Balseros

Balseros ("rafters", from the Spanish balsa "raft") were boat people who emigrated without formal documentation in self constructed or precarious vessels from Cuba to neighboring states including The Bahamas, Jamaica, the Cayman Islands and, most commonly, the United States since the 1994 Balsero crisis and during the wet feet, dry feet policy.

History

1994 Cuban rafter crisis

The August 1994 Cuban rafter crisis was the fourth wave of Cuban immigration following Castro's rise to power.^[1] The 1994 Balseros Crisis was ended by the agreement of the wet feet, dry feet policy between Bill Clinton and Fidel Castro.

Wet feet, dry feet policy

After 1994, balseros continued to arrive in the United States from Cuba. In the 2015 fiscal year, 4,473 balseros attempted to come to the United States. In fiscal year 2016, the number was 7,411. In January 2017, the wet feet, dry feet policy came to an end, and now any balsero can be subject to deportation. Shortly before the policy ended, the U.S. Coast Guard noticed a spike in balseros attempting to reach the United States.^[2]

After 2017

Since the end of the wet feet, dry feet policy in 2017, fewer balseros attempted to make the journey to the United States. Some still continue to come with less legal support. If they manage to arrive in Florida the only legal way to remain is to apply for political asylum.^[3]

Emigration

Often the boats created are unsafe, and utilize engines not often used for boats such as lawnmower engines. Of those that choose to emigrate by raft, some are captured by Cuban authorities, others arrive safely outside Cuba, some are intercepted by United States authorities and given medical care only to be returned to Cuba, while others may be lost at sea and their deaths will go unreported.^[4]

Deaths

It is estimated 16,000 to 100,000 Balseros perished at sea in their flight away from Cuba.^[5]

Any failed attempt to cross the sea by raft can end in drowning.

The advent of mobile phones, with GPS, and those that use satellite connection, has increased the possibilities of survival,^{[citation needed]} because they allow users to call through a satellite to ask for help, even when located in the middle of the sea at a long distance from the coast.

References

^ HISPANIC AMERICAN RELIGIOUS CULTURES 2 VOLUME SET Key West, New Orleans, and New York City before 1959, the vast majority of Cuban Americans trace their U.S. residency or birth to four successive waves of immigration after 1960. ... The second wave began in 1965 and ended in 1973."Finally, the Balsero (Cuban Rafters) Crisis of 1994 almost became a repeat of the 1980 Mariel Exodus as some people stormed foreign embassies in Cuba, while thousands of others attempted to flee the island on makeshift rafts and unsafe ..That summer, over a four-day period in late August, a fleet of 16 Coast Guard cutters picked up over 8,000 Cuban rafters. ... Some scholars identify this crisis as the fourth wave of Cuban immigration to the United States, while others interpret it as part of the smaller ... Although the Cuban Rafter Crisis of 1994 was settled by an agreement between Fidel Castro and President William Clinton, the balsero"
^ Diaz, Johnny (20 January 2017). "Cuban rafts a symbol of escape". Sun Sentinel.
^ Penton, Mario (29 January 2020). "Cubans are still arriving in Miami aboard rafts and speed boats". Miami Herald.
^ Gomez, Alan (16 July 2015). "Cuban rafters face treacherous journey to reach U.S." USA Today.
^ Ackerman, Holly (1996), "The Balsero Phenomenon, 1991–1994", Cuban Studies, 26: 169–200, JSTOR 24487714

External links

University of Miami's site: The Cuban Rafter Phenomenon: A Unique Sea Exodus.

[1] HISPANIC AMERICAN RELIGIOUS CULTURES 2 VOLUME SET Key West, New Orleans, and New York City before 1959, the vast majority of Cuban Americans trace their U.S. residency or birth to four successive waves of immigration after 1960. ... The second wave began in 1965 and ended in 1973."Finally, the Balsero (Cuban Rafters) Crisis of 1994 almost became a repeat of the 1980 Mariel Exodus as some people stormed foreign embassies in Cuba, while thousands of others attempted to flee the island on makeshift rafts and unsafe ..That summer, over a four-day period in late August, a fleet of 16 Coast Guard cutters picked up over 8,000 Cuban rafters. ... Some scholars identify this crisis as the fourth wave of Cuban immigration to the United States, while others interpret it as part of the smaller ... Although the Cuban Rafter Crisis of 1994 was settled by an agreement between Fidel Castro and President William Clinton, the balsero"

[2] Diaz, Johnny (20 January 2017). "Cuban rafts a symbol of escape". Sun Sentinel.

[miami-3] Penton, Mario (29 January 2020). "Cubans are still arriving in Miami aboard rafts and speed boats". Miami Herald.

[4] Gomez, Alan (16 July 2015). "Cuban rafters face treacherous journey to reach U.S." USA Today.

[5] Ackerman, Holly (1996), "The Balsero Phenomenon, 1991–1994", Cuban Studies, 26: 169–200, JSTOR 24487714

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v t e Cuban exiles
Cuban exodus	Golden exile 1959-1962 Bay of Pigs Invasion Operation Peter Pan 1960-62 Freedom Flights 1965-73 Leyla Express and Johnny Express incidents 1971 El Diálogo 1978 Mariel boatlift 1980 Diplomatic protection incident at the Peruvian Embassy, Havana Fort Chaffee crisis Atlanta prison riots Sinking of tugboat "13 de Marzo" 1994 Cuban raft exodus 1994 Maleconazo Operations Safe Haven and Safe Passage
People	Cuban boat people Marielitos Balseros Dialoguero Wet feet, dry feet policy
Political organizations	Alpha 66 Antonio Maceo Brigade Brothers to the Rescue Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations Omega 7 FEPCUBE
Related	Cuban immigration to the United States Cuban migration to Miami Cuban baseball players who defected