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Ending the Captivity of Whales and Dolphins Act

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Ending the Captivity of Whales and Dolphins Act
Parliament of Canada
  • An Act to amend the Criminal Code and other Acts (ending the captivity of whales and dolphins)
CitationS.C. 2019, c. 11
Enacted byParliament of Canada
Royal assent2019-06-21
Effective2019-06-21
Legislative history
Bill titleS-203
Introduced byWilfred Moore
First reading2015-12-08
Second reading2016-11-23
Third reading2018-10-23
First reading2018-10-29
Second reading2019-02-01
Third reading2019-06-10
Amends
Status: In force

The Ending the Captivity of Whales and Dolphins Act (French: Loi visant à mettre fin à la captivité des baleines et des dauphins) is an act of the Parliament of Canada. Passed into law in 2019, the Act bans the capture and keeping in captivity of cetaceans (the biological taxon comprising whales, dolphins, and porpoises). There is a grandfather clause for cetaceans in captivity when the law first came into force, and other exceptions, such as where a provincial government has issued a licence to keep cetaceans for research purposes.

History

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In 2015, then-Senator Wilfred Moore of the Senate of Canada introduced Bill S-203. At the time of its introduction, only two facilities kept live cetaceans in Canada. Marineland of Canada kept beluga whales, dolphins and a killer whale, and Vancouver Aquarium kept one killer whale.

Both Marineland and the Vancouver Aquarium opposed the bill. Marineland believes that it advances an agenda of entrenching animal rights into the legal framework: "the granting of the rights of a person to whales — what activists call a 'non- human person' — and then to other species".[1] The bill would "fundamentally and critically damage Marineland" and "essentially destroy Marineland's future".[1] Marineland believes that it has enough belugas, but it would like to get some more porpoises in the future and a companion for its one orca.[1] The Canada's Accredited Zoos and Aquariums (CAZA) association issued an open letter asking the Senators to reject the bill.[2] The Vancouver Aquarium opposed the bill on the grounds it would impede their research and not allow them to put on display any animals under rescue or it felt were not releasable to the wild.[3]

In September 2017, Green Party of Canada leader Elizabeth May filed a complaint to the Parliament of Canada's Lobbying Commissioner about Marineland's breaches of the Canadian Lobbying Act. Marineland had privately lobbied Members of Parliament and Senators without registering with the Lobbying Commissioner in efforts to stop Bill S-203. Marineland's lawyer Andrew Burns registered as a lobbyist in May 2018.[4]

Conservatives in the Senate, led by Senator Don Plett, used procedural obstruction to keep the bill from moving to a vote. In June 2018, the senators added amendments intended to exclude Marineland and the Vancouver Aquarium from being covered by the bill.[5] The bill was passed by the Senate in October 2018 and was sent to the House of Commons of Canada.[6]

The bill passed first reading in the House of Commons and was referred to the Fisheries Committee for review. Burns appeared at a House Fisheries Committee meeting in March 2019, to propose an amendment regarding future beluga births at Marineland, claiming the new law is unconstitutional. Senator Murray Sinclair, the bill's second sponsor in the Senate and a former judge, told MPs no one is going to be prosecuted when currently pregnant belugas give birth. In the opinion of Sinclair and May, Burns was only intending to delay the bill, so that it could not be passed before the end of the current session of the Parliament of Canada.[7] The bill was passed by committee without amendments.[8]

Faced with a backlog of bills prior to the conclusion of the session of Parliament before the 2019 election, the Trudeau government extended the hours that the Commons would sit. The Act passed third and final reading in the House of Commons on June 10, 2019.[9] It received Royal Assent on June 21, 2019.[10]

Sections

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Under the Criminal Code, it is now an offence to own or breed cetaceans in captivity. Exceptions are provided for those who already have such animals in captivity at the time the bill took effect, those who are assisting an animal in distress, those undertaking research or under a license by a Lieutenant-Governor or their designates. Fines are no more than CA$200,000.[11]

Under the Fisheries Act, it bans the moving of any live cetacean from the immediate vicinity, except if the animal is in distress.[11]

Under the Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International and Interprovincial Trade Act, the Act would have banned the import or export of live animals, embryos, sperm and tissue cultures except where a license is granted by the Minister.[11] However, these provisions of the Act were deemed never to have come into force and were repealed, by operation of subsection 58.1(8) of An Act to amend the Fisheries Act and other Acts in consequence,[12] which also came into effect on June 21, 2019.

Section 6 of the Act is a for-greater-certainty clause, clarifying that the other provisions of the Act do not subtract anything from existing aboriginal rights or treaty rights recognized and affirmed in Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982.[11]

The new provisions are section 445.2 of the Criminal Code and sections 23.1 to 23.6 of the Fisheries Act. The provisions of the Fisheries Act set out additional exceptions to the prohibition in section 445.2 of the Criminal Code. These were enacted by sections 15 and 58.1 of An Act to amend the Fisheries Act and other Acts in consequence,[13] which was also given royal assent on June 21, 2019. Additionally, section 58.3 of that Act operates as a grandfather clause to the prohibition against breeding (and possessing reproductive materials), in respect of a cetacean that is gestating on the day the legislation entered into force.

Reactions

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The Canadian branch of Humane Society International called the Act a "landmark victory" and "a watershed moment in the protection of marine animals".[14]

Marineland of Canada, which had been a vocal opponent of the legislative proposal, had argued the law would devastate attendance at its park, threaten conservation efforts, and threaten summer employment of hundreds of local residents. Its lawyer also argued the law was unconstitutional.[8] After the bill passed, Marineland issued a statement saying it would comply with all animal welfare legislation in Canada, and it is confident its operations remain compliant with all aspects of the bill.[15]

John Gustavsson, president and CEO of the parent company of the Vancouver Aquarium, said "You can have a world-class conservation aquarium without whales and dolphins and that’s what we don’t have. We have no intention not to follow Canadian law … and it’s not controversial for me."[16]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Proceedings of the Standing Senate Committee on Fisheries and Oceans: Issue No. 16 - Evidence - May 16, 2017". Senate of Canada. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  2. ^ "An Open Letter to Members of the Senate Committee on Fisheries and Oceans" (Press release). CAZA. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  3. ^ "Proceedings of the Standing Senate Committee on Fisheries and Oceans: Issue No. 15 - Evidence - May 4, 2017". Senate of Canada. May 4, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  4. ^ Lake, Holly. "Marineland adds its name to federal lobby registry". iPolitics.ca. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  5. ^ Lake, Holly (October 4, 2018). "Bill to ban whale and dolphin captivity is being stalled in the Senate — again". Toronto Star.
  6. ^ Tasker, John Paul (October 10, 2018). "Senate passes bill that would ban whale, dolphin captivity in Canada". CBC News. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  7. ^ Lake, Holly (March 19, 2019). "Marineland says 'Free Willy' bill is unconstitutional". Retrieved April 1, 2019.
  8. ^ a b John Paul Tasker (April 3, 2019). "Ban on whale, dolphin captivity poised to become law in Canada". CBC News. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  9. ^ Vigliotti, Marco (June 10, 2019). "Bill banning whale and dolphin captivity to become law". ipolitics.ca.
  10. ^ "LEGISinfo - Senate Public Bill S-203 (42-1)". www.parl.ca. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
  11. ^ a b c d "Public Bill (Senate) S-203 (42-1) - Third Reading - Ending the Captivity of Whales and Dolphins Act - Parliament of Canada". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  12. ^ "An Act to amend the Fisheries Act and other Acts in consequence, SC 2019, c 14".
  13. ^ S.C. 2019, c. 14 ([1])
  14. ^ "Humane Society International/Canada hails landmark victory as Canada bans whale, dolphin and porpoise captivity" (Press release). Humane Society International/Canada. June 10, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  15. ^ Liam Casey (June 10, 2019). "Ottawa passes legislation that bans whale and dolphin captivity in Canada". CTV News. The Canadian Press. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  16. ^ Scott Brown; Stephanie Ip (June 25, 2019). "Vancouver Aquarium's New 35-year lease includes a cetacean ban". The Province. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
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