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Ludhiana district

Coordinates: 30°53′N 75°51′E / 30.883°N 75.850°E / 30.883; 75.850
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Ludhiana district
District of Punjab
Location in Punjab
Location in Punjab
Coordinates: 30°53′N 75°51′E / 30.883°N 75.850°E / 30.883; 75.850
Country India
StatePunjab
HeadquartersLudhiana
Area
 • Total
3,767 km2 (1,454 sq mi)
 • Rank1 (out of 23)
Population
 (2011)[1]
 • Total
3,498,739
 • Rank1 (out of 23)
 • Density975/km2 (2,530/sq mi)
Languages
 • OfficialPunjabi
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
Sex ratio1000/873 ♂/♀
Literacy73.5%
Lok Sabha constituency1
Vidhan Sabha constituency14
HDI (2006)Increase 0.761[2] (High)
Websitewww.ludhiana.nic.in
^ ‡: Population increase (2001–2011): 15%

Ludhiana district is one of the 23 districts in the Indian state of Punjab. It is Punjab's largest district by both area and population. Ludhiana, the largest city in Punjab, is the district headquarters.

The main industries are bicycle parts and hosiery. Ludhiana is a hub of ladies footwear manufacturing, with around 10,000 small-scale units. The district is made up of seven tehsils, seven sub-tehsils and twelve development blocks.[3]

Ludhiana district has the highest HDI in Punjab at 0.761 (2004 UNDP).[4]

History

[edit]

Ludhiana gets its name from the Lodhi Dynasty, which is believed to have founded the city in 1480. During the reign of the Mughal emperor Akbar, the area formed part of the Sarkar of Sirhind. Chakar, Talwandi Rai in 1478 AD, Raikot in 1648 AD and Jagraon in 1688 AD were founded by the Rai family of Raikot.[5] It is said that one of the Rai rulers of Raikot, named Rai Kalha (chaudhary of Raikot and Jagraon), gave sanctuary to Guru Gobind Singh in 1705 in the aftermath of the Battle of Chamkaur and Uch-da-Peer (meaning "saint of Uch") episode of the tenth Guru's life, when the Mughal armies were in hot pursuit of the religious leader.[6] In thanks for this, the Guru gifted Ganga Sagar (a metal surahi) and a sword with an inscribed blade to the Rai dynasty of Raikot, known as the Raikot sword.[6]

In the latter period of Mughal rule the western part of the district was leased to the Rais of Raikot. By the early eighteenth century, they had become semi-independent of the Mughals. The villages in Ludhiana district remained independent and under the rule of local powerful village Sikh chieftains, from 1707 to 1835. In 1747 Ahmad Shah Durrani invaded and battled the imperial army near Khanna. Although the Mughals were able to stop Ahmad Shah, his subsequent invasions weakened the Mughals, which allowed the Rais to take control of Ludhiana town in 1760.[7]

During the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Ludhiana became an important British cantonment. Initially, in 1805, Ranjit Singh occupied Ludhiana. However, in 1809, the British decided to curb his advance eastward and sent troops to confront him. Ranjit Singh was forced to sign the treaty of 'perpetual friendship' with the British, which confined his activities to the right bank of the Sutlej. British troops were permanently stationed in Ludhiana and the Cis-Sutlej states came under British protection.

According to the 1901 census, Hindus numbered 269,076, or 40% of the total; Muslims, 235,937, or 35%; and Sikhs, 164,919, or 24%.[8] The majority of the Muslim population within the district migrated to Pakistan as a result of the communal violence following the Partition of India.[9]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901685,038—    
1911527,575−2.58%
1921579,161+0.94%
1931687,387+1.73%
1941839,622+2.02%
1951858,487+0.22%
19611,078,269+2.31%
19711,384,957+2.53%
19811,778,689+2.53%
19912,428,382+3.16%
20013,032,831+2.25%
20113,498,739+1.44%
source:[10]

Geography

[edit]

Ludhiana is a centrally located city of Punjab, which is on the Grand Trunk Road from Delhi to Amritsar at latitude 30.55 North and longitude 75.54 East in Northern India.

Ludhiana is the most centrally located district in the Malwa region of the state of Punjab. For administrative purposes, it has been placed in the Patiala Division. It lies between north latitude 30°-34' and 31°-01' and east longitude 75°-18' and 76°-20'.

It is bounded on the north by the Satluj River, which separates it from Jalandhar district. The river forms its northern boundary with Hoshiarpur district. On other sides it shares common boundaries with Rupnagar district in the east, Moga district in the west, and Barnala, Sangrur and Patiala districts in the south and southeast, respectively.[3]

Topography

[edit]

The topography of the district is a typical representative of an alluvial plain. It owes its origin to the aggravation work of the Satluj River. The alluvium deposited by the river has been worked over by the wind, which gave rise to a number of small dunes and sand mounds. Most of these dunes have been levelled by farmers.

The district can be divided into the flood plain of the Satluj and the upland plain.

Climate

[edit]

Ludhiana features a semi-arid climate under the Köppen climate classification, with three defined seasons; summer, monsoon, and winter. This climate is characterised by dryness except for a brief spell of monsoon season, a very hot summer, and a bracing winter. The cold season is from mid-November to the early part of March. The succeeding period until the end of June is the hot season. July, August and half of September constitute the southwest monsoon. The period of mid-September to about the middle of November may be termed as a post-monsoon or transitional period.

June is generally the hottest month. Hot and scorching dust-laden winds blow during the summer season. December and January are the coldest months. Ludhiana on average sees roughly 809.3 millimetres (31.86 in) of precipitation annually. The official weather station for the city is in the compound of the Civil Surgeon's Office to the west of Ludhiana. Weather records here data back to 1 August 1868.

Climate data for Ludhiana Airport (1991–2020, extremes 1868–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 29.2
(84.6) 		33.3
(91.9) 		41.1
(106.0) 		46.1
(115.0) 		48.3
(118.9) 		47.9
(118.2) 		47.8
(118.0) 		44.4
(111.9) 		41.7
(107.1) 		40.0
(104.0) 		35.8
(96.4) 		29.4
(84.9) 		48.3
(118.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 17.9
(64.2) 		21.8
(71.2) 		27.3
(81.1) 		34.8
(94.6) 		39.0
(102.2) 		38.0
(100.4) 		34.1
(93.4) 		33.4
(92.1) 		33.1
(91.6) 		31.9
(89.4) 		27.1
(80.8) 		20.9
(69.6) 		29.9
(85.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.1
(43.0) 		8.7
(47.7) 		13.0
(55.4) 		18.2
(64.8) 		23.5
(74.3) 		26.1
(79.0) 		26.6
(79.9) 		25.9
(78.6) 		23.5
(74.3) 		17.3
(63.1) 		11.2
(52.2) 		6.8
(44.2) 		17.2
(63.0)
Record low °C (°F) −2.2
(28.0) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		1.4
(34.5) 		7.1
(44.8) 		11.7
(53.1) 		18.0
(64.4) 		17.4
(63.3) 		18.0
(64.4) 		15.2
(59.4) 		8.4
(47.1) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		−2.2
(28.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 28.0
(1.10) 		36.2
(1.43) 		27.0
(1.06) 		17.5
(0.69) 		21.2
(0.83) 		87.4
(3.44) 		217.1
(8.55) 		187.2
(7.37) 		138.4
(5.45) 		18.8
(0.74) 		3.9
(0.15) 		8.6
(0.34) 		791.1
(31.15)
Average rainy days 2.1 2.9 2.1 1.7 1.7 4.9 8.6 8.7 5.5 1.0 0.4 0.9 40.6
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 66 58 48 27 26 42 67 73 65 50 50 62 53
Average dew point °C (°F) 8
(46) 		12
(54) 		15
(59) 		16
(61) 		19
(66) 		23
(73) 		26
(79) 		26
(79) 		24
(75) 		19
(66) 		13
(55) 		10
(50) 		18
(64)
Average ultraviolet index 4 5 7 8 9 9 8 7 7 6 5 4 7
Source 1: India Meteorological Department[11][12]Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[13]
Source 2: Weather Atlas[14]

Rainfall

[edit]

The rainfall in the district increases from the southwest toward the northeast. About 70% of the rainfall is received during the period of July through September. The rainfall between December and March accounts for 16% of the rainfall; the remaining 14% rainfall is received in the other months.

Pollution

[edit]

Ludhiana has one of the worst air pollution problems in India, with particulate matter being over six times the World Health Organization recommended standard, making it the 13th most polluted city in the world in the year 2014.[15][16] Industrial water pollution is also of significant concern in portions of Ludhiana, notably along the Budha Dariya.[17]

Rivers and drains

[edit]

The Sutlej and its tributary, the Buddha Nala, constitute the chief hydrographic features of the district. A brief description of these is as follows.

Sutlej River
originates from Lake Manasarovar in Tibet. After flowing through Himachal Pradesh, it debouches from the Shivaliks. Just about Rupnagar, 32 km east of the boundary of Samrala Tehsil, it flows due west along the top of the district for 96 km and turns, as it leaves Jagraon Tehsil, slightly north toward its junction with the Beas at Harike. It maintains an east–west direction. It can be devastating during floods. The Sutlej has experienced a westward drift during recent times. Old towns and villages, such as Bahlulpur, Machhiwara, and Kum Kalan, were built on its banks. The river has since been dammed at Bhakhra, which has considerably checked its flooding menace in the district.
Buddha Nala
It runs parallel to the Satluj on its south for a fairly large section of its course in the district and ultimately joins the Satluj at Gorsian Kadar Baksh in the northwestern corner of the district. It floods during the rainy season, but in the dry season, it can be crossed on foot at certain points. Ludhiana and Machhiwara are to the south of the Buddha Nala. The water of the stream is polluted after it enters Ludhiana City.

Demographics

[edit]

According to the 2011 census, Ludhiana district has a population of 3,498,739[1] roughly equal to the nation of Panama[18] or the US state of Connecticut.[19] Ludhiana district has a total of 2,560,225 literates which constitutes 73.5% of the population, of which male literary is 76.5% and female literacy is 69.4%. The effective literacy of 7+ population of Ludhiana district is 82.20%, of which male is 86% and female literacy is 77.9%. The sex ratio of 873 females for every 1,000 males.[1] The total Scheduled Caste population is 923,358 (26.39%). There were 716826 households in the district in 2011.[1]

The number of workers in the district is 1285,000, which means a work participation rate of 36.7%. Out of the total workforce of the district, 18.7% are engaged in the agriculture sector, 5.6% are working in the household industry, and the rest are employed in other sectors/industries.[20]

Gender

[edit]

The table below shows the sex ratio of Ludhiana district through decades.

Sex ratio of Ludhiana district[21]
Census year Ratio
2011 873
2001 824
1991 844
1981 860
1971 848
1961 856
1951 852
1941 832
1931 791
1921 784
1911 765
1901 829

The table below shows the child sex ratio of children below the age of 6 years in the rural and urban areas of Ludhiana district.

Child sex ratio of children below the age of 6 years in Ludhiana district[22]
Year Urban Rural
2011 860 859
2001 819 815

Religion

[edit]
Religion in Ludhiana district (2011)[23]
Religion Percent
Sikhism
 
 53.26%
Hinduism
 
 42.94%
Islam
 
 2.22%
Jainism
 
 0.56%
Christianity
 
 0.47%
Other or not stated
 
 0.55%
Religion in Ludhiana District
Religious
group 		1991[citation needed] 2001[citation needed] 2011[23]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Sikhism 1,209,986 66.52% 1,744,446 57.52% 1,863,408 53.26%
Hinduism 586,523 32.25% 1,205,128 39.74% 1,502,403 42.94%
Islam 9,313 0.51% 52,220 1.72% 77,713 2.22%
Christianity 4,040 0.22% 11,656 0.38% 16,517 0.47%
Others 9,050 0.5% 19,381 0.64% 38,698 1.11%
Total Population 1,818,912 100% 3,032,831 100% 3,498,739 100%

The table below shows the population of different religions in absolute numbers in the urban and rural areas of Ludhiana district.[24]

Absolute numbers of different religious groups in Ludhiana district[24]
Religious
group 		Urban (2011) Rural (2011) Urban (2001) Rural (2001) Urban (1991) Rural (1991)
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Sikhism 680,189 32.86% 1,183,219 82.8% 583,996 34.48% 1,160,450 86.65% 278,566 36.45% 931,420 88.31%
Hinduism 1,289,159 62.29% 213,244 14.92% 1,046,285 61.78% 158,843 11.86% 471,801 61.74% 114,722 10.88%
Islam 53,201 2.57% 24,512 1.72% 35,022 2.07% 17,198 1.28% 2,336 0.31% 6,977 0.66%
Christianity 13,469 0.65% 3,048 0.21% 9,900 0.58% 1,756 0.13% 3,229 0.42% 811 0.08%
Other/no religion 33,690 1.63% 5,008 0.35% 18,450 1.09% 931 0.07% 8,208 1.07% 842 0.08%
Total population 2,069,708 100% 1,429,031 100% 1,693,653 100% 1,339,178 100% 764,140 100% 1,054,772 100%
Religious groups in Ludhiana District (British Punjab province era)
Religious
group 		1901[25] 1911[26][27] 1921[28] 1931[29] 1941[30]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Hinduism [a] 269,076 39.98% 131,370 25.4% 135,512 23.87% 120,161 17.87% 171,715 20.98%
Islam 235,937 35.05% 176,043 34.04% 192,961 33.99% 235,598 35.03% 302,482 36.95%
Sikhism 164,919 24.5% 207,042 40.03% 235,721 41.53% 312,829 46.52% 341,175 41.68%
Jainism 2,217 0.33% 1,849 0.36% 1,796 0.32% 1,419 0.21% 1,279 0.16%
Christianity 947 0.14% 888 0.17% 1,613 0.28% 2,477 0.37% 1,913 0.23%
Zoroastrianism 1 0% 0 0% 19 0% 5 0% 1 0%
Buddhism 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 5 0% 0 0%
Judaism 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
Others 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 50 0.01%
Total population 673,097 100% 517,192 100% 567,622 100% 672,494 100% 818,615 100%
Note: British Punjab province era district borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to district borders — which since created new districts — throughout the historic Punjab Province region during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.
Religion in the Tehsils of Ludhiana District (1921)[28]
Tehsil Hinduism Islam Sikhism Christianity Jainism Others[b] Total
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Ludhiana Tehsil 70,047 24.5% 99,889 34.93% 114,146 39.92% 827 0.29% 1,025 0.36% 19 0.01% 285,953 100%
Jagraon Tehsil 28,500 17.32% 56,256 34.19% 78,782 47.88% 471 0.29% 544 0.33% 0 0% 164,553 100%
Samrala Tehsil 36,965 31.56% 36,816 31.44% 42,793 36.54% 315 0.27% 227 0.19% 0 0% 117,116 100%
Note: British Punjab province era tehsil borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to tehsil borders — which since created new tehsils — throughout the historic Punjab Province region during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.
Religion in the Tehsils of Ludhiana District (1941)[30]
Tehsil Hinduism [a] Islam Sikhism Christianity Jainism Others[c] Total
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Ludhiana Tehsil 95,362 21.84% 171,482 39.27% 168,011 38.48% 840 0.19% 605 0.14% 327 0.07% 436,627 100%
Jagraon Tehsil 33,529 14.84% 81,380 36.02% 110,061 48.71% 289 0.13% 669 0.3% 4 0% 225,932 100%
Samrala Tehsil 42,824 27.44% 49,620 31.8% 63,103 40.44% 503 0.32% 5 0% 1 0% 156,056 100%
Note1: British Punjab province era tehsil borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to tehsil borders — which since created new tehsils — throughout the historic Punjab Province region during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.

Note2: Tehsil religious breakdown figures for Christianity only includes local Christians, labelled as "Indian Christians" on census. Does not include Anglo-Indian Christians or British Christians, who were classified under "Other" category.

Language

[edit]

Languages of Ludhiana district (First Language) (2011)[31]

  Punjabi (79.65%)
  Hindi (18.19%)
  Others (2.16%)

At the time of the 2011 census 79.65% of the population spoke Punjabi and 18.19% Hindi as their first language. Hindi is spoken mainly in urban areas.[31]

Health

[edit]

The table below shows the data from the district nutrition profile of children below the age of 5 years, in Ludhiana, as of year 2020.

District nutrition profile of children under 5 years of age in Ludhiana, year 2020[32]
Indicators Number of children (<5 years) Percent (2020) Percent (2016)
Stunted 58,009 22% 30%
Wasted 15,436 6% 18%
Severely wasted 2,577 1% 3%
Underweight 32,712 12% 28%
Overweight/obesity 16,856 6% 1%
Anemia 184,062 78% 61%
Total children 262,962

The table below shows the district nutrition profile of Ludhiana of women between the ages of 15 to 49 years, as of year 2020.

District nutritional profile of Ludhiana of women of 15–49 years, in 2020[32]
Indicators Number of women (15–49 years) Percent (2020) Percent (2016)
Underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m^2) 113,226 10% 9%
Overweight/obesity 504,983 45% 35%
Hypertension 294,321 26% 15%
Diabetes 171,799 15% NA
Anemia (non-preg) 727,404 65% 66%
Anemia (preg) NA NA 46%
Total women (preg) 62,825
Total women 1,119,944

The table below shows the current use of family planning methods by currently married women between the age of 15 and 49 years, in Ludhiana district.

Family planning methods used by women between the ages of 15 and 49 years, in Ludhiana district[33]
Method Total (2015–16) Urban (2015–16) Rural (2015–16)
Female sterilisation 34.2% 30.4% 40.7%
Male sterilisation 0.6% 0.2% 1.3%
IUD/PPIUD 7.2% 9.2% 3.8%
Pill 1.8% 2.1% 1.2%
Condom 18.0% 18.3% 17.4%
Any modern method 61.7% 60.1% 64.3%
Any method 72.8% 72.3% 73.5%
Total unmet need 5.0% 4.5% 5.9%
Unmet need for spacing 2.1% 1.5% 3.1%

The table below shows the number of road accidents and people affected in Ludhiana district by year.

Road accidents and people affected in Ludhiana district by year[34]
Year Accidents Killed Injured Vehicles Involved
2022 803 647 342 825
2021 797 632 299 762
2020 695 508 298 577
2019 857 604 458 807

Government and politics

[edit]

Politics

[edit]

The district is a part of the Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency and Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency. Ludhiana East, Ludhiana North, Ludhiana Central, Ludhiana West, Ludhiana South, Atam Nagar, Dakha, Gill and Jagraon comes under Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency . Khanna, Samrala, Sahnewal, Payal and Raikot comes under Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency .Amrinder Singh Raja Warring is the MP from Ludhiana and Dr. Amar Singh is current MP from Fatehgarh Sahib, they both are member of Indian National Congress . Amrinder Singh Raja Warring is MP since 2024 and Dr. Amar Singh is MP since 2019 . There are total 14 assembly constituencies in Ludhiana district . Following is a list of the assembly constituencies in the district.

This table is an excerpt from Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency § Punjab Legislative Assembly segments.[edit]
# Name District Member Party Leading

(in 2024)

60 Ludhiana East Ludhiana Daljit Singh Grewal AAP BJP
61 Ludhiana South Rajinder Pal Kaur Chhina AAP BJP
62 Atam Nagar Kulwant Singh Sidhu AAP INC
63 Ludhiana Central Ashok Prashar Pappi AAP BJP
64 Ludhiana West Gurpreet Gogi AAP BJP
65 Ludhiana North Madan Lal Bagga AAP BJP
66 Gill (SC) Jiwan Singh Sangowal AAP INC
68 Dakha Manpreet Singh Ayali SAD INC
70 Jagraon (SC) Saravjit Kaur Manuke AAP INC

MLAs

[edit]
No. Constituency Name of MLA Party Bench
57 Khanna Tarunpreet Singh Sond Aam Aadmi Party Government
58 Samrala Jagtar Singh Aam Aadmi Party Government
59 Sahnewal Hardeep Singh Mundian Aam Aadmi Party Government
60 Ludhiana East Daljit Singh Grewal Aam Aadmi Party Government
61 Ludhiana South Rajinder Pal Kaur Chhina Aam Aadmi Party Government
62 Atam Nagar Kulwant Singh Sidhu Aam Aadmi Party Government
63 Ludhiana Central Ashok Prashar Pappi Aam Aadmi Party Government
64 Ludhiana West Gurpreet Gogi Aam Aadmi Party Government
65 Ludhiana North Madan Lal Bagga Aam Aadmi Party Government
66 Gill (SC) Jiwan Singh Sangowal Aam Aadmi Party Government
67 Payal (SC) Manwinder Singh Gyaspura Aam Aadmi Party Government
68 Dakha Manpreet Singh Ayali Shiromani Akali Dal Opposition
69 Raikot (SC) Hakam Singh Thekedar Aam Aadmi Party Government
70 Jagraon (SC) Saravjit Kaur Manuke Aam Aadmi Party Government

Administrative divisions

[edit]

For the administrative purpose, Ludhiana district is divided into seven tehsils, which are: -

  1. Jagraon
  2. Khanna
  3. Ludhiana (East)
  4. Ludhiana (West)
  5. Payal
  6. Raikot
  7. Samrala

Ludhiana West Tehsil is a tehsil in Ludhiana district. It has 125 villages.

Main article: Villages in Ludhiana West Tehsil

Ludhiana East Tehsil is a tehsil in Ludhiana district. It has 181 villages.

Main article: Villages in Ludhiana East Tehsil

Also, there are seven sub-tehsils in Ludhiana district: -

  1. Dehlon
  2. Koom Kalan
  3. Ludhiana Central
  4. Machhiwara
  5. Maloud
  6. Mullanpur Dakha
  7. Sidhwan Bet

Economy

[edit]
Main article: Economy of Ludhiana

Culture/Cityscape

[edit]

Places of interest

[edit]

Notable people

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "District Census Hand Book – Ludhiana" (PDF). Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  2. ^ "United Nations HDI report - Punjab".
  3. ^ a b "Administrative Set-Up". District official website. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  4. ^ "Punjab". UNDP in India. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  5. ^ Ludhiana Dist. Gazetteer 1888-89 & 1904. Chiefs of Punjab 1890, 1909 & 1940
  6. ^ a b Singh, Kulwant (2002). "Search for the Sacred Swords". Nishaan Nagaara magazine (annual issue) (PDF). pp. 52–54.
  7. ^ "Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 16, page 200 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library". dsal.uchicago.edu.
  8. ^ "Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 16, page 202 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library". dsal.uchicago.edu.
  9. ^ "Violence, Displacement and the Issue of Identity - 1947". 9 March 2005. Archived from the original on 9 March 2005.
  10. ^ Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901
  11. ^ "Station: Ludhiana Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 449–452. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  12. ^ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M171. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  13. ^ "Climate & Weather Averages in Ludhiana, Punjab, India". Time and Date. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  14. ^ "Climate and monthly weather forecast Ludhiana, India". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  15. ^ Majeed, Shariq (26 March 2014). "Ludhiana worries over its PM". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 27 March 2014.
  16. ^ Preet, Jatinder (16 October 2011). "Ludhiana fourth most polluted city in the world". The Sunday Guardian. Delhi, India. Archived from the original on 12 April 2014.
  17. ^ "How air and water pollution plagues Indian cities". Hindustan Times. 1 December 2013. Archived from the original on 29 January 2014.
  18. ^ US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2011. Panama 3,460,462 July 2011 est.
  19. ^ "2010 Resident Population Data". U. S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2011. Connecticut 3,574,097
  20. ^ "Population of Ludhiana, Ludhiana Population 2018". www.punjabdata.com.
  21. ^ "District-wise Decadal Sex ratio in Punjab". Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India. 21 January 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  22. ^ "District-wise Rural and Urban Child Population (0-6 years) and their sex ratio in Punjab". Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India. 21 January 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  23. ^ a b "Table C-01 Population by Religious Community: Punjab". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  24. ^ a b "Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India - All Religions". data.gov.in. 21 January 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  25. ^ "Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province". 1901. p. 34. JSTOR saoa.crl.25363739. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  26. ^ "Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1911. p. 27. JSTOR saoa.crl.25393788. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  27. ^ Kaul, Harikishan (1911). "Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II". p. 27. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  28. ^ a b "Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables". 1921. p. 29. JSTOR saoa.crl.25430165. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  29. ^ "Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1931. p. 277. JSTOR saoa.crl.25793242. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  30. ^ a b India Census Commissioner (1941). "Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab". p. 42. JSTOR saoa.crl.28215541. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  31. ^ a b "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Punjab". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  32. ^ a b "Ludhiana District Nutrition Profiles" (PDF). NITI Aayog. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  33. ^ "National Family Health Survey - 4 2015 -16, District Fact Sheet, Ludhiana, Punjab", http://rchiips.org/nfhs/FCTS/PB/PB_FactSheet_41_Ludhiana.pdf
  34. ^ "Road Accidents in Punjab". punjab.data.gov.in. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  1. ^ a b 1931-1941: Including Ad-Dharmis
  2. ^ Including Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Tribals, others, or not stated
  3. ^ Including Anglo-Indian Christians, British Christians, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Tribals, others, or not stated
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