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Atayal people

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"Tayan" redirects here. For the town in Kyrgyzstan, see Tayan, Kyrgyzstan.

Atayal people
Tayal, Tayan
Total population
94,425 (2022,Nov)
Regions with significant populations
Taiwan
Languages
Atayal, Mandarin, Taiwanese, Yilan Creole Japanese
Religion
Animism, Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Seediq, Truku, Kavalan, Taiwanese Aborigines

The Atayal (Chinese: 泰雅; pinyin: Tàiyǎ), also known as the Tayal and the Tayan,[1] are a Taiwanese indigenous people. The Atayal people number around 90,000, approximately 15.9% of Taiwan's total indigenous population, making them the third-largest indigenous group.[2][3] The preferred endonym is "Tayal"[citation needed], although the Taiwanese government officially recognizes them as "Atayal".[4]

Etymology

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The Atayal word for Atayal is tayal, meaning "human" or "man".[5] The word the people use to refer to themselves is Tayal, almost never Atayal.

Origins

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1901 map of Taiwan, with "Atayal Group" marked.
Photograph of Atayal warrior taken in the 1900s.

The first record of Atayal inhabitance is found near the upper reaches of the Zhuoshui River. During the late 17th century, they crossed the Central Mountain Ranges into the wilderness of the east. They then settled in the Liwu River valley. Seventy-nine Atayal villages can be found here. [citation needed]

Genetics

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Taiwan has been home to a number of Austronesian indigenous groups since before 4,000 BC.[6] However, genetic analysis suggests that the different peoples may have different ancestral source populations originating in mainland Asia, and developed in isolation from each other. The Atayal people are believed to have migrated to Taiwan from Southern China or Southeast Asia.[7] Genetic studies have also found similarities between the Atayal and other people in the Philippines and Thailand, and to a lesser extent with south China and Vietnam.[8] The Atayal are genetically distinct from the Amis people, who are the largest indigenous group in Taiwan, as well as from the Han people, suggesting little mingling between these people.[9] Studies on Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphisms suggest ancient migrations of two lineages of the various peoples into Taiwan approximately 11,000–26,000 years ago.[10]

Recent DNA studies show that the Lapita people and modern Polynesians have a common ancestry with the Atayal and the Kankanaey people of the northern Philippines.[11]

The Atayal are visibly different from the Han Chinese of Taiwan.[12]

Folklore

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According to stories told by their elders, the first Atayal ancestors appeared when a stone, Pinspkan, cracked apart. There were three people, but one decided to go back into the stone. One man and one woman who lived together for a very long time and loved each other very much. But the boy was shy and wouldn't dare approach her. Whereupon, the girl came up with an idea. She left her home and found some coal with which to blacken her face so she could pose as a different girl.

After several days, she crept back into their home and the boy mistook her for another girl and they lived happily together. Not long after, the couple bore children, fulfilling their mission of procreating the next generation. The Atayal custom of face tattooing may have come from the girl blackening her face in the story.

Culture

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Lifestyle

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Traditional Atayal houses.

The Atayal people have a distinct culture. They traditionally lived by fishing, hunting, gathering, and growing crops on burned-off mountain fields. The Atayal also traditionally practice crafts such as weaving, net knotting, and woodworking. They also have culturally specific musical instruments and dances.

The Atayal were known as skilled warriors. In a practice illegal since the Japanese Colonial Era (1895–1945), for a man to earn his facial tattoo, he had to bring back at least one human head; these heads, or skulls, were highly honored, given food and drink, and expected to bring good harvests to the fields. (See Headhunting.) The Atayal are also known for the case of the Wushe Incident, in which the Atayal participated in an uprising against colonial Japanese forces.

The Lalaw Behuw, a type of long knife, was a weapon used by the Atayals.[13][14][15]

Traditional dress

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Atayal dress.

The Atayal are proficient weavers, incorporating symbolic patterns and designs on their traditional dress. The features are mainly of geometric style, and the colors are bright and dazzling. Most of the designs are argyles and horizontal lines. In Atayal culture, the horizontal lines represent the rainbow bridge which leads the dead to where the ancestors' spirits live. Argyles, on the other hand, represent ancestors' eyes protecting the Atayal. The favorite color of this culture is red because it represents blood and power.

Facial tattoos

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Two elder Atayal women with facial tattoos as a symbol of maturity, which was a tradition for both males and females. The custom was banned during Japanese rule.

The Atayal people are also known for using facial tattooing and teeth filing in coming-of-age initiation rituals. The facial tattoo, in Squliq Tayal, is called ptasan. In the past both men and women had to show that they had performed a major task associated with adulthood before their faces could be tattooed. For a man, he had to take the head of an enemy, showing his valor as a hunter to protect and provide for his people, while women had to be able to weave cloth. A girl would learn to weave when she was about ten or twelve, and she had to master the skill in order to earn her tattoo. Only those with tattoos could marry, and, after death, only those with tattoos could cross the hongu utux, or spirit bridge (the rainbow) to the hereafter.

Male tattooing is relatively simple, with only two bands down the forehead and chin. Once a male came of age he would have his forehead tattooed; after fathering a child, his bottom chin was tattooed. For the female, tattooing was done on the cheek, typically from the ears across both cheeks to the lips forming a V shape. While tattooing on a man is relatively quick, on a female it may take up to ten hours.[7]

Tattooing was performed only by female tattooists. The tattooing was performed using a group of needles lashed to a stick called atok tapped into the skin using a hammer called totsin. Black ash would then be rubbed into the skin to create the tattoo. Healing could take up to a month.[7]

The Japanese banned the practice of tattooing in 1930 because of its association with headhunting. With the introduction of Christianity, the practice declined, and tattoos were only seen on the elderly. However, some young people in recent years have attempted to revive the practice.[7] By 2018 only one tattooed elder survived, Lawa Piheg, who was tattooed when she was 8.[16] Lawa Piheg died on 14 September 2019.[17][18]

Atayal in modern times

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A map showing the distribution of the two major dialect groups of the Atayal language. The Atayal people reside in central and northern Taiwan, along the Hsuehshan mountains.
Main article: Taiwanese aborigines – Contemporary Aborigines

The Atayal people in Taiwan live in central and northern Taiwan. The northernmost village is in Ulay District (Wulai in Chinese), about 25 kilometers south of Taipei. The Atayal Tribe The community of Smangus in Jianshi Township had become well known as a tourist destination, and an experiment in communalism.[19]

Many Atayal are bilingual, but the Atayal language still remains in active use.

Notable Atayal people

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Atayal". Digital Museum of Taiwan Indigenous Peoples. Archived from the original on 13 August 2012.
  2. ^ Hsieh, Chia-chen; Wu, Jeffrey (15 February 2014). "Amis Remains Taiwan's Biggest Aboriginal Tribe at 37.1% of Total". Focus Taiwan News Channel. Central News Agency. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015.
  3. ^ Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (DGBAS). National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan). Preliminary statistical analysis report of 2000 Population and Housing Census Archived 2007-03-12 at the Wayback Machine. Excerpted from Table 28:Indigenous population distribution in Taiwan-Fukien Area. Accessed PM 8/30/06
  4. ^ The Indigenous Peoples Basic Law (2). Legislative Yuan. 20 June 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  5. ^ "Tayal". Yuán zhù mínzú yǔyán xiànshàng cídiǎn 原住民族語言線上詞典 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Yuan zhu minzu weiyuanhui. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  6. ^ Ruhlen, Merritt (1994). The Origin of Language: Tracing the Origin of the Mother Tongue. New York: Wiley. pp. 177–180.
  7. ^ a b c d DeMello, Margo (2014). Inked: Tattoos and Body Art around the World. ABC-Clio. pp. 34–36. ISBN 978-1610690751.
  8. ^ Chen, K. H.; Cann, H.; Chen, T. C.; Van West, B.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. (1985). "Genetic markers of an aboriginal Taiwanese population". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 66 (3): 327–337. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330660310. PMID 3857010.
  9. ^ Chow, Rachel A.; Caeiro, Jose L.; Chen, Shu-Juo; Garcia-Bertrand, Ralph L.; Herrera, Rene J. (2005). "Genetic Characterization of Four Austronesian-Speaking Populations" (PDF). Journal of Human Genetics. 50 (11): 550–559. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0294-0. PMID 16208426. S2CID 24730332.
  10. ^ Tajima, A.; Sun, C. S.; Pan, I. H.; Ishida, T.; Saitou, N.; Horai, S. (2003). "Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphisms in Nine Aboriginal Groups of Taiwan: Implications for the Population History of Aboriginal Taiwanese". Human Genetics. 113 (1): 24–33. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-0945-1. PMID 12687351. S2CID 6772237.
  11. ^ Gibbons, Ann (3 October 2016). "'Game-Changing' Study Suggests First Polynesians Voyaged All the Way from East Asia". Science. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  12. ^ Dudding, Adam (15 March 2015). "New Zealand's Long-Lost Taiwanese Cuzzies". Stuff Destinations. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  13. ^ Cheng, Kwang-po 鄭光博. "Dàkēkàn xī liúyù tàiyǎ zú Lmuhuw wénběn fēnxī" 大嵙崁溪流域泰雅族 Lmuhuw 文本分析 [An Analysis of Lmuhuw Texts of the Tayal Tribe in the Dakekan River Basin] (PDF) (in Chinese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2016.
  14. ^ Cheng, Kwang-po 鄭光博 (2006). "Chapter 4" (PDF). Sm'inu puqing kinhulan na Tayal: Cóng zǔ yuán guānniàn zhēng yìlùn dāngdài 'tàiyǎ zú'lìshǐ jìyì de jiàn Sm’inu puqing kinhulan na Tayal─從祖源觀念爭議論當代「泰雅族」歷史記憶的建 (Master's thesis) (in Chinese). Guoli zhengzhi daxue minzu xue yanjiu suo. p. 8.
    "Yǎměi yǔ" 雅美語 (in Chinese) – via Yuan zhu minzu weiyuanhui.
    "Fān dāo" 番刀. Flickriver (in Chinese).
  15. ^ "Tóng ménshān dāo jiē bǎinián chuíliàn" 銅門山刀街 百年錘鍊. Píngguǒ Rìbào (in Chinese). 10 May 2007. Archived from the original on 28 August 2016.
  16. ^ "My Face Was Tattooed when I Was Eight". BBC News (Video). 25 September 2018. – Interview with last tattooed person, with historical photographs of instruments, tattooed people, etc.
  17. ^ Lu, Kang-chun; Kuan, Jui-pin; Chung, Yu-chen (14 September 2019). "Last Atayal Woman with Facial Tattoos Dies at 97". Focus Taiwan News Channel. Central News Agency. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  18. ^ Tsai, Chang-sheng; Chung, Jake (15 September 2019). "Last Atayal with a Traditional Tattoo Dies". Taipei Times. p. 2. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  19. ^ Woodworth, Max (10 August 2003). "Returning to the Land of the Ancestors". Taipei Times. p. 17. Retrieved 21 October 2006.
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