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Benetton Formula

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Benetton
Full nameBenetton Formula Ltd.
BaseWitney, England, UK
(1986–1991)
Enstone, England, UK
(1992–2001)
Noted staffFlavio Briatore
Rocco Benetton
Ross Brawn
Frank Dernie
Mike Gascoyne
Nigel Stepney
Pat Symonds
Steve Matchett
David Richards
Peter Collins
Rory Byrne
Nikolas Tombazis
Willem Toet
Pat Fry
Nick Wirth
John Barnard
Philip J. Henderson
Greg Field
Noted driversItaly Teo Fabi
Austria Gerhard Berger
Belgium Thierry Boutsen
Italy Alessandro Nannini
United Kingdom Johnny Herbert
Italy Emanuele Pirro
Brazil Nelson Piquet
Brazil Roberto Moreno
Germany Michael Schumacher
United Kingdom Martin Brundle
Italy Riccardo Patrese
Netherlands Jos Verstappen
Finland JJ Lehto
France Jean Alesi
Austria Alexander Wurz
Italy Giancarlo Fisichella
United Kingdom Jenson Button
Previous nameToleman Motorsport
Next nameRenault F1 Team
Formula One World Championship career
First entry1986 Brazilian Grand Prix
Races entered260
EnginesBMW, Ford, Renault, Playlife
Constructors'
Championships		1 (1995)
Drivers'
Championships		2 (1994, 1995)
Race victories27
Podiums102
Points851.5 (861.5)[a]
Pole positions15
Fastest laps36
Final entry2001 Japanese Grand Prix

Benetton Formula Ltd., commonly referred to simply as Benetton, was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001. The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name. In 2000, the team was purchased by Renault, but competed as Benetton for the 2000 and 2001 seasons. In 2002, the team became Renault. The Benetton Formula team was chaired by Alessandro Benetton from 1988 to 1998.[2]

Origins

[edit]

The Benetton Group entered Formula One as a sponsor company for constructor Tyrrell in 1983,[3] then Alfa Romeo in 1984 and 1985 and finally Toleman in 1985.[4] Toleman had struggled in 1985, missing the first three races of the season and being forced to only enter one car for the following six races, as a result of a dispute with tyre suppliers. Teo Fabi had taken a pole position for Toleman at the German Grand Prix, however the team would score no points during the season, with poor reliability causing a Toleman car to see the chequered flag only twice out of 20 total entries. Benetton Formula Ltd. was formed at the end of 1985 when the Toleman team was sold to the Benetton family.[5]

Racing history

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BMW (1986) and Ford (1987-1994) era

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Beginnings (1986–1987)

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Toleman had already developed the TG186, their planned chassis for the 1986 season. This was renamed the Benetton B186 after the change in ownership.[6] Benetton's first season in Formula One also came with a change in engine supply, with Toleman's Hart engines being replaced with that of a large car manufacturer, the powerful BMW M12.[5] Teo Fabi was retained as a driver and Piercarlo Ghinzani was replaced by Gerhard Berger, who joined from Arrows.[7]

Gerhard Berger driving the Benetton B186 at the 1986 Detroit Grand Prix

The B186 demonstrated its pace throughout the season, with Berger securing the team's first podium finish at Imola and a front-row start in Belgium. Fabi claimed two consecutive pole positions in Austria and Italy, before Berger achieved the Witney-based team's first victory in Mexico, almost half a minute ahead of his nearest competitor.[8] Despite the impressive underlying pace, the B186 suffered from severe unreliability. The team recorded nineteen retirements, with eight consecutively for Fabi (including from his two pole positions). Benetton ended the season 6th in the championship with 19 points.[9]

Berger left the team for Ferrari at the end of 1986 and was replaced at Benetton by his former Arrows teammate Thierry Boutsen. BMW, which had supplied three teams in 1986, scaled back its operation to supply only Brabham in 1987. With the Haas Lola team folding at the end of 1986, Benetton was able to take over its factory supply of turbocharged Ford engines. The B187 suffered with engine trouble at the start of the season, but became more consistent mid-season after reducing the effect of the turbocharger, taking numerous 4th and 5th place finishes as well as two 3rd places in Austria and Australia.[10] Benetton ended the season 5th in the championship with 28 points.[11]

Rise (1988–1990)

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Thierry Boutsen driving the Benetton B188 at the 1988 Canadian Grand Prix

Fabi was dropped for the 1988 season in favour of Minardi driver Alessandro Nannini, ending Fabi's Formula One career. The B188 became the team's first naturally-aspirated car as Ford wished to concentrate development in light of the upcoming ban on turbocharged engines.[12] The B188 was once again an improvement on its predecessor, suffering almost half the number of retirements and claiming seven podium finishes, all 3rd places. Boutsen had finished 3rd in Belgium, however both Benettons were disqualified from the race after the season had concluded for fuel irregularities. The team finished the season 3rd in the championship with 39 points.[13]

For 1989, Boutsen left Benetton to join Williams and was replaced by rookie Johnny Herbert. The new engine developed by Ford for the B189 was not ready for the start of the season, and the previous year's engine did not fit in the new car. The team therefore had no choice but to continue using the B188.[14] Despite this setback, the B188 still proved competitive, with Nannini claiming a podium finish at Imola. Prior to making his Formula One debut, Herbert was involved in a serious crash in Formula 3000 that broke both his legs. Despite achieving some impressive results, including 4th place in his first race, he was dropped by the team after failing to qualify for the Canadian Grand Prix as it became clear he had still not fully recovered.[15] He was replaced by rookie and McLaren test driver Emanuele Pirro.[16][17] The B189 was finally ready to compete at the following race. Nannini would go on to achieve Benetton's first victory since 1986 at the Japanese Grand Prix after Ayrton Senna was disqualified.[18] Pirro was only able to secure a single points finish in his ten races with the team, taking 5th place in Australia. Benetton ended the season 4th in the championship with 39 points.[19]

Prior to the 1990 season, the team management was fired and businessman Flavio Briatore was appointed team manager by the Benetton family.[20] Pirro was dropped in favour of three-time world champion Nelson Piquet, who had left the struggling Lotus team. Benetton used a modified B189 before introducing the B190 at the third race of the season. 1990 proved to be the team's most successful to date, with Piquet winning the final two races of the season and the team achieving six other podium finishes. Tragedy would befall the team late into the season after Nannini lost his right forearm in a helicopter crash. His arm was re-attached but the injuries ended his Formula One career.[21] EuroBrun driver Roberto Moreno had become available after the backmarker team pulled out of the sport, and so he was hired as Nannini's replacement.[22] The next race in Japan marked Benetton's first ever 1-2 finish, as well as Moreno's first and only career podium. Benetton ended the season 3rd in the championship with 71 points.[23]

First Schumacher years (1991–1993)

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A new title sponsor was acquired for 1991 in the form of American cigarette brand Camel, which had previously appeared as a minor sponsor on Benetton cars.[24] The 1991 season was less successful for Benetton. An upgraded B190 was used for the first two races of the season before the B191 made its debut at the San Marino Grand Prix. Piquet achieved an unexpected victory in Canada after Nigel Mansell retired on the final lap,[25] but two other 3rd place finishes were the only podium places the team would achieve in 1991. Benetton sought a young driver for the team's future, and believed neither Moreno nor the ageing Piquet could fill this role. After Michael Schumacher had impressed in his debut for Jordan at the Belgian Grand Prix, he was hired by Benetton for the following race in place of Moreno. Jordan protested the move in the British courts, but they found in favour of Benetton. [26]

For the 1992 season, Tom Walkinshaw Racing acquired a stake in Benetton, with Tom Walkinshaw and Ross Brawn brought in to run the team's engineering operations. The team also moved its base of operations from Witney, Oxfordshire to a new factory close to the nearby village of Enstone. Piquet had retired from Formula One, and was replaced by experienced Brabham driver Martin Brundle. Benetton's new car was once again delayed, with the team using an upgraded B191 for the first three races of the season in which Schumacher achieved two podium finishes. The B192 was a marked improvement, with eleven more podium finishes including a victory at Spa-Francorchamps, the first of Schumacher's career.[27] Benetton ended the season 3rd in the championship with 91 points.[28]

Michael Schumacher driving the Benetton B193 at the 1993 British Grand Prix

Brundle was unexpectedly dropped for 1993 in favour of veteran Riccardo Patrese, who had left Williams. The B193 was similar in competitiveness to its predecessor, taking a single victory in the hands of Schumacher at the Portuguese Grand Prix and finishing 3rd in the championship for the fourth time in the team's history. Benetton achieved ten other podium finishes during the season. Despite these impressive results and improvements in the team's performance in 1992 and 1993, Benetton were not able to provide Schumacher with a car to challenge for the world championship, and were outclassed by the dominant Williams team.[29]

Championship years (1994–1995)

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Camel was replaced as the team's title sponsor for 1994 by Japanese cigarette brand Mild Seven. This meant Benetton adopted sky blue as the main car colour. Patrese retired from Formula One, ending what was the longest career in the sport's history. He was replaced by Sauber driver JJ Lehto. However, Lehto was injured whilst testing the B194 prior to the start of the season and Benetton's test driver Jos Verstappen was brought up to replace him. The B194 was dominant in the hands of Schumacher, winning six of the first seven races including the tragedy-marred 1994 San Marino Grand Prix and taking Benetton's first pole positions since 1986. Verstappen and Lehto were less successful. Verstappen retired from his first two races after accidents. Lehto was declared fit for the San Marino Grand Prix, but would only score a single point in the following four races and was replaced again by Verstappen for the French Grand Prix onwards.

Schumacher finished 2nd at the British Grand Prix, but was deemed to have overtaken Damon Hill on the formation lap and then ignored black flags. He was disqualified from the results after the race, and later handed a two-race ban. At the German Grand Prix, Verstappen's B194 burst into flames after being showered with fuel during his pit stop.[30] He escaped with minor burns and returned to score two consecutive podiums at the following races, the first of his career. Another disqualification came for Schumacher after he finished 1st at the Belgian Grand Prix; his car was measured as having an illegal amount of wear on its skid block. His two-race ban was served at the following two races, during which Lehto returned to the team as a replacement. In an attempt to win the constructors' championship, Benetton replaced Verstappen with the more experienced Johnny Herbert for the final two races of the season, marking his return to the team. This was ultimately unsuccessful after Herbert retired from both races. Despite Benetton losing the constructors' championship to Williams, Schumacher won his first world title after colliding with championship rival Hill at the final race in Australia, taking out both drivers.

Schumacher driving the Benetton B195 at the 1995 British Grand Prix

1994 cheating controversy

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Main article: 1994 Formula One cheating controversy

During the 1994 season, some rival teams claimed Benetton had found a way to violate the FIA-imposed ban on electronic aids, including traction control and launch control. On investigation, the FIA discovered "start sequence" (launch control) software in the Benetton B194 cars, and a variety of illegal software in rival teams' cars as well. FIA had no evidence the software was ever used, so teams found with the software received little to no punishment. No traction control software was found to be in the Benetton cars, however. Flavio Briatore, Benetton's chief in 1994, said in 2001 that "Our only mistake was that at the time we were too young and people were suspicious".[31]

Renault works era (1995-1997)

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After eight years of Ford power, Benetton switched to full-works Renault V10 engines for 1995 and thus Ford switched allegiances to then-youngest Formula One constructor Sauber. Herbert was retained alongside Schumacher, whilst test driver Verstappen was loaned to the struggling Simtek team. Schumacher was initially critical of the new B195, claiming that it was difficult to control. The car was outclassed by the Williams FW17 in the early season, with the team's poor performance culminating in Schumacher crashing out from pole position at Imola. However, setup changes at the following race in Spain improved Schumacher's performance in the car.[32] He went on to dominate the remainder of the season, taking nine wins from seventeen races in total and claiming his second world title. Herbert took his first career podium in Spain and then went on to win the British and Italian Grands Prix. This combined effort won Benetton its first constructors' championship, ending Williams' three-year reign. Herbert later claimed the team failed to provide him with equal equipment and accused them of favouring Schumacher.[33]

Decline (1996–1999)

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Jean Alesi driving the Benetton B196 during free practice at the 1996 San Marino Grand Prix

Benetton began racing under Italian nationality for the 1996 season, but remained based in the United Kingdom. Despite being contracted to race for Benetton, Schumacher left early to join Ferrari, citing the team's actions in 1994 as his reason for opting out.[34] Herbert was dropped by the team and joined Sauber. Their replacements were Jean Alesi and the returning Gerhard Berger, both of whom had left Ferrari. Williams returned to dominance in 1996 and Schumacher's departure allowed Ferrari to compete for race wins, leaving Benetton struggling. The B196 took ten podium finishes, but the team failed to win a race for the first time since 1988. Alesi and Berger were on course to win the Monaco and German Grands Prix respectively, but both retired late in the closing laps. Benetton finished the season 3rd in the championship with 68 points, less than half as many as in 1995.

By 1997, technical director Ross Brawn and chief designer Rory Byrne, as well as numerous other staff, had left Benetton to join Schumacher at Ferrari. Composites manager, Philip Henderson, who had been with the team since the start also left to help Dan Gurney with his Indy Car team in California. The B197, like its predecessor, struggled to compete with Williams and Ferrari. However, the team still achieved a number of podium finishes over the season. Berger was forced to miss three races due to illness and the death of his father; his replacement was rookie test driver Alexander Wurz. Wurz scored a podium in Britain, only his third race in Formula One. Berger returned for the German Grand Prix, winning the race from pole position in dominant fashion. However, this would turn out to be Benetton's last victory in Formula One, as well as the 10th and final career win for Gerhard Berger.[35] Alesi took pole position in Italy but lost out due to a slow pit stop, finishing 2nd. Benetton ended the season 3rd in the championship with 67 points.

Mecachrome-assembled Supertec era (1998-2000)

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1998 saw numerous changes within the Benetton team. Berger retired from Formula One, and Alesi left to join Sauber. Test driver Wurz was promoted to a full-time seat, partnering Giancarlo Fisichella who left Jordan. Renault pulled out of Formula One, leaving Benetton and Williams with a supply of Renault's 1997 engines developed by Mecachrome. Benetton re-branded these engines as Playlife, a sportswear brand owned by the Benetton family. Chief executive Flavio Briatore was removed and replaced by former World Rally Champion and Prodrive boss David Richards. Fisichella achieved some success with the B198, achieving two consecutive 2nd places in Monaco and Canada as well as pole position in Austria. However, Benetton became uncompetitive towards the end of the season, scoring just a single point in the final seven races. The team partly blamed tyre supplier Bridgestone, claiming that they had favoured the more successful McLaren team.[36] Benetton finished the season 5th in the championship with 33 points.

Chief executive Richards left Benetton after just a year in his post and was replaced by Rocco Benetton for 1999, due to a disagreement with the Benetton family about future strategy.[37] The Renault engines were now developed by Flavio Briatore's Supertec company, but continued to be labelled Playlife. The B199 was a disappointment and demonstrated the further decline of the team. The highlight of the season was Fisichella's 2nd place in Canada, however this only came after numerous retirements from other cars. The following ten races only saw a single points finish for Benetton; Wurz's 5th place in Austria. Benetton ended the season 6th in the championship with 16 points, their worst ever finish.

Renault ownership (2000–2001)

[edit]

After Williams switched to works BMW engines, Benetton officially strengthened its partnership with Supertec. Prior to the start of the 2000 season, the team was sold to Renault as the manufacturer sought a return to Formula One, however the team would retain the Benetton name.[38] As part of their restructuring, Renault brought back Flavio Briatore as team manager. The B200 was an improvement on its predecessor, claiming three podium finishes, including 2nd place in Brazil after David Coulthard was disqualified. All three of these podiums were scored by Fisichella; Wurz struggled with the car and only claimed a single points finish with 5th place in Italy. Benetton ended the season 4th in the championship with 20 points.[39]

Benetton's final Formula One car, the B201, driven by Jenson Button at the 2001 French Grand Prix

The Renault name returned to Formula One in 2001 as Benetton received a supply of full-works Renault engines. Wurz's struggles in 2000 saw him replaced with a young Jenson Button, who had been dropped by Williams. Despite these changes, Benetton suffered a dismal start to 2001 with the B201 often barely qualifying in the top 20. Only a single point was salvaged in the first eleven races, when Fisichella finished 6th in Brazil after twelve other cars failed to finish. The team's fortunes began to change at the German Grand Prix, when Fisichella and Button finishing 4th and 5th respectively. Continued chassis development allowed Benetton to leave Formula One on something of a high, and the cars' performance lifted. Button and Fisichella scored 10 points for the team, including an impressive podium finish for Fisichella in Belgium.

Legacy

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2001 was the final season featuring the Benetton name, as the team was fully re-branded as the Renault F1 Team for the 2002 season. The Renault F1 Team would go on to win the drivers' and constructors' championships in both 2005 and 2006 with Fernando Alonso. The team was sold off and became Lotus F1 Team in 2012. Renault re-purchased the team and was rebranded it Renault Sport Formula One Team in 2016, then becoming Alpine in 2021. The team continues to operate from the site at Enstone established by Benetton in 1992.[40]

The Benetton team is today best known for its success with Michael Schumacher,[41] who accounts for 19 of the team's 27 race victories and their two World Drivers' Championships.

Nationality

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Benetton Team had a British licence from 1986 to 1995 and an Italian licence from 1996 to 2001,[42] thus becoming only the second constructor (after Shadow in 1976) to officially change its nationality. The Benetton family wanted this change of nationality to have their Formula One team flying the flag of their own country.[43][44][45] At the 1997 German Grand Prix Benetton became the only constructor to have won races under more than one nationality. The team was based in the UK throughout, initially at the former Toleman factory in Witney, Oxfordshire, before moving to a new, modern, bigger factory at Enstone in 1992.

Racing record

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Main article: Benetton Grand Prix results

(Bold indicates championships won.)

Year Name Car Engine Tyres No. Drivers Points WCC
1986 United Kingdom Benetton Formula B186 BMW M12/13 L4t P 19.
20. 		Italy Teo Fabi
Austria Gerhard Berger 		19 6th
1987 United Kingdom Benetton Formula B187 Ford-Cosworth GBA 1.5 V6t G 19.
20. 		Italy Teo Fabi
Belgium Thierry Boutsen 		28 5th
1988 United Kingdom Benetton Formula B188 Ford-Cosworth DFR 3.5 V8 G 19.
20. 		Italy Alessandro Nannini
Belgium Thierry Boutsen 		39 3rd
1989 United Kingdom Benetton Formula B188
B189 		Ford-Cosworth DFR 3.5 V8
Ford HBA1 3.5 V8
Ford HBA4 3.5 V8 		G 19.
20.
20. 		Italy Alessandro Nannini
United Kingdom Johnny Herbert
Italy Emanuele Pirro 		39 4th
1990 United Kingdom Benetton Formula B189B
B190 		Ford HBA4 3.5 V8 G 19.
19.
20. 		Italy Alessandro Nannini
Brazil Roberto Moreno
Brazil Nelson Piquet 		71 3rd
1991 United Kingdom Camel Benetton Ford B190B
B191 		Ford HBA4 3.5 V8
Ford HBA5 3.5 V8 		P 19.
19.
20. 		Brazil Roberto Moreno
Germany Michael Schumacher
Brazil Nelson Piquet 		38.5 4th
1992 United Kingdom Camel Benetton Ford B191B
B192 		Ford HBA5 3.5 V8
Ford HBA7 3.5 V8 		G 19.
20. 		Germany Michael Schumacher
United Kingdom Martin Brundle 		91 3rd
1993 United Kingdom Camel Benetton Ford B193
B193B 		Ford HBA7 3.5 V8
Ford HBA8 3.5 V8 		G 5.
6. 		Germany Michael Schumacher
Italy Riccardo Patrese 		72 3rd
1994 United Kingdom Mild Seven Benetton Ford B194 Ford ECA Zetec-R 3.5 V8 G 5.
5./6.
6.
6. 		Germany Michael Schumacher
Finland JJ Lehto
Netherlands Jos Verstappen
United Kingdom Johnny Herbert 		103 2nd
1995 United Kingdom Mild Seven Benetton Renault B195 Renault RS7 3.0 V10 G 1.
2. 		Germany Michael Schumacher
United Kingdom Johnny Herbert 		137 1st
1996 Italy Mild Seven Benetton Renault B196 Renault RS8 3.0 V10 G 3.
4. 		France Jean Alesi
Austria Gerhard Berger 		68 3rd
1997 Italy Mild Seven Benetton Renault B197 Renault RS9 3.0 V10 G 7.
8.
8. 		France Jean Alesi
Austria Gerhard Berger
Austria Alexander Wurz 		67 3rd
1998 Italy Mild Seven Benetton Playlife B198 Playlife GC37-01 3.0 V10 B 5.
6. 		Italy Giancarlo Fisichella
Austria Alexander Wurz 		33 5th
1999 Italy Mild Seven Benetton Playlife B199 Playlife FB01 3.0 V10 B 9.
10. 		Italy Giancarlo Fisichella
Austria Alexander Wurz 		16 6th
2000 Italy Mild Seven Benetton Playlife B200 Playlife FB02 3.0 V10 B 11.
12. 		Italy Giancarlo Fisichella
Austria Alexander Wurz 		20 4th
2001 Italy Mild Seven Benetton Renault Sport B201 Renault RS21 3.0 V10 M 7.
8. 		Italy Giancarlo Fisichella
United Kingdom Jenson Button 		10 7th

See also

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Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ Extra 10 points are Michael Schumacher's points from 1995 Brazilian Grand Prix which were not counted towards 1995 World Constructors' Championship.[1]

References

[edit]

Citations

  1. ^ "International Court of Appeal (I.C.A.) for 1995 Brazilian Grand Prix results" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 13 April 1995. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  2. ^ Osborne, Alistair (17 December 2011). "The Sunday Interview: Alessandro Benetton". ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
  3. ^ Mantle 1999, p. 117.
  4. ^ Mantle 1999, p. 138.
  5. ^ a b Mantle 1999, p. 139.
  6. ^ Tremayne & Hughes 2002, p. 200.
  7. ^ Collantine, Keith. "Teo Fabi Biography". Race Fans. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  8. ^ Collantine, Keith (12 October 2011). "Berger's breakthrough win sets up three-way title showdown". Race Fans. Archived from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  9. ^ "1986 F1 Season". Stats F1. Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  10. ^ Hsu, Eric (18 June 2010). "1987 Cosworth F1 GBA 1200 bhp 1.5L V-6 Engine". motoiq.com. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  11. ^ "1987 F1 Season". Stats F1. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  12. ^ "Benetton B188". Concept Carz. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  13. ^ "1988 F1 Season". Stats F1. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  14. ^ Naranjo, Mané (2 November 2016). "Maravillas de la Ingeniería: Benetton B188 Ford" (in Spanish). The Best F1. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  15. ^ Tremayne & Hughes 2002, p. 61.
  16. ^ Mantle 1999, p. 175.
  17. ^ Lathamq, Stephen; Hopper, Peter (2019). "Emanuele Pirro Career". Forgotten F1 Drivers. Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ "V per Vittoria. Alessandro Nannini a Suzuka 1989" (in Italian). Formula Passion. 9 February 2016. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  19. ^ "1989 F1 Season". Stats F1. Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  20. ^ Barretta, Valerio (24 February 2021). "Briatore: "Alonso come Schumi nella preparazione"" (in Italian). Formula Passion. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  21. ^ Hallbery, Andy (2 April 2013). "Exclusive: Alessandro Nannini on what Kubica faces". Motorsport Retro. Archived from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  22. ^ Collantine, Keith. "Roberto Moreno". Race Fans. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  23. ^ "1990 F1 Season". Stats F1. Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  24. ^ Peluso, Simone (28 May 2020). "Benetton 'multicolor' 1986-90" (in Italian). Formula Passion. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  25. ^ van Osten, Philip (5 June 2016). "Canada 1991 - Mansell's wave of disaster". F1i. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  26. ^ "How Schumacher was snatched from Jordan after his F1 debut". The Race. 19 September 2021. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2023. Jordan believed that as part of Ecclestone's scheme to get Schumacher into a better car as quickly as possible, he made Schumacher's management aware of the Yamaha engine deal Ecclestone had set up for Jordan.
  27. ^ Petric, Darjan (30 August 2021). "1992 Belgian GP - First victory for Michael Schumacher". Max F1. Archived from the original on 22 July 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  28. ^ "1992 F1 Season". Stats F1. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  29. ^ "1993 Formula One World Championship review". Motorsport Magazine. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  30. ^ "JOS VERSTAPPEN-HOCKENHEIM 1994". F1 Focus. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  31. ^ "Seven-year ban on traction control likely over". www.ESPN.com. Reuters. 4 February 2001. Retrieved 24 October 2006.
  32. ^ ""The ugly duckling", the story of Benetton's B195 - Racing Comments Archive". The Autosport Forums. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  33. ^ "Herbert berates Benetton". The Independent. 8 September 1995. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  34. ^ Cooper, Steve (August 2007). "McLaren dream team turns into nightmare". Autosport. Vol. 189, no. 6. pp. 6–8.
  35. ^ Petric, Darjan (27 July 2021). "1997 German GP – Tenth and last F1 victory for Berger". Max F1. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  36. ^ Henry, Alan (ed.), AUTOCOURSE 1998-99, Hazleton Publishing Ltd. (1998) ISBN 1-874557-43-8
  37. ^ "Benetton boss steps down". BBC News. 30 October 1998. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  38. ^ McLeod, Maurice (16 March 2000). "Benetton F1 team sold to Renault £75 m". The Independent. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  39. ^ "2000 F1 Season". Stats F1. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  40. ^ Balfour, Andrew (1 May 2021). "Team Enstone: tracing the roots of the Alpine F1 team". F1 Experiences. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  41. ^ "Benetton Heir Alessandro Goes It Alone With Private Equity Firm". Bloomberg.com. 6 April 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
  42. ^ Hayhoe & Holland 2006, p. 592: The combination of Schumacher and intelligent team strategy paid off with both titles in 1995, although they seemed to miss their superstar the following season when the team officially changed their nationality to Italian.
  43. ^ "New Benetton launched today". GrandPrix.com. 5 February 1996. Retrieved 13 September 2006.
  44. ^ "Will Benetton's nationalism cause problems?". GrandPrix.com. 1 January 1996. Retrieved 13 September 2006.
  45. ^ "Benetton to race under Italian colours". New Straits Times. 29 November 1995. Retrieved 4 February 2014.

Bibliography

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