Kalinga language

Kalinga
Kalinga
Native to	Philippines
Region	most parts of Kalinga, northern parts of Mountain Province, eastern parts of Abra and southern parts of Apayao, Luzon
Native speakers	(110,000 cited 1998–2008); No estimate for Mabaka Valley
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine Northern Luzon Meso-Cordilleran Central Cordilleran Kalinga–Itneg Kalinga; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously:; bjx – Banao Itneg; tis – Masadiit Itneg; ity – Moyadan Itneg; kyb – Butbut Kalinga; kmk – Limos Kalinga; kml – Tanudan Kalinga; knb – Lubuagan Kalinga; kkg – Mabaka Valley Kalinga; kmd – Madukayang Kalinga; ksc – Southern Kalinga (Bangad)
Glottolog	kali1311
	Area where the Kalinga dialect continuum is spoken according to Ethnologue

Kalinga (IPA: [ka'liŋɡa]) is a dialect continuum of Kalinga Province in the Philippines, spoken by the Kalinga people, alongside Ilocano. The Banao Itneg variety is not one of the neighboring Itneg languages.

Dialects

Ronald Himes (1997) divides Kalinga into three dialects: Masadiit (in Abra), Northern Kalinga, and South-Central Kalinga.^[2]

Ethnologue reports the following locations for each of the eight Kalinga languages it identifies. Banao Itneg is classified by Ethnologue as Kalinga rather than Itneg.

Butbut Kalinga: spoken in Kalinga Province: Tinglayan and Butbut; Buscalan, Bugnay, Loccong, and Ngibat; Tabuk City, Lucnang, Pakak, Kataw, and Dinongsay. Also in Rizal: Annunang, Malapiat, Andarayan, and Bua. 15,000 speakers. Language status is 5 (developing),^[3] 1,000 monoglots.^[3]
Limos Kalinga (Limos-Liwan Kalinga, Northern Kalinga): spoken in Kalinga Province (Tabuk City, north to border) and Conner municipality, Apayao Province. 12,700 speakers. Language status is 5 (developing).^[4]
Lubuagan Kalinga: spoken in Kalinga Province (Lubuagan and Tabuk City). 30,000 speakers. Dialects are Guinaang, Balbalasang, Ableg-Salegseg, and Balatok-Kalinga (Balatok-Itneg). Pasil Kalinga.,^[5] Language status is 5 (developing).^[5]
Mabaka Valley Kalinga (Kal-Uwan, Mabaka, Mabaka Itneg): spoken in Conner municipality, Apayao Province, as well as western Abra and northern Kalinga Province.
Majukayang Kalinga (Madukayang): spoken in Tabuk City, Kalinga Province and in Paracelis municipality, Mountain Province. 1,500 speakers as of 1990.,^[6] Language status is 6a. (Vigorous).^[6]
Southern Kalinga: spoken in Kalinga Province (Lubuagan municipality; some also in Tabuk City) and Mountain Province (13 villages of Sadanga and Sagada municipalities). 11,000 speakers as of 1980.^[7] Dialects are Mallango, Sumadel, Bangad, and Tinglayan.^[8]
Tanudan Kalinga (Lower Tanudan, Lower Tanudan Kalinga, Mangali Kalinga): spoken at the southern end of the Tanudan valley in southern Kalinga Province. 11,200 speakers as of 1998. Dialects are Minangali (Mangali), Tinaloctoc (Taluctoc), Pinangol (Pangul), Dacalan, and Lubo. Language status is 5 (developing). 1,120 monoglots.^[9]
Banao Itneg (Banao, Banaw, Itneg, Timggian, Tinguian, Vanaw, Vyanaw, Bhanaw Tinggian): spoken in Kalinga Province (Balbalan and Pasil municipalities) and Abra (Daguioman and Malibcong municipalities). 3,500 speakers as of 2003. Dialects are Malibcong Banao, Banao Pikekj, Gubang Itneg and Daguioman.^[10]

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	p	t		k	ʔ
Plosive	voiced	b	d		ɡ
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Fricative			s
Lateral			l
Approximant		w	ɻ	j

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid		(ə)	o
Open		a

/a/ can also have an allophone of [ə].^[11]^[12]

Writing system

Lubuagan Kalinga

Lubuagan Kalinga alphabet^{[citation needed]}
a	b	by	k	ch	e	g	h	i	l	m	n	ng	o	p	r	s	t	u	ɏ	w	y

References

^ Banao Itneg at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Masadiit Itneg at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Moyadan Itneg at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Butbut Kalinga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Limos Kalinga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Tanudan Kalinga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
(Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box)
^ Himes, Ronald S. (1997). "Reconstructions in Kalinga-Itneg". Oceanic Linguistics. 36 (1): 102–134. doi:10.2307/3623072. JSTOR 3623072.
^ ^a ^b "Kalinga, Butbut". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-04-29.(subscription required)
^ "Ethnologue".(subscription required)
^ ^a ^b "Kalinga, Lubuagan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-04-29.(subscription required)
^ ^a ^b "Kalinga, Majukayang". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-04-29.(subscription required)
^ A Topical Vocabulary in English, Pilipino, Ilocano, and Southern Kalinga. Greenhills, Metro Manila: Summer Institute of Linguistics. 1980. pp. iv.
^ "Ethnologue".(subscription required)
^ "Kalinga, Tanudan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-04-29.(subscription required)
^ "Kalinga, Vanaw". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-04-29.(subscription required)
^ Gieser, C. Richard (1972). Kalinga sequential discourse. Philippine Journal of Linguistics 3. pp. 15–33.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Gieser, C. Richard (1958). The phonemes of Kalinga. In Studies in Philippine linguistics. pp. 10–23.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)