonian majority.[15]
Some reactions among Macedonians involved othering such as describing Albanians as divjaci ("savages"), criminals, a threat to the state, overdemanding when it came to rights, with the shooting as the work of organised elements, in reference to criminality and Albanian ethnicity.[9] The shooting had the effect among Macedonians of transposing an image of Albanians as different through their Albanian language and Muslim religion, being prone to criminality and violence.[13] The incident also weakened attempts to portray the republic as a robust and secure country and to gain wider global recognition under its then constitutional name Republic of Macedonia.[3]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Neofotistos 2012, p. 25.
- ^ a b c Friedman, Victor A. (1998). "A Balkanist in Daghestan: Annotated Notes from the Field". The Anthropology of East Europe Review. 16 (2): 190–191.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Neofotistos 2012, p. 27.
- ^ a b c d Poulton, Hugh (1995). Who are the Macedonians?. Indiana University Press. p. 199. ISBN 9781850652380.
- ^ a b c d e Glenny, Misha (2016). "The Macedonian Question". In Danchev, Alex; Halverson, Thomas (eds.). International Perspectives on the Yugoslav Conflict. Springer. p. 138. ISBN 9781349245413.
- ^ Neofotistos, Vasiliki P. (2012). The Risk of War: Everyday Sociality in the Republic of Macedonia. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 25, 27. ISBN 9780812206562.
- ^ Brown 2001, pp. 422–423.
- ^ a b c Brown 2001, p. 423.
- ^ a b c Brown 2001, pp. 423–424.
- ^ a b Woodward, Susan L. (1995). Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War. Brookings Institution Press. pp. 342. ISBN 9780815722953.
- ^ Brown, Keith (2003). The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation. Princeton University Press. p. 33. ISBN 9780691099958.
- ^ Mieczysław P. Boduszyński (2010). Regime Change in the Yugoslav Successor States: Divergent Paths Toward a New Europe. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 159. ISBN 9780801899195.
- ^ a b Brown, Keith S. (2001). "Beyond Ethnicity: The Politics of Urban Nostalgia in Modern Macedonia". Journal of Mediterranean Studies. 11 (2): 424.
- ^ Parrott, Bruce; Dawisha, Karen, eds. (1997). Politics, Power and the Struggle for Democracy in South-East Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 253.
- ^ Pettifer, James, ed. (1999). The New Macedonian Question. St. Martin's Press. p. 139. ISBN 9780312222406.