Jump to content

BRCA1

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from BRCA1 mutation)

BRCA1
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesBRCA1, breast cancer 1, early onset, BRCAI, BRCC1, BROVCA1, IRIS, PNCA4, PPP1R53, PSCP, RNF53, FANCS, breast cancer 1, DNA repair associated, BRCA1 DNA repair associated, Genes
External IDsOMIM: 113705; MGI: 104537; HomoloGene: 5276; GeneCards: BRCA1; OMA:BRCA1 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

672

12189

Ensembl

ENSG00000012048

ENSMUSG00000017146

UniProt

P38398

P48754

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_009764

RefSeq (protein)

NP_009225
NP_009228
NP_009229
NP_009230
NP_009231

NP_033894

Location (UCSC)Chr 17: 43.04 – 43.17 MbChr 11: 101.38 – 101.44 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BRCA1 (/ˌbrækəˈwʌn/) gene.[5] Orthologs are common in other vertebrate species, whereas invertebrate genomes may encode a more distantly related gene.[6] BRCA1 is a human tumor suppressor gene[7][8] (also known as a caretaker gene) and is responsible for repairing DNA.[9]

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are unrelated proteins,[10] but both are normally expressed in the cells of breast and other tissue, where they help repair damaged DNA, or destroy cells if DNA cannot be repaired. They are involved in the repair of chromosomal damage with an important role in the error-free repair of DNA double-strand breaks.[11][12] If BRCA1 or BRCA2 itself is damaged by a BRCA mutation, damaged DNA is not repaired properly, and this increases the risk for breast cancer.[13][11] BRCA1 and BRCA2 have been described as "breast cancer susceptibility genes" and "breast cancer susceptibility proteins". The predominant allele has a normal, tumor-suppressive function whereas high penetrance mutations in these genes cause a loss of tumor-suppressive function which correlates with an increased risk of breast cancer.[14]

BRCA1 combines with other tumor suppressors, DNA damage sensors and signal transducers to form a large multi-subunit protein complex known as the BRCA1-associated genome surveillance complex (BASC).[15] The BRCA1 protein associates with RNA polymerase II, and through the C-terminal domain, also interacts with histone deacetylase complexes. Thus, this protein plays a role in transcription, and DNA repair of double-strand DNA breaks[11] ubiquitination, transcriptional regulation as well as other functions.[16]

Methods to test for the likelihood of a patient with mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 developing cancer were covered by patents owned or controlled by Myriad Genetics.[17][18] Myriad's business model of offering the diagnostic test exclusively led from Myriad being a startup in 1994 to being a publicly traded company with 1200 employees and about $500 million in annual revenue in 2012;[19] it also led to controversy over high prices and the inability to obtain second opinions from other diagnostic labs, which in turn led to the landmark Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics lawsuit.[20]

Discovery

[edit]

The chromosomal location of BRCA1 was discovered by Mary-Claire King's team at UC Berkeley in 1990.[21] After an international race to refine the precise location of BRCA1,[22] the gene was cloned in 1994 by scientists at University of Utah, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and Myriad Genetics.[17][23]

Gene

[edit]

BRCA1 orthologs have been identified in most vertebrates for which complete genome data are available.[6]

Protein structure

[edit]

The BRCA1 protein contains the following domains:[24]

This protein also contains nuclear localization signals and nuclear export signal motifs.[25]

The human BRCA1 protein consists of four major protein domains; the Znf C3HC4- RING domain, the BRCA1 serine domain and two BRCT domains. These domains encode approximately 27% of BRCA1 protein. There are six known isoforms of BRCA1,[26] with isoforms 1 and 2 comprising 1863 amino acids each.[citation needed]

BRCA1 is unrelated to BRCA2, i.e. they are not homologs or paralogs.[10]

text
Domain map of BRCA1; RING, serine containing domain (SCD), and BRCT domains are indicated. Horizontal black lines indicate protein-binding domains for the listed partners. Red circles mark phosphorylation sites.[27]

Zinc RING finger domain

[edit]

The RING motif, a Zn finger found in eukaryotic peptides, is 40–60 amino acids long and consists of eight conserved metal-binding residues, two quartets of cysteine or histidine residues that coordinate two zinc atoms.[28] This motif contains a short anti-parallel beta-sheet, two zinc-binding loops and a central alpha helix in a small domain. This RING domain interacts with associated proteins, including BARD1, which also contains a RING motif, to form a heterodimer. The BRCA1 RING motif is flanked by alpha helices formed by residues 8–22 and 81–96 of the BRCA1 protein. It interacts with a homologous region in BARD1 also consisting of a RING finger flanked by two alpha-helices formed from residues 36–48 and 101–116. These four helices combine to form a heterodimerization interface and stabilize the BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer complex. Additional stabilization is achieved by interactions between adjacent residues in the flanking region and hydrophobic interactions. The BARD1/BRCA1 interaction is disrupted by tumorigenic amino acid substitutions in BRCA1, implying that the formation of a stable complex between these proteins may be an essential aspect of BRCA1 tumor suppression.[28]

The RING domain is an important element of ubiquitin E3 ligases, which catalyze protein ubiquitination. Ubiquitin is a small regulatory protein found in all tissues that direct proteins to compartments within the cell. BRCA1 polypeptides, in particular, Lys-48-linked polyubiquitin chains are dispersed throughout the resting cell nucleus, but at the start of DNA replication, they gather in restrained groups that also contain BRCA2 and BARD1. BARD1 is thought to be involved in the recognition and binding of protein targets for ubiquitination.[29] It attaches to proteins and labels them for destruction. Ubiquitination occurs via the BRCA1 fusion protein and is abolished by zinc chelation.[28] The enzyme activity of the fusion protein is dependent on the proper folding of the RING domain.[citation needed]

Serine cluster domain

[edit]

BRCA1 serine cluster domain (SCD) spans amino acids 1280–1524. A portion of the domain is located in exons 11–13. High rates of mutation occur in exons 11–13. Reported phosphorylation sites of BRCA1 are concentrated in the SCD, where they are phosphorylated by ATM/ATR kinases both in vitro and in vivo. ATM/ATR are kinases activated by DNA damage. Mutation of serine residues may affect localization of BRCA1 to sites of DNA damage and DNA damage response function.[27]

BRCT domains

[edit]

The dual repeat BRCT domain of the BRCA1 protein is an elongated structure approximately 70 Å long and 30–35 Å wide.[30] The 85–95 amino acid domains in BRCT can be found as single modules or as multiple tandem repeats containing two domains.[31] Both of these possibilities can occur in a single protein in a variety of different conformations.[30] The C-terminal BRCT region of the BRCA1 protein is essential for repair of DNA, transcription regulation and tumor-suppressor function.[32] In BRCA1 the dual tandem repeat BRCT domains are arranged in a head-to-tail-fashion in the three-dimensional structure, burying 1600 Å of hydrophobic, solvent-accessible surface area in the interface. These all contribute to the tightly packed knob-in-hole structure that comprises the interface. These homologous domains interact to control cellular responses to DNA damage. A missense mutation at the interface of these two proteins can perturb the cell cycle, resulting a greater risk of developing cancer.[citation needed]

Function and mechanism

[edit]

BRCA1 is part of a complex that repairs double-strand breaks in DNA. The strands of the DNA double helix are continuously breaking as they become damaged. Sometimes only one strand is broken, sometimes both strands are broken simultaneously. DNA cross-linking agents are an important source of chromosome/DNA damage. Double-strand breaks occur as intermediates after the crosslinks are removed, and indeed, biallelic mutations in BRCA1 have been identified to be responsible for Fanconi Anemia, Complementation Group S (FA-S),[33] a genetic disease associated with hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents. BRCA1 is part of a protein complex that repairs DNA when both strands are broken. When this happens, it is difficult for the repair mechanism to "know" how to replace the correct DNA sequence, and there are multiple ways to attempt the repair. The double-strand repair mechanism in which BRCA1 participates is homology-directed repair, where the repair proteins copy the identical sequence from the intact sister chromatid.[34] FA-S is almost always a lethal condition in utero; only a handful cases of biallelic BRCA1 mutations have been reported in literature despite the high carrier frequencies in the Ashkenazim, and none since 2013.[35]

In the nucleus of many types of normal cells, the BRCA1 protein interacts with RAD51 during repair of DNA double-strand breaks.[36] These breaks can be caused by natural radiation or other exposures, but also occur when chromosomes exchange genetic material (homologous recombination, e.g., "crossing over" during meiosis). The BRCA2 protein, which has a function similar to that of BRCA1, also interacts with the RAD51 protein. By influencing DNA damage repair, these three proteins play a role in maintaining the stability of the human genome.[37]

BRCA1 is also involved in another type of DNA repair, termed mismatch repair. BRCA1 interacts with the DNA mismatch repair protein MSH2.[38] MSH2, MSH6, PARP and some other proteins involved in single-strand repair are reported to be elevated in BRCA1-deficient mammary tumors.[39]

A protein called valosin-containing protein (VCP, also known as p97) plays a role to recruit BRCA1 to the damaged DNA sites. After ionizing radiation, VCP is recruited to DNA lesions and cooperates with the ubiquitin ligase RNF8 to orchestrate assembly of signaling complexes for efficient DSB repair.[40] BRCA1 interacts with VCP.[41] BRCA1 also interacts with c-Myc, and other proteins that are critical to maintain genome stability.[42]

BRCA1 directly binds to DNA, with higher affinity for branched DNA structures. This ability to bind to DNA contributes to its ability to inhibit the nuclease activity of the MRN complex as well as the nuclease activity of Mre11 alone.[43] This may explain a role for BRCA1 to promote lower fidelity DNA repair by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ).[44] BRCA1 also colocalizes with γ-H2AX (histone H2AX phosphorylated on serine-139) in DNA double-strand break repair foci, indicating it may play a role in recruiting repair factors.[16][45]

Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are common environmental sources of DNA cross links that often require repairs mediated by BRCA1 containing pathways.[46]

This DNA repair function is essential; mice with loss-of-function mutations in both BRCA1 alleles are not viable, and as of 2015 only two adults were known to have loss-of-function mutations in both alleles (leading to FA-S); both had congenital or developmental issues, and both had cancer. One was presumed to have survived to adulthood because one of the BRCA1 mutations was hypomorphic.[47]

Transcription

[edit]

BRCA1 was shown to co-purify with the human RNA polymerase II holoenzyme in HeLa extracts, implying it is a component of the holoenzyme.[48] Later research, however, contradicted this assumption, instead showing that the predominant complex including BRCA1 in HeLa cells is a 2 megadalton complex containing SWI/SNF.[49] SWI/SNF is a chromatin remodeling complex. Artificial tethering of BRCA1 to chromatin was shown to decondense heterochromatin, though the SWI/SNF interacting domain was not necessary for this role.[45] BRCA1 interacts with the NELF-B (COBRA1) subunit of the NELF complex.[45]

Mutations and cancer risk

[edit]
Absolute risk of cancers in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation.[50]
Further information: BRCA mutation

Certain variations of the BRCA1 gene lead to an increased risk for breast cancer as part of a hereditary breast–ovarian cancer syndrome. Researchers have identified hundreds of mutations in the BRCA1 gene, many of which are associated with an increased risk of cancer. Females with an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene have up to an 80% risk of developing breast cancer by age 90; increased risk of developing ovarian cancer is about 55% for females with BRCA1 mutations and about 25% for females with BRCA2 mutations.[51]

These mutations can be changes in one or a small number of DNA base pairs (the building-blocks of DNA), and can be identified with PCR and DNA sequencing.[52]

In some cases, large segments of DNA are rearranged. Those large segments, also called large rearrangements, can be a deletion or a duplication of one or several exons in the gene. Classical methods for mutation detection (sequencing) are unable to reveal these types of mutation.[53] Other methods have been proposed: traditional quantitative PCR,[54] multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA),[55] and Quantitative Multiplex PCR of Short Fluorescent Fragments (QMPSF).[56] Newer methods have also been recently proposed: heteroduplex analysis (HDA) by multi-capillary electrophoresis or also dedicated oligonucleotides array based on comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH).[57]

Some results suggest that hypermethylation of the BRCA1 promoter, which has been reported in some cancers, could be considered as an inactivating mechanism for BRCA1 expression.[58]

A mutated BRCA1 gene usually makes a protein that does not function properly. Researchers believe that the defective BRCA1 protein is unable to help fix DNA damage leading to mutations in other genes. These mutations can accumulate and may allow cells to grow and divide uncontrollably to form a tumor. Thus, BRCA1 inactivating mutations lead to a predisposition for cancer.[citation needed]

BRCA1 mRNA 3' UTR can be bound by an miRNA, Mir-17 microRNA. It has been suggested that variations in this miRNA along with Mir-30 microRNA could confer susceptibility to breast cancer.[59]

In addition to breast cancer, mutations in the BRCA1 gene also increase the risk of ovarian and prostate cancers. Moreover, precancerous lesions (dysplasia) within the fallopian tube have been linked to BRCA1 gene mutations. Pathogenic mutations anywhere in a model pathway containing BRCA1 and BRCA2 greatly increase risks for a subset of leukemias and lymphomas.[11]

Women who have inherited a defective BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene are at a greatly elevated risk to develop breast and ovarian cancer. Their risk of developing breast and/or ovarian cancer is so high, and so specific to those cancers, that many mutation carriers choose to have prophylactic surgery. There has been much conjecture to explain such apparently striking tissue specificity. Major determinants of where BRCA1/2 hereditary cancers occur are related to tissue specificity of the cancer pathogen, the agent that causes chronic inflammation or the carcinogen. The target tissue may have receptors for the pathogen, may become selectively exposed to an inflammatory process or to a carcinogen. An innate genomic deficit in a tumor suppressor gene impairs normal responses and exacerbates the susceptibility to disease in organ targets. This theory also fits data for several tumor suppressors beyond BRCA1 or BRCA2. A major advantage of this model is that it suggests there may be some options in addition to prophylactic surgery.[60]

As aforementioned, biallelic and homozygous inheritance of the BRCA1 gene leads to FA-S, which is almost always an embryonically lethal condition.

Low expression of BRCA1 in breast and ovarian cancers

[edit]

BRCA1 expression is reduced or undetectable in the majority of high grade, ductal breast cancers.[61] It has long been noted that loss of BRCA1 activity, either by germ-line mutations or by down-regulation of gene expression, leads to tumor formation in specific target tissues. In particular, decreased BRCA1 expression contributes to both sporadic and inherited breast tumor progression.[62] Reduced expression of BRCA1 is tumorigenic because it plays an important role in the repair of DNA damages, especially double-strand breaks, by the potentially error-free pathway of homologous recombination.[63] Since cells that lack the BRCA1 protein tend to repair DNA damages by alternative more error-prone mechanisms, the reduction or silencing of this protein generates mutations and gross chromosomal rearrangements that can lead to progression to breast cancer.[63]

Similarly, BRCA1 expression is low in the majority (55%) of sporadic epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) where EOCs are the most common type of ovarian cancer, representing approximately 90% of ovarian cancers.[64] In serous ovarian carcinomas, a sub-category constituting about 2/3 of EOCs, low BRCA1 expression occurs in more than 50% of cases.[65] Bowtell[66] reviewed the literature indicating that deficient homologous recombination repair caused by BRCA1 deficiency is tumorigenic. In particular this deficiency initiates a cascade of molecular events that sculpt the evolution of high-grade serous ovarian cancer and dictate its response to therapy. Especially noted was that BRCA1 deficiency could be the cause of tumorigenesis whether due to BRCA1 mutation or any other event that causes a deficiency of BRCA1 expression.

In addition to its role in repairing DNA damages, BRCA1 facilitates apoptosis in breast and ovarian cell lines when cells are stressed by agents, including ionizing radiation, that cause DNA damages.[67] Repair of DNA damages and apoptosis are two enzymatic processes essential for maintaining genome integrity in humans. Cells that are deficient in DNA repair tend to accumulate DNA damages, and when such cells are also defective in apoptosis they tend to survive even with excess DNA damage.[68] Replication of DNA in such cells leads to mutations and these mutations may cause cancer. Thus BRCA1 appears to have two roles related to the prevention of cancer, where one role is to promote repair of a specific class of damages and the second role is to induce apoptosis if the level of such DNA damage is beyond the cell's repair capability[68]

Mutation of BRCA1 in breast and ovarian cancer

[edit]

Only about 3%–8% of all women with breast cancer carry a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2.[69] Similarly, BRCA1 mutations are only seen in about 18% of ovarian cancers (13% germline mutations and 5% somatic mutations).[70]

Thus, while BRCA1 expression is low in the majority of these cancers, BRCA1 mutation is not a major cause of reduced expression. Certain latent viruses, which are frequently detected in breast cancer tumors, can decrease the expression of the BRCA1 gene and cause the development of breast tumors.[71]

BRCA1 promoter hypermethylation in breast and ovarian cancer

[edit]

BRCA1 promoter hypermethylation was present in only 13% of unselected primary breast carcinomas.[72] Similarly, BRCA1 promoter hypermethylation was present in only 5% to 15% of EOC cases.[64]

Thus, while BRCA1 expression is low in these cancers, BRCA1 promoter methylation is only a minor cause of reduced expression.

MicroRNA repression of BRCA1 in breast cancers

[edit]

There are a number of specific microRNAs, when overexpressed, that directly reduce expression of specific DNA repair proteins (see MicroRNA section DNA repair and cancer) In the case of breast cancer, microRNA-182 (miR-182) specifically targets BRCA1.[73] Breast cancers can be classified based on receptor status or histology, with triple-negative breast cancer (15%–25% of breast cancers), HER2+ (15%–30% of breast cancers), ER+/PR+ (about 70% of breast cancers), and Invasive lobular carcinoma (about 5%–10% of invasive breast cancer). All four types of breast cancer were found to have an average of about 100-fold increase in miR-182, compared to normal breast tissue.[74] In breast cancer cell lines, there is an inverse correlation of BRCA1 protein levels with miR-182 expression.[73] Thus it appears that much of the reduction or absence of BRCA1 in high grade ductal breast cancers may be due to over-expressed miR-182.

In addition to miR-182, a pair of almost identical microRNAs, miR-146a and miR-146b-5p, also repress BRCA1 expression. These two microRNAs are over-expressed in triple-negative tumors and their over-expression results in BRCA1 inactivation.[75] Thus, miR-146a and/or miR-146b-5p may also contribute to reduced expression of BRCA1 in these triple-negative breast cancers.

MicroRNA repression of BRCA1 in ovarian cancers

[edit]

In both serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (the precursor lesion to high grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HG-SOC)), and in HG-SOC itself, miR-182 is overexpressed in about 70% of cases.[76] In cells with over-expressed miR-182, BRCA1 remained low, even after exposure to ionizing radiation (which normally raises BRCA1 expression).[76] Thus much of the reduced or absent BRCA1 in HG-SOC may be due to over-expressed miR-182.

Another microRNA known to reduce expression of BRCA1 in ovarian cancer cells is miR-9.[64] Among 58 tumors from patients with stage IIIC or stage IV serous ovarian cancers (HG-SOG), an inverse correlation was found between expressions of miR-9 and BRCA1,[64] so that increased miR-9 may also contribute to reduced expression of BRCA1 in these ovarian cancers.

Deficiency of BRCA1 expression is likely tumorigenic

[edit]

DNA damage appears to be the primary underlying cause of cancer,[77] and deficiencies in DNA repair appears to underlie many forms of cancer.[78] If DNA repair is deficient, DNA damage tends to accumulate. Such excess DNA damage may increase mutational errors during DNA replication due to error-prone translesion synthesis. Excess DNA damage may also increase epigenetic alterations due to errors during DNA repair.[79][80] Such mutations and epigenetic alterations may give rise to cancer. The frequent microRNA-induced deficiency of BRCA1 in breast and ovarian cancers likely contribute to the progression of those cancers.

Germ-line mutations and founder effect

[edit]

All germ-line BRCA1 mutations identified to date have been inherited, suggesting the possibility of a large "founder" effect in which a certain mutation is common to a well-defined population group and can, in theory, be traced back to a common ancestor. Given the complexity of mutation screening for BRCA1, these common mutations may simplify the methods required for mutation screening in certain populations. Analysis of mutations that occur with high frequency also permits the study of their clinical expression.[81] Examples of manifestations of a founder effect are seen among Ashkenazi Jews. Three mutations in BRCA1 have been reported to account for the majority of Ashkenazi Jewish patients with inherited BRCA1-related breast and/or ovarian cancer: 185delAG, 188del11 and 5382insC in the BRCA1 gene.[82][83] In fact, it has been shown that if a Jewish woman does not carry a BRCA1 185delAG, BRCA1 5382insC founder mutation, it is highly unlikely that a different BRCA1 mutation will be found.[84] Additional examples of founder mutations in BRCA1 are given in Table 1 (mainly derived from[81]).

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
Population or subgroup BRCA1 mutation(s)[85] Reference(s)
African-Americans 943ins10, M1775R [86]
Afrikaners E881X, 1374delC [87][88]
Ashkenazi Jewish 185delAG, 188del11, 5382insC [82][83]
Austrians 2795delA, C61G, 5382insC, Q1806stop [89]
Belgians 2804delAA, IVS5+3A>G [90][91]
Dutch Exon 2 deletion, exon 13 deletion, 2804delAA [90][92][93]
Finns 3745delT, IVS11-2A>G [94][95]
French 3600del11, G1710X [96]
French Canadians C4446T [97]
Germans 5382insC, 4184del4 [98][99]
Greeks 5382insC [100]
Hungarians 300T>G, 5382insC, 185delAG [101]
Italians 5083del19 [102]
Japanese L63X, Q934X [103]
Native North Americans 1510insG, 1506A>G [104]
Northern Irish 2800delAA [105]
Norwegians 816delGT, 1135insA, 1675delA, 3347delAG [106][107]
Pakistanis 2080insA, 3889delAG, 4184del4, 4284delAG, IVS14-1A>G [108]
Poles 300T>G, 5382insC, C61G, 4153delA [109][110]
Russians 5382insC, 4153delA [111]
Scots 2800delAA [105][112]
Spaniards R71G [113][114]
Swedes Q563X, 3171ins5, 1201del11, 2594delC [86][115]

Female fertility

[edit]

As women age, reproductive performance declines, leading to menopause. This decline is tied to a reduction in the number of ovarian follicles. Although about 1 million oocytes are present at birth in the human ovary, only about 500 (about 0.05%) of these ovulate. The decline in ovarian reserve appears to occur at a constantly increasing rate with age,[116] and leads to nearly complete exhaustion of the reserve by about age 52. As ovarian reserve and fertility decline with age, there is also a parallel increase in pregnancy failure and meiotic errors, resulting in chromosomally abnormal conceptions.[117]

Women with a germ-line BRCA1 mutation appear to have a diminished oocyte reserve and decreased fertility compared to normally aging women.[118] Furthermore, women with an inherited BRCA1 mutation undergo menopause prematurely.[119] Since BRCA1 is a key DNA repair protein, these findings suggest that naturally occurring DNA damages in oocytes are repaired less efficiently in women with a BRCA1 defect, and that this repair inefficiency leads to early reproductive failure.[118]

As noted above, the BRCA1 protein plays a key role in homologous recombinational repair. This is the only known cellular process that can accurately repair DNA double-strand breaks. DNA double-strand breaks accumulate with age in humans and mice in primordial follicles.[120] Primordial follicles contain oocytes that are at an intermediate (prophase I) stage of meiosis. Meiosis is the general process in eukaryotic organisms by which germ cells are formed, and it is likely an adaptation for removing DNA damages, especially double-strand breaks, from germ line DNA.[121] (Also see article Meiosis). Homologous recombinational repair employing BRCA1 is especially promoted during meiosis. It was found that expression of four key genes necessary for homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks (BRCA1, MRE11, RAD51 and ATM) decline with age in the oocytes of humans and mice,[120] leading to the hypothesis that DNA double-strand break repair is necessary for the maintenance of oocyte reserve and that a decline in efficiency of repair with age plays a role in ovarian aging.

Cancer chemotherapy

[edit]

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. At diagnosis, almost 70% of persons with NSCLC have locally advanced or metastatic disease. Persons with NSCLC are often treated with therapeutic platinum compounds (e.g. cisplatin, carboplatin or oxaliplatin) that cause inter-strand cross-links in DNA. Among individuals with NSCLC, low expression of BRCA1 in the primary tumor correlated with improved survival after platinum-containing chemotherapy.[122][123] This correlation implies that low BRCA1 in cancer, and the consequent low level of DNA repair, causes vulnerability of cancer to treatment by the DNA cross-linking agents. High BRCA1 may protect cancer cells by acting in a pathway that removes the damages in DNA introduced by the platinum drugs. Thus the level of BRCA1 expression is a potentially important tool for tailoring chemotherapy in lung cancer management.[122][123]

Level of BRCA1 expression is also relevant to ovarian cancer treatment. Patients having sporadic ovarian cancer who were treated with platinum drugs had longer median survival times if their BRCA1 expression was low compared to patients with higher BRCA1 expression (46 compared to 33 months).[124]

Patents, enforcement, litigation, and controversy

[edit]
Main article: Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics

A patent application for the isolated BRCA1 gene and cancer promoting mutations discussed above, as well as methods to diagnose the likelihood of getting breast cancer, was filed by the University of Utah, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and Myriad Genetics in 1994;[17] over the next year, Myriad, (in collaboration with investigators at Endo Recherche, Inc., HSC Research & Development Limited Partnership, and University of Pennsylvania), isolated and sequenced the BRCA2 gene and identified key mutations, and the first BRCA2 patent was filed in the U.S. by Myriad and other institutions in 1995.[18] Myriad is the exclusive licensee of these patents and has enforced them in the US against clinical diagnostic labs.[20] This business model led from Myriad being a startup in 1994 to being a publicly traded company with 1200 employees and about $500M in annual revenue in 2012;[19] it also led to controversy over high prices and the inability to get second opinions from other diagnostic labs, which in turn led to the landmark Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics lawsuit.[20][125] The patents began to expire in 2014.

According to an article published in the journal, Genetic Medicine, in 2010, "The patent story outside the United States is more complicated.... For example, patents have been obtained but the patents are being ignored by provincial health systems in Canada. In Australia and the UK, Myriad's licensee permitted use by health systems but announced a change of plans in August 2008. Only a single mutation has been patented in Myriad's lone European-wide patent, although some patents remain under review of an opposition proceeding. In effect, the United States is the only jurisdiction where Myriad's strong patent position has conferred sole-provider status."[126][127] Peter Meldrum, CEO of Myriad Genetics, has acknowledged that Myriad has "other competitive advantages that may make such [patent] enforcement unnecessary" in Europe.[128]

As with any gene, finding variation in BRCA1 is not hard. The real value comes from understanding what the clinical consequences of any particular variant are. Myriad has a large, proprietary database of such genotype-phenotype correlations. In response, parallel open-source databases are being developed.

Legal decisions surrounding the BRCA1 and BRCA2 patents will affect the field of genetic testing in general.[129] A June 2013 article, in Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics (No. 12-398), quoted the US Supreme Court's unanimous ruling that, "A naturally occurring DNA segment is a product of nature and not patent eligible merely because it has been isolated," invalidating Myriad's patents on the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. However, the Court also held that manipulation of a gene to create something not found in nature could still be eligible for patent protection.[130] The Federal Court of Australia came to the opposite conclusion, upholding the validity of an Australian Myriad Genetics patent over the BRCA1 gene in February 2013.[131] The Federal Court also rejected an appeal in September 2014.[132] Yvonne D'Arcy won her case against US-based biotech company Myriad Genetics in the High Court of Australia. In their unanimous decision on October 7, 2015, the "high court found that an isolated nucleic acid, coding for a BRCA1 protein, with specific variations from the norm that are indicative of susceptibility to breast cancer and ovarian cancer was not a 'patentable invention.'"[133]

Interactions

[edit]

BRCA1 has been shown to interact with the following proteins:

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000012048 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000017146 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ Hamel PJ (2007-05-29). "BRCA1 and BRCA2: No Longer the Only Troublesome Genes Out There". HealthCentral. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
  6. ^ a b "BRCA1 gene tree". Ensembl.
  7. ^ Duncan JA, Reeves JR, Cooke TG (October 1998). "BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins: roles in health and disease". Molecular Pathology. 51 (5): 237–47. doi:10.1136/mp.51.5.237. PMC 395646. PMID 10193517.
  8. ^ Yoshida K, Miki Y (November 2004). "Role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 as regulators of DNA repair, transcription, and cell cycle in response to DNA damage". Cancer Science. 95 (11): 866–71. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb02195.x. PMC 11159131. PMID 15546503. S2CID 24297965.
  9. ^ Check W (September 2006). "BRCA: What we know now". College of American Pathologists. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  10. ^ a b Irminger-Finger I, Ratajska M, Pilyugin M (2016). "New concepts on BARD1: Regulator of BRCA pathways and beyond". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 72: 1–17. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2015.12.008. PMID 26738429.
  11. ^ a b c d Friedenson B (August 2007). "The BRCA1/2 pathway prevents hematologic cancers in addition to breast and ovarian cancers". BMC Cancer. 7: 152–162. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-7-152. PMC 1959234. PMID 17683622.
  12. ^ Friedenson B (2008-06-08). "Breast cancer genes protect against some leukemias and lymphomas" (video). SciVee.
  13. ^ "Breast and Ovarian Cancer Genetic Screening". Palo Alto Medical Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
  14. ^ O'Donovan PJ, Livingston DM (April 2010). "BRCA1 and BRCA2: breast/ovarian cancer susceptibility gene products and participants in DNA double-strand break repair". Carcinogenesis. 31 (6): 961–7. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgq069. PMID 20400477.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g Wang Y, Cortez D, Yazdi P, Neff N, Elledge SJ, Qin J (April 2000). "BASC, a super complex of BRCA1-associated proteins involved in the recognition and repair of aberrant DNA structures". Genes Dev. 14 (8): 927–39. doi:10.1101/gad.14.8.927. PMC 316544. PMID 10783165.
  16. ^ a b Starita LM, Parvin JD (2003). "The multiple nuclear functions of BRCA1: transcription, ubiquitination and DNA repair". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 15 (3): 345–350. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(03)00042-5. PMID 12787778.
  17. ^ a b c US patent 5747282, Skolnick HS, Goldgar DE, Miki Y, Swenson J, Kamb A, Harshman KD, Shattuck-Eidens DM, Tavtigian SV, Wiseman RW, Futreal PA, "7Q-linked breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene", issued 1998-05-05, assigned to Myriad Genetics, Inc., The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of Health and Human Services, and University of Utah Research Foundation 
  18. ^ a b US patent 5837492, Tavtigian SV, Kamb A, Simard J, Couch F, Rommens JM, Weber BL, "Chromosome 13-linked breast cancer susceptibility gene", issued 1998-11-17, assigned to Myriad Genetics, Inc., Endo Recherche, Inc., HSC Research & Development Limited Partnership, Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania 
  19. ^ a b Myriad Investor Page—see "Myriad at a glance" Archived 2012-10-18 at the Wayback Machine accessed October 2012
  20. ^ a b c Schwartz J (2009-05-12). "Cancer Patients Challenge the Patenting of a Gene". The New York Times. Health.
  21. ^ Hall JM, Lee MK, Newman B, Morrow JE, Anderson LA, Huey B, et al. (December 1990). "Linkage of early-onset familial breast cancer to chromosome 17q21". Science. 250 (4988): 1684–9. Bibcode:1990Sci...250.1684H. doi:10.1126/science.2270482. PMID 2270482.
  22. ^ High-Impact Science: Tracking down the BRCA genes (Part 1) Archived 2016-02-20 at the Wayback Machine – Cancer Research UK science blog, 2012
  23. ^ Miki Y, Swensen J, Shattuck-Eidens D, Futreal PA, Harshman K, Tavtigian S, et al. (October 1994). "A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1". Science. 266 (5182): 66–71. Bibcode:1994Sci...266...66M. doi:10.1126/science.7545954. PMID 7545954.
  24. ^ Paterson JW (February 1998). "BRCA1: a review of structure and putative functions". Dis. Markers. 13 (4): 261–74. doi:10.1155/1998/298530. PMID 9553742.
  25. ^ Henderson BR (September 2005). "Regulation of BRCA1, BRCA2 and BARD1 intracellular trafficking". BioEssays. 27 (9): 884–93. doi:10.1002/bies.20277. PMID 16108063. S2CID 10138907.
  26. ^ Universal protein resource accession number P38398 for "Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein" at UniProt.
  27. ^ a b Clark SL, Rodriguez AM, Snyder RR, Hankins GD, Boehning D (April 2012). "Structure-Function Of The Tumor Suppressor BRCA1". Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 1 (1): e201204005. doi:10.5936/csbj.201204005. PMC 3380633. PMID 22737296.
  28. ^ a b c d Brzovic PS, Rajagopal P, Hoyt DW, King MC, Klevit RE (October 2001). "Structure of a BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimeric RING-RING complex". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 8 (10): 833–7. doi:10.1038/nsb1001-833. PMID 11573085. S2CID 37617901.
  29. ^ Baer R (October 2001). "With the ends in sight: images from the BRCA1 tumor suppressor". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 8 (10): 822–4. doi:10.1038/nsb1001-822. PMID 11573079. S2CID 20552445.
  30. ^ a b Williams RS, Green R, Glover JN (October 2001). "Crystal structure of the BRCT repeat region from the breast cancer-associated protein BRCA1". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 8 (10): 838–42. doi:10.1038/nsb1001-838. PMID 11573086. S2CID 19275284.
  31. ^ Huyton T, Bates PA, Zhang X, Sternberg MJ, Freemont PS (August 2000). "The BRCA1 C-terminal domain: structure and function". Mutat. Res. 460 (3–4): 319–32. doi:10.1016/S0921-8777(00)00034-3. PMID 10946236.
  32. ^ a b Joo WS, Jeffrey PD, Cantor SB, Finnin MS, Livingston DM, Pavletich NP (March 2002). "Structure of the 53BP1 BRCT region bound to p53 and its comparison to the Brca1 BRCT structure". Genes Dev. 16 (5): 583–93. doi:10.1101/gad.959202. PMC 155350. PMID 11877378.
  33. ^ Sawyer SL, Tian L, Kahkonen M, Schwartzentruber J, Kircher M, Majewski J, et al. (2014). "Biallelic Mutations in BRCA1 Cause a New Fanconi Anemia Subtype". Cancer Discov. 5 (2): 135–42. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-14-1156. PMC 4320660. PMID 25472942.
  34. ^ "Kimball's Biologh Pages". Archived from the original on 2018-02-12. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
  35. ^ Domchek SM, Tang J, Stopfer J, Lilli DR, Hamel N, Tischkowitz M, et al. (April 2013). "Biallelic deleterious BRCA1 mutations in a woman with early-onset ovarian cancer". Cancer Discovery. 3 (4): 399–405. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-12-0421. PMC 3625496. PMID 23269703.
  36. ^ Boulton SJ (November 2006). "Cellular functions of the BRCA tumour-suppressor proteins". Biochem. Soc. Trans. 34 (Pt 5): 633–45. doi:10.1042/BST0340633. PMID 17052168.
  37. ^ Roy R, Chun J, Powell SN (December 2011). "BRCA1 and BRCA2: different roles in a common pathway of genome protection". Nature Reviews. Cancer. 12 (1): 68–78. doi:10.1038/nrc3181. PMC 4972490. PMID 22193408.
  38. ^ a b c d e f Wang Q, Zhang H, Guerrette S, Chen J, Mazurek A, Wilson T, et al. (August 2001). "Adenosine nucleotide modulates the physical interaction between hMSH2 and BRCA1". Oncogene. 20 (34): 4640–9. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204625. PMID 11498787.
  39. ^ Warmoes M, Jaspers JE, Pham TV, Piersma SR, Oudgenoeg G, Massink MP, et al. (July 2012). "Proteomics of mouse BRCA1-deficient mammary tumors identifies DNA repair proteins with potential diagnostic and prognostic value in human breast cancer". Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 11 (7): M111.013334-1-M111.013334-19. doi:10.1074/mcp.M111.013334. PMC 3394939. PMID 22366898.
  40. ^ Meerang M, Ritz D, Paliwal S, Garajova Z, Bosshard M, Mailand N, et al. (November 2011). "The ubiquitin-selective segregase VCP/p97 orchestrates the response to DNA double-strand breaks". Nat. Cell Biol. 13 (11): 1376–82. doi:10.1038/ncb2367. PMID 22020440. S2CID 22109822.
  41. ^ a b Zhang H, Wang Q, Kajino K, Greene MI (May 2000). "VCP, a weak ATPase involved in multiple cellular events, interacts physically with BRCA1 in the nucleus of living cells". DNA Cell Biol. 19 (5): 253–63. doi:10.1089/10445490050021168. PMID 10855792.
  42. ^ a b c Wang Q, Zhang H, Kajino K, Greene MI (October 1998). "BRCA1 binds c-Myc and inhibits its transcriptional and transforming activity in cells". Oncogene. 17 (15): 1939–48. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1202403. PMID 9788437.
  43. ^ a b Paull TT, Cortez D, Bowers B, Elledge SJ, Gellert M (2001). "Direct DNA binding by Brca1". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (11): 6086–91. doi:10.1073/pnas.111125998. PMC 33426. PMID 11353843.
  44. ^ Durant ST, Nickoloff JA (2005). "Good timing in the cell cycle for precise DNA repair by BRCA1". Cell Cycle. 4 (9): 1216–22. doi:10.4161/cc.4.9.2027. PMID 16103751.
  45. ^ a b c d Ye Q, Hu YF, Zhong H, Nye AC, Belmont AS, Li R (December 2001). "BRCA1-induced large-scale chromatin unfolding and allele-specific effects of cancer-predisposing mutations". J. Cell Biol. 155 (6): 911–21. doi:10.1083/jcb.200108049. PMC 2150890. PMID 11739404.
  46. ^ Ridpath JR, Nakamura A, Tano K, Luke AM, Sonoda E, Arakawa H, et al. (December 2007). "Cells deficient in the FANC/BRCA pathway are hypersensitive to plasma levels of formaldehyde". Cancer Res. 67 (23): 11117–22. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-3028. PMID 18056434.
  47. ^ Prakash R, Zhang Y, Feng W, Jasin M (April 2015). "Homologous recombination and human health: the roles of BRCA1, BRCA2, and associated proteins". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 7 (4): a016600. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a016600. PMC 4382744. PMID 25833843.
  48. ^ a b c Scully R, Anderson SF, Chao DM, Wei W, Ye L, Young RA, et al. (May 1997). "BRCA1 is a component of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (11): 5605–10. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.5605S. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.11.5605. PMC 20825. PMID 9159119.
  49. ^ a b c Bochar DA, Wang L, Beniya H, Kinev A, Xue Y, Lane WS, et al. (July 2000). "BRCA1 is associated with a human SWI/SNF-related complex: linking chromatin remodeling to breast cancer". Cell. 102 (2): 257–65. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00030-1. PMID 10943845.
  50. ^ Petrucelli N, Daly MB, Pal T (December 2016) [September 1998]. "BRCA1- and BRCA2-Associated Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer". In Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJ, Mirzaa G, Amemiya A (eds.). GeneReviews. University of Washington, Seattle. PMID 20301425. NBK1247.
  51. ^ "Genetics". Breastcancer.org. 2012-09-17.
  52. ^ Elstrodt F, Hollestelle A, Nagel JH, Gorin M, Wasielewski M, van den Ouweland A, et al. (January 2006). "BRCA1 mutation analysis of 41 human breast cancer cell lines reveals three new deleterious mutants". Cancer Research. 66 (1): 41–45. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-2853. PMID 16397213.
  53. ^ Mazoyer S (May 2005). "Genomic rearrangements in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes". Hum. Mutat. 25 (5): 415–22. doi:10.1002/humu.20169. PMID 15832305. S2CID 32023181.
  54. ^ Barrois M, Bièche I, Mazoyer S, Champème MH, Bressac-de Paillerets B, Lidereau R (February 2004). "Real-time PCR-based gene dosage assay for detecting BRCA1 rearrangements in breast-ovarian cancer families". Clin. Genet. 65 (2): 131–6. doi:10.1111/j.0009-9163.2004.00200.x. PMID 14984472. S2CID 11583160.
  55. ^ Hogervorst FB, Nederlof PM, Gille JJ, McElgunn CJ, Grippeling M, Pruntel R, et al. (April 2003). "Large genomic deletions and duplications in the BRCA1 gene identified by a novel quantitative method". Cancer Res. 63 (7): 1449–53. PMID 12670888.
  56. ^ Casilli F, Di Rocco ZC, Gad S, Tournier I, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Frebourg T, et al. (September 2002). "Rapid detection of novel BRCA1 rearrangements in high-risk breast-ovarian cancer families using multiplex PCR of short fluorescent fragments". Hum. Mutat. 20 (3): 218–26. doi:10.1002/humu.10108. PMID 12203994. S2CID 24737909.
  57. ^ Rouleau E, Lefol C, Tozlu S, Andrieu C, Guy C, Copigny F, et al. (September 2007). "High-resolution oligonucleotide array-CGH applied to the detection and characterization of large rearrangements in the hereditary breast cancer gene BRCA1". Clin. Genet. 72 (3): 199–207. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00849.x. PMID 17718857. S2CID 2393567.
  58. ^ Tapia T, Smalley SV, Kohen P, Muñoz A, Solis LM, Corvalan A, et al. (2008). "Promoter hypermethylation of BRCA1 correlates with absence of expression in hereditary breast cancer tumors". Epigenetics. 3 (3): 157–63. doi:10.4161/epi.3.3.6387. PMID 18567944. S2CID 35616414.
  59. ^ Shen J, Ambrosone CB, Zhao H (March 2009). "Novel genetic variants in microRNA genes and familial breast cancer". Int. J. Cancer. 124 (5): 1178–82. doi:10.1002/ijc.24008. PMID 19048628.
  60. ^ Levin B, Lech D, Friedenson B (2012). "Evidence that BRCA1- or BRCA2-associated cancers are not inevitable". Mol Med. 18 (9): 1327–37. doi:10.2119/molmed.2012.00280. PMC 3521784. PMID 22972572.
  61. ^ Wilson CA, Ramos L, Villaseñor MR, Anders KH, Press MF, Clarke K, et al. (1999). "Localization of human BRCA1 and its loss in high-grade, non-inherited breast carcinomas". Nat. Genet. 21 (2): 236–40. doi:10.1038/6029. PMID 9988281. S2CID 7988460.
  62. ^ Mueller CR, Roskelley CD (2003). "Regulation of BRCA1 expression and its relationship to sporadic breast cancer". Breast Cancer Res. 5 (1): 45–52. doi:10.1186/bcr557. PMC 154136. PMID 12559046.
  63. ^ a b Jacinto FV, Esteller M (2007). "Mutator pathways unleashed by epigenetic silencing in human cancer". Mutagenesis. 22 (4): 247–53. doi:10.1093/mutage/gem009. PMID 17412712.
  64. ^ a b c d Sun C, Li N, Yang Z, Zhou B, He Y, Weng D, et al. (2013). "miR-9 regulation of BRCA1 and ovarian cancer sensitivity to cisplatin and PARP inhibition". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 105 (22): 1750–8. doi:10.1093/jnci/djt302. PMID 24168967.
  65. ^ McMillen BD, Aponte MM, Liu Z, Helenowski IB, Scholtens DM, Buttin BM, et al. (2012). "Expression analysis of MIR182 and its associated target genes in advanced ovarian carcinoma". Mod. Pathol. 25 (12): 1644–53. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2012.118. PMID 22790015.
  66. ^ Bowtell DD (2010). "The genesis and evolution of high-grade serous ovarian cancer". Nat. Rev. Cancer. 10 (11): 803–8. doi:10.1038/nrc2946. PMID 20944665. S2CID 22688947.
  67. ^ Thangaraju M, Kaufmann SH, Couch FJ (October 2000). "BRCA1 facilitates stress-induced apoptosis in breast and ovarian cancer cell lines". J Biol Chem. 275 (43): 33487–96. doi:10.1074/jbc.M005824200. PMID 10938285.
  68. ^ a b Bernstein C, Bernstein H, Payne CM, Garewal H (June 2002). "DNA repair/pro-apoptotic dual-role proteins in five major DNA repair pathways: fail-safe protection against carcinogenesis". Mutat Res. 511 (2): 145–78. doi:10.1016/s1383-5742(02)00009-1. PMID 12052432.
  69. ^ Brody LC, Biesecker BB (1998). "Breast cancer susceptibility genes. BRCA1 and BRCA2". Medicine (Baltimore). 77 (3): 208–26. doi:10.1097/00005792-199805000-00006. PMID 9653432.
  70. ^ Pennington KP, Walsh T, Harrell MI, Lee MK, Pennil CC, Rendi MH, et al. (2014). "Germline and somatic mutations in homologous recombination genes predict platinum response and survival in ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal carcinomas". Clin. Cancer Res. 20 (3): 764–75. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-2287. PMC 3944197. PMID 24240112.
  71. ^ Polansky H, Schwab H (August 2019). "How latent viruses cause breast cancer: An explanation based on the microcompetition model". Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 19 (3): 221–6. doi:10.17305/bjbms.2018.3950. PMC 6716096. PMID 30579323.
  72. ^ Esteller M, Silva JM, Dominguez G, Bonilla F, Matias-Guiu X, Lerma E, et al. (2000). "Promoter hypermethylation and BRCA1 inactivation in sporadic breast and ovarian tumors". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 92 (7): 564–9. doi:10.1093/jnci/92.7.564. PMID 10749912.
  73. ^ a b Moskwa P, Buffa FM, Pan Y, Panchakshari R, Gottipati P, Muschel RJ, et al. (2011). "miR-182-mediated downregulation of BRCA1 impacts DNA repair and sensitivity to PARP inhibitors". Mol. Cell. 41 (2): 210–20. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2010.12.005. PMC 3249932. PMID 21195000.
  74. ^ Krishnan K, Steptoe AL, Martin HC, Wani S, Nones K, Waddell N, et al. (2013). "MicroRNA-182-5p targets a network of genes involved in DNA repair". RNA. 19 (2): 230–42. doi:10.1261/rna.034926.112. PMC 3543090. PMID 23249749.
  75. ^ Garcia AI, Buisson M, Bertrand P, Rimokh R, Rouleau E, Lopez BS, et al. (2011). "Down-regulation of BRCA1 expression by miR-146a and miR-146b-5p in triple negative sporadic breast cancers". EMBO Mol Med. 3 (5): 279–90. doi:10.1002/emmm.201100136. PMC 3377076. PMID 21472990.
  76. ^ a b Liu Z, Liu J, Segura MF, Shao C, Lee P, Gong Y, et al. (2012). "MiR-182 overexpression in tumourigenesis of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma". J. Pathol. 228 (2): 204–15. doi:10.1002/path.4000. PMID 22322863. S2CID 206325689.
  77. ^ Kastan MB (2008). "DNA damage responses: mechanisms and roles in human disease: 2007 G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award Lecture". Mol. Cancer Res. 6 (4): 517–24. doi:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-08-0020. PMID 18403632.
  78. ^ Harper JW, Elledge SJ (2007). "The DNA damage response: ten years after". Mol. Cell. 28 (5): 739–45. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2007.11.015. PMID 18082599.
  79. ^ O'Hagan HM, Mohammad HP, Baylin SB (2008). "Double strand breaks can initiate gene silencing and SIRT1-dependent onset of DNA methylation in an exogenous promoter CpG island". PLOS Genetics. 4 (8): e1000155. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000155. PMC 2491723. PMID 18704159.
  80. ^ Cuozzo C, Porcellini A, Angrisano T, Morano A, Lee B, Di Pardo A, et al. (Jul 2007). "DNA damage, homology-directed repair, and DNA methylation". PLOS Genetics. 3 (7): e110. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030110. PMC 1913100. PMID 17616978.
  81. ^ a b Lacroix M, Leclercq G (2005). "The "portrait" of hereditary breast cancer". Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 89 (3): 297–304. doi:10.1007/s10549-004-2172-4. PMID 15754129. S2CID 23327569.
  82. ^ a b Struewing JP, Abeliovich D, Peretz T, Avishai N, Kaback MM, Collins FS, et al. (October 1995). "The carrier frequency of the BRCA1 185delAG mutation is approximately 1 percent in Ashkenazi Jewish individuals". Nat. Genet. 11 (2): 198–200. doi:10.1038/ng1095-198. PMID 7550349. S2CID 21387351.
  83. ^ a b Tonin P, Serova O, Lenoir G, Lynch H, Durocher F, Simard J, et al. (1995). "BRCA1 mutations in Ashkenazi Jewish women". American Journal of Human Genetics. 57 (1): 189. PMC 1801236. PMID 7611288.
  84. ^ Narod SA, Foulkes WD (2004). "BRCA1 and BRCA2: 1994 and beyond". Nature Reviews Cancer. 4 (9): 665–676. doi:10.1038/nrc1431. PMID 15343273. S2CID 30686068.
  85. ^ den Dunnen JT, Antonarakis SE (2000). "Mutation nomenclature extensions and suggestions to describe complex mutations: a discussion". Human Mutation. 15 (1): 7–12. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(200001)15:1<7::AID-HUMU4>3.0.CO;2-N. PMID 10612815.
  86. ^ a b Neuhausen SL (2000). "Founder populations and their uses for breast cancer genetics". Cancer Research. 2 (2): 77–81. doi:10.1186/bcr36. PMC 139426. PMID 11250694.
  87. ^ Reeves MD, Yawitch TM, van der Merwe NC, van den Berg HJ, Dreyer G, van Rensburg EJ (July 2004). "BRCA1 mutations in South African breast and/or ovarian cancer families: evidence of a novel founder mutation in Afrikaner families". Int. J. Cancer. 110 (5): 677–82. doi:10.1002/ijc.20186. PMID 15146556. S2CID 22970255.
  88. ^ Francies FZ, Wainstein T, De Leeneer K, Cairns A, Murdoch M, Nietz S, et al. (Nov 2015). "BRCA1, BRCA2 and PALB2 mutations and CHEK2 c.1100delC in different South African ethnic groups diagnosed with premenopausal and/or triple negative breast cancer". BMC Cancer. 15: 912. doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1913-6. PMC 4647511. PMID 26577449.
  89. ^ Wagner TM, Möslinger RA, Muhr D, Langbauer G, Hirtenlehner K, Concin H, et al. (1998). "BRCA1-related breast cancer in Austrian breast and ovarian cancer families: specific BRCA1 mutations and pathological characteristics". International Journal of Cancer. 77 (3): 354–360. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19980729)77:3<354::AID-IJC8>3.0.CO;2-N. PMID 9663595.
  90. ^ a b Peelen T, van Vliet M, Petrij-Bosch A, Mieremet R, Szabo C, van den Ouweland AM, et al. (1997). "A high proportion of novel mutations in BRCA1 with strong founder effects among Dutch and Belgian hereditary breast and ovarian cancer families". American Journal of Human Genetics. 60 (5): 1041–9. PMC 1712432. PMID 9150151.
  91. ^ Claes K, Machackova E, De Vos M, Poppe B, De Paepe A, Messiaen L (1999). "Mutation analysis of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in the Belgian patient population and identification of a Belgian founder mutation BRCA1 IVS5 + 3A > G". Disease Markers. 15 (1–3): 69–73. doi:10.1155/1999/241046. PMC 3851655. PMID 10595255.
  92. ^ Petrij-Bosch A, Peelen T, van Vliet M, van Eijk R, Olmer R, Drüsedau M, et al. (1997). "BRCA1 genomic deletions are major founder mutations in Dutch breast cancer patients" (PDF). Nature Genetics. 17 (3): 341–5. doi:10.1038/ng1197-341. hdl:1765/54808. PMID 9354803. S2CID 13028232.
  93. ^ Verhoog LC, van den Ouweland AM, Berns E, van Veghel-Plandsoen MM, van Staveren IL, Wagner A, et al. (2001). "Large regional differences in the frequency of distinct BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations in 517 Dutch breast and/or ovarian cancer families". European Journal of Cancer. 37 (16): 2082–90. doi:10.1016/S0959-8049(01)00244-1. PMID 11597388.
  94. ^ Huusko P, Pääkkönen K, Launonen V, Pöyhönen M, Blanco G, Kauppila A, et al. (1998). "Evidence of founder mutations in Finnish BRCA1 and BRCA2 families". American Journal of Human Genetics. 62 (6): 1544–8. doi:10.1086/301880. PMC 1377159. PMID 9585608.
  95. ^ Pääkkönen K, Sauramo S, Sarantaus L, Vahteristo P, Hartikainen A, Vehmanen P, et al. (2001). "Involvement of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in breast cancer in a western Finnish sub-population". Genetic Epidemiology. 20 (2): 239–246. doi:10.1002/1098-2272(200102)20:2<239::AID-GEPI6>3.0.CO;2-Y. PMID 11180449. S2CID 41804152.
  96. ^ Muller D, Bonaiti-Pellié C, Abecassis J, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Fricker JP (2004). "BRCA1 testing in breast and/or ovarian cancer families from northeastern France identifies two common mutations with a founder effect". Familial Cancer. 3 (1): 15–20. doi:10.1023/B:FAME.0000026819.44213.df. PMID 15131401. S2CID 24615109.
  97. ^ Tonin PN, Mes-Masson AM, Narod SA, Ghadirian P, Provencher D (1999). "Founder BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in French Canadian ovarian cancer cases unselected for family history". Clinical Genetics. 55 (5): 318–324. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0004.1999.550504.x. PMID 10422801. S2CID 23931343.
  98. ^ Backe J, Hofferbert S, Skawran B, Dörk T, Stuhrmann M, Karstens JH, et al. (1999). "Frequency of BRCA1 mutation 5382insC in German breast cancer patients". Gynecologic Oncology. 72 (3): 402–6. doi:10.1006/gyno.1998.5270. PMID 10053113.
  99. ^ "Mutation data of the BRCA1 gene". KMDB/MutationView (Keio Mutation Databases). Keio University.
  100. ^ Ladopoulou A, Kroupis C, Konstantopoulou I, Ioannidou-Mouzaka L, Schofield AC, Pantazidis A, et al. (2002). "Germ line BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in Greek breast/ovarian cancer families: 5382insC is the most frequent mutation observed". Cancer Letters. 185 (1): 61–70. doi:10.1016/S0304-3835(01)00845-X. PMID 12142080.
  101. ^ Van Der Looij M, Szabo C, Besznyak I, Liszka G, Csokay B, Pulay T, et al. (2000). "Prevalence of founder BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations among breast and ovarian cancer patients in Hungary". International Journal of Cancer. 86 (5): 737–740. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(20000601)86:5<737::AID-IJC21>3.0.CO;2-1. PMID 10797299. S2CID 25394976.
  102. ^ Baudi F, Quaresima B, Grandinetti C, Cuda G, Faniello C, Tassone P, et al. (2001). "Evidence of a founder mutation of BRCA1 in a highly homogeneous population from southern Italy with breast/ovarian cancer". Human Mutation. 18 (2): 163–4. doi:10.1002/humu.1167. PMID 11462242. S2CID 2995.
  103. ^ Sekine M, Nagata H, Tsuji S, Hirai Y, Fujimoto S, Hatae M, et al. (2001). "Mutational analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 and clinicopathologic analysis of ovarian cancer in 82 ovarian cancer families: two common founder mutations of BRCA1 in Japanese population". Clinical Cancer Research. 7 (10): 3144–50. PMID 11595708.
  104. ^ Liede A, Jack E, Hegele RA, Narod SA (2002). "A BRCA1 mutation in Native North American families". Human Mutation. 19 (4): 460. doi:10.1002/humu.9027. PMID 11933205. S2CID 37710898.
  105. ^ a b The Scottish/Northern Irish BRCA1/BRCA2 Consortium (2003). "BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in Scotland and Northern Ireland". British Journal of Cancer. 88 (8): 1256–62. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6600840. PMC 2747571. PMID 12698193.
  106. ^ Borg A, Dørum A, Heimdal K, Maehle L, Hovig E, Møller P (1999). "BRCA1 1675delA and 1135insA account for one third of Norwegian familial breast-ovarian cancer and are associated with later disease onset than less frequent mutations". Disease Markers. 15 (1–3): 79–84. doi:10.1155/1999/278269. PMC 3851406. PMID 10595257.
  107. ^ Heimdal K, Maehle L, Apold J, Pedersen JC, Møller P (2003). "The Norwegian founder mutations in BRCA1: high penetrance confirmed in an incident cancer series and differences observed in the risk of ovarian cancer". European Journal of Cancer. 39 (15): 2205–13. doi:10.1016/S0959-8049(03)00548-3. PMID 14522380.
  108. ^ Liede A, Malik IA, Aziz Z, Rios Pd Pde L, Kwan E, Narod SA (2002). "Contribution of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations to Breast and Ovarian Cancer in Pakistan". American Journal of Human Genetics. 71 (3): 595–606. doi:10.1086/342506. PMC 379195. PMID 12181777.
  109. ^ Górski B, Byrski T, Huzarski T, Jakubowska A, Menkiszak J, Gronwald J, et al. (2000). "Founder mutations in the BRCA1 gene in Polish families with breast-ovarian cancer". American Journal of Human Genetics. 66 (6): 1963–8. doi:10.1086/302922. PMC 1378051. PMID 10788334.
  110. ^ Perkowska M, BroZek I, Wysocka B, Haraldsson K, Sandberg T, Johansson U, et al. (May 2003). "BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation analysis in breast-ovarian cancer families from northeastern Poland". Hum. Mutat. 21 (5): 553–4. doi:10.1002/humu.9139. PMID 12673801. S2CID 7001156.
  111. ^ Gayther SA, Harrington P, Russell P, Kharkevich G, Garkavtseva RF, Ponder BA (May 1997). "Frequently occurring germ-line mutations of the BRCA1 gene in ovarian cancer families from Russia". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 60 (5): 1239–42. PMC 1712436. PMID 9150173.
  112. ^ Liede A, Cohen B, Black DM, Davidson RH, Renwick A, Hoodfar E, et al. (February 2000). "Evidence of a founder BRCA1 mutation in Scotland". Br. J. Cancer. 82 (3): 705–11. doi:10.1054/bjoc.1999.0984. PMC 2363321. PMID 10682686.
  113. ^ Vega A, Campos B, Bressac-De-Paillerets B, Bond PM, Janin N, Douglas FS, et al. (June 2001). "The R71G BRCA1 is a founder Spanish mutation and leads to aberrant splicing of the transcript". Hum. Mutat. 17 (6): 520–1. doi:10.1002/humu.1136. PMID 11385711. S2CID 39462456.
  114. ^ Campos B, Díez O, Odefrey F, Domènech M, Moncoutier V, Martínez-Ferrandis JI, et al. (April 2003). "Haplotype analysis of the BRCA2 9254delATCAT recurrent mutation in breast/ovarian cancer families from Spain". Hum. Mutat. 21 (4): 452. doi:10.1002/humu.9133. PMID 12655574. S2CID 34333797.
  115. ^ Bergman A, Einbeigi Z, Olofsson U, Taib Z, Wallgren A, Karlsson P, et al. (October 2001). "The western Swedish BRCA1 founder mutation 3171ins5; a 3.7 cM conserved haplotype of today is a reminiscence of a 1500-year-old mutation". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 9 (10): 787–93. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200704. PMID 11781691.
  116. ^ Hansen KR, Knowlton NS, Thyer AC, Charleston JS, Soules MR, Klein NA (March 2008). "A new model of reproductive aging: the decline in ovarian non-growing follicle number from birth to menopause". Hum. Reprod. 23 (3): 699–708. doi:10.1093/humrep/dem408. PMID 18192670.
  117. ^ Hassold T, Hunt P (December 2009). "Maternal age and chromosomally abnormal pregnancies: what we know and what we wish we knew". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 21 (6): 703–8. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e328332c6ab. PMC 2894811. PMID 19881348.
  118. ^ a b Oktay K, Kim JY, Barad D, Babayev SN (January 2010). "Association of BRCA1 mutations with occult primary ovarian insufficiency: a possible explanation for the link between infertility and breast/ovarian cancer risks". J. Clin. Oncol. 28 (2): 240–4. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.24.2057. PMC 3040011. PMID 19996028.
  119. ^ Rzepka-Górska I, Tarnowski B, Chudecka-Głaz A, Górski B, Zielińska D, Tołoczko-Grabarek A (November 2006). "Premature menopause in patients with BRCA1 gene mutation". Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 100 (1): 59–63. doi:10.1007/s10549-006-9220-1. PMID 16773440. S2CID 19572648.
  120. ^ a b Titus S, Li F, Stobezki R, Akula K, Unsal E, Jeong K, et al. (February 2013). "Impairment of BRCA1-related DNA double-strand break repair leads to ovarian aging in mice and humans". Sci Transl Med. 5 (172): 172ra21. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004925. PMC 5130338. PMID 23408054.
  121. ^ Bernstein H, Hopf FA, Michod RE (1987). "The Molecular Basis of the Evolution of Sex". Advances in Genetics. Vol. 24. pp. 323–370. doi:10.1016/S0065-2660(08)60012-7. ISBN 978-0-12-017624-3. PMID 3324702.
  122. ^ a b Taron M, Rosell R, Felip E, Mendez P, Souglakos J, Ronco MS, et al. (October 2004). "BRCA1 mRNA expression levels as an indicator of chemoresistance in lung cancer". Hum. Mol. Genet. 13 (20): 2443–9. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddh260. PMID 15317748.
  123. ^ a b Papadaki C, Sfakianaki M, Ioannidis G, Lagoudaki E, Trypaki M, Tryfonidis K, et al. (April 2012). "ERCC1 and BRAC1 mRNA expression levels in the primary tumor could predict the effectiveness of the second-line cisplatin-based chemotherapy in pretreated patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer". J Thorac Oncol. 7 (4): 663–71. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e318244bdd4. PMID 22425915.
  124. ^ Weberpals J, Garbuio K, O'Brien A, Clark-Knowles K, Doucette S, Antoniouk O, et al. (February 2009). "The DNA repair proteins BRCA1 and ERCC1 as predictive markers in sporadic ovarian cancer". Int. J. Cancer. 124 (4): 806–15. doi:10.1002/ijc.23987. PMID 19035454. S2CID 13357407.
  125. ^ Cook-Deegan R, DeRienzo C, Carbone J, Chandrasekharan S, Heaney C, Conover C (April 2010). "Impact of gene patents and licensing practices on access to genetic testing for inherited susceptibility to cancer: comparing breast and ovarian cancers with colon cancers". Genetics in Medicine. 12 (4 Suppl): S15–S38. doi:10.1097/GIM.0b013e3181d5a67b. PMC 3047448. PMID 20393305.
  126. ^ Benowitz S (January 2003). "European groups oppose Myriad's latest patent on BRCA1". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 95 (1): 8–9. doi:10.1093/jnci/95.1.8. PMID 12509391.
  127. ^ Conley J, Vorhous D, Cook-Deegan J (March 2011). "How Will Myriad Respond to the Next Generation of BRCA Testing?". Robinson, Bradshaw, and Hinson. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
  128. ^ "Genetics and Patenting". Human Genome Project Information. U.S. Department of Energy Genome Programs. 2010-07-07.
  129. ^ Liptak A (June 13, 2013). "Supreme Court Rules Human Genes May Not Be Patented". The New York Times. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
  130. ^ Corderoy A (February 15, 2013). "Landmark patent ruling over breast cancer gene BRCA1". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
  131. ^ "Australian federal court rules isolated genetic material can be patented". The Guardian. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  132. ^ "Patient wins high court challenge against company's cancer gene patent". The Guardian. 7 October 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  133. ^ Foray N, Marot D, Randrianarison V, Venezia ND, Picard D, Perricaudet M, et al. (June 2002). "Constitutive association of BRCA1 and c-Abl and its ATM-dependent disruption after irradiation". Mol. Cell. Biol. 22 (12): 4020–32. doi:10.1128/MCB.22.12.4020-4032.2002. PMC 133860. PMID 12024016.
  134. ^ Altiok S, Batt D, Altiok N, Papautsky A, Downward J, Roberts TM, et al. (November 1999). "Heregulin induces phosphorylation of BRCA1 through phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/AKT in breast cancer cells". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (45): 32274–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.45.32274. PMID 10542266.
  135. ^ Xiang T, Ohashi A, Huang Y, Pandita TK, Ludwig T, Powell SN, et al. (December 2008). "Negative Regulation of AKT Activation by BRCA1". Cancer Res. 68 (24): 10040–4. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-3009. PMC 2605656. PMID 19074868.
  136. ^ Yeh S, Hu YC, Rahman M, Lin HK, Hsu CL, Ting HJ, et al. (October 2000). "Increase of androgen-induced cell death and androgen receptor transactivation by BRCA1 in prostate cancer cells". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (21): 11256–61. Bibcode:2000PNAS...9711256Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.190353897. PMC 17187. PMID 11016951.
  137. ^ a b Kim ST, Lim DS, Canman CE, Kastan MB (December 1999). "Substrate specificities and identification of putative substrates of ATM kinase family members". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (53): 37538–43. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.53.37538. PMID 10608806.
  138. ^ a b Tibbetts RS, Cortez D, Brumbaugh KM, Scully R, Livingston D, Elledge SJ, et al. (December 2000). "Functional interactions between BRCA1 and the checkpoint kinase ATR during genotoxic stress". Genes Dev. 14 (23): 2989–3002. doi:10.1101/gad.851000. PMC 317107. PMID 11114888.
  139. ^ a b Chen J (September 2000). "Ataxia telangiectasia-related protein is involved in the phosphorylation of BRCA1 following deoxyribonucleic acid damage". Cancer Res. 60 (18): 5037–9. PMID 11016625.
  140. ^ a b Gatei M, Zhou BB, Hobson K, Scott S, Young D, Khanna KK (May 2001). "Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase and ATM and Rad3 related kinase mediate phosphorylation of Brca1 at distinct and overlapping sites. In vivo assessment using phospho-specific antibodies". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (20): 17276–80. doi:10.1074/jbc.M011681200. PMID 11278964.
  141. ^ Gatei M, Scott SP, Filippovitch I, Soronika N, Lavin MF, Weber B, et al. (June 2000). "Role for ATM in DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of BRCA1". Cancer Res. 60 (12): 3299–304. PMID 10866324.
  142. ^ Cortez D, Wang Y, Qin J, Elledge SJ (November 1999). "Requirement of ATM-dependent phosphorylation of brca1 in the DNA damage response to double-strand breaks". Science. 286 (5442): 1162–6. doi:10.1126/science.286.5442.1162. PMID 10550055.
  143. ^ Houvras Y, Benezra M, Zhang H, Manfredi JJ, Weber BL, Licht JD (November 2000). "BRCA1 physically and functionally interacts with ATF1". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (46): 36230–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M002539200. PMID 10945975.
  144. ^ a b Cantor SB, Bell DW, Ganesan S, Kass EM, Drapkin R, Grossman S, et al. (April 2001). "BACH1, a novel helicase-like protein, interacts directly with BRCA1 and contributes to its DNA repair function". Cell. 105 (1): 149–60. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00304-X. PMID 11301010.
  145. ^ a b c d e f Dong Y, Hakimi MA, Chen X, Kumaraswamy E, Cooch NS, Godwin AK, et al. (November 2003). "Regulation of BRCC, a holoenzyme complex containing BRCA1 and BRCA2, by a signalosome-like subunit and its role in DNA repair". Mol. Cell. 12 (5): 1087–99. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00424-6. PMID 14636569.
  146. ^ a b Chen J, Silver DP, Walpita D, Cantor SB, Gazdar AF, Tomlinson G, et al. (September 1998). "Stable interaction between the products of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumor suppressor genes in mitotic and meiotic cells". Mol. Cell. 2 (3): 317–28. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80276-2. PMID 9774970.
  147. ^ a b Reuter TY, Medhurst AL, Waisfisz Q, Zhi Y, Herterich S, Hoehn H, et al. (October 2003). "Yeast two-hybrid screens imply involvement of Fanconi anemia proteins in transcription regulation, cell signaling, oxidative metabolism, and cellular transport". Exp. Cell Res. 289 (2): 211–21. doi:10.1016/S0014-4827(03)00261-1. PMID 14499622.
  148. ^ Sarkisian CJ, Master SR, Huber LJ, Ha SI, Chodosh LA (October 2001). "Analysis of murine Brca2 reveals conservation of protein–protein interactions but differences in nuclear localization signals". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (40): 37640–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M106281200. PMID 11477095.
  149. ^ a b c d Rodriguez M, Yu X, Chen J, Songyang Z (December 2003). "Phosphopeptide binding specificities of BRCA1 COOH-terminal (BRCT) domains". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (52): 52914–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.C300407200. PMID 14578343.
  150. ^ Botuyan MV, Nominé Y, Yu X, Juranic N, Macura S, Chen J, et al. (July 2004). "Structural basis of BACH1 phosphopeptide recognition by BRCA1 tandem BRCT domains". Structure. 12 (7): 1137–46. doi:10.1016/j.str.2004.06.002. PMC 3652423. PMID 15242590.
  151. ^ Yu X, Chini CC, He M, Mer G, Chen J (October 2003). "The BRCT domain is a phospho-protein binding domain". Science. 302 (5645): 639–42. Bibcode:2003Sci...302..639Y. doi:10.1126/science.1088753. PMID 14576433. S2CID 29407635.
  152. ^ Clapperton JA, Manke IA, Lowery DM, Ho T, Haire LF, Yaffe MB, et al. (June 2004). "Structure and mechanism of BRCA1 BRCT domain recognition of phosphorylated BACH1 with implications for cancer". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 11 (6): 512–8. doi:10.1038/nsmb775. PMID 15133502. S2CID 7354915.
  153. ^ a b c Hu YF, Li R (June 2002). "JunB potentiates function of BRCA1 activation domain 1 (AD1) through a coiled-coil-mediated interaction". Genes Dev. 16 (12): 1509–17. doi:10.1101/gad.995502. PMC 186344. PMID 12080089.
  154. ^ Lee JS, Collins KM, Brown AL, Lee CH, Chung JH (March 2000). "hCds1-mediated phosphorylation of BRCA1 regulates the DNA damage response". Nature. 404 (6774): 201–4. Bibcode:2000Natur.404..201L. doi:10.1038/35004614. PMID 10724175. S2CID 4345911.
  155. ^ Chabalier-Taste C, Racca C, Dozier C, Larminat F (December 2008). "BRCA1 is regulated by Chk2 in response to spindle damage". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1783 (12): 2223–33. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.08.006. PMID 18804494.
  156. ^ Lin SY, Li K, Stewart GS, Elledge SJ (April 2004). "Human Claspin works with BRCA1 to both positively and negatively regulate cell proliferation". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (17): 6484–9. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.6484L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0401847101. PMC 404071. PMID 15096610.
  157. ^ a b Benezra M, Chevallier N, Morrison DJ, MacLachlan TK, El-Deiry WS, Licht JD (July 2003). "BRCA1 augments transcription by the NF-kappaB transcription factor by binding to the Rel domain of the p65/RelA subunit". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (29): 26333–41. doi:10.1074/jbc.M303076200. PMID 12700228.
  158. ^ a b Pao GM, Janknecht R, Ruffner H, Hunter T, Verma IM (February 2000). "CBP/p300 interact with and function as transcriptional coactivators of BRCA1". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (3): 1020–5. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.1020P. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.3.1020. PMC 15508. PMID 10655477.
  159. ^ a b Chai YL, Cui J, Shao N, Shyam E, Reddy P, Rao VN (January 1999). "The second BRCT domain of BRCA1 proteins interacts with p53 and stimulates transcription from the p21WAF1/CIP1 promoter". Oncogene. 18 (1): 263–8. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1202323. PMID 9926942.
  160. ^ a b c Fan S, Ma YX, Wang C, Yuan RQ, Meng Q, Wang JA, et al. (January 2002). "p300 Modulates the BRCA1 inhibition of estrogen receptor activity". Cancer Res. 62 (1): 141–51. PMID 11782371.
  161. ^ Neish AS, Anderson SF, Schlegel BP, Wei W, Parvin JD (February 1998). "Factors associated with the mammalian RNA polymerase II holoenzyme". Nucleic Acids Res. 26 (3): 847–53. doi:10.1093/nar/26.3.847. PMC 147327. PMID 9443979.
  162. ^ O'Brien KA, Lemke SJ, Cocke KS, Rao RN, Beckmann RP (July 1999). "Casein kinase 2 binds to and phosphorylates BRCA1". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 260 (3): 658–64. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.0892. PMID 10403822.
  163. ^ Kleiman FE, Manley JL (March 2001). "The BARD1-CstF-50 interaction links mRNA 3' end formation to DNA damage and tumor suppression". Cell. 104 (5): 743–53. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00270-7. PMID 11257228.
  164. ^ Kleiman FE, Manley JL (September 1999). "Functional interaction of BRCA1-associated BARD1 with polyadenylation factor CstF-50". Science. 285 (5433): 1576–9. doi:10.1126/science.285.5433.1576. PMID 10477523.
  165. ^ Wang H, Shao N, Ding QM, Cui J, Reddy ES, Rao VN (Jul 1997). "BRCA1 proteins are transported to the nucleus in the absence of serum and splice variants BRCA1a, BRCA1b are tyrosine phosphoproteins that associate with E2F, cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases". Oncogene. 15 (2): 143–57. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201252. PMID 9244350.
  166. ^ Chen Y, Farmer AA, Chen CF, Jones DC, Chen PL, Lee WH (July 1996). "BRCA1 is a 220-kDa nuclear phosphoprotein that is expressed and phosphorylated in a cell cycle-dependent manner". Cancer Res. 56 (14): 3168–72. PMID 8764100.
  167. ^ Ruffner H, Jiang W, Craig AG, Hunter T, Verma IM (July 1999). "BRCA1 is phosphorylated at serine 1497 in vivo at a cyclin-dependent kinase 2 phosphorylation site". Mol. Cell. Biol. 19 (7): 4843–54. doi:10.1128/MCB.19.7.4843. PMC 84283. PMID 10373534.
  168. ^ Schlegel BP, Starita LM, Parvin JD (February 2003). "Overexpression of a protein fragment of RNA helicase A causes inhibition of endogenous BRCA1 function and defects in ploidy and cytokinesis in mammary epithelial cells". Oncogene. 22 (7): 983–91. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206195. PMID 12592385.
  169. ^ Anderson SF, Schlegel BP, Nakajima T, Wolpin ES, Parvin JD (July 1998). "BRCA1 protein is linked to the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex via RNA helicase A". Nat. Genet. 19 (3): 254–6. doi:10.1038/930. PMID 9662397. S2CID 10953768.
  170. ^ Chai Y, Chipitsyna G, Cui J, Liao B, Liu S, Aysola K, et al. (March 2001). "c-Fos oncogene regulator Elk-1 interacts with BRCA1 splice variants BRCA1a/1b and enhances BRCA1a/1b-mediated growth suppression in breast cancer cells". Oncogene. 20 (11): 1357–67. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204256. PMID 11313879.
  171. ^ Zheng L, Annab LA, Afshari CA, Lee WH, Boyer TG (August 2001). "BRCA1 mediates ligand-independent transcriptional repression of the estrogen receptor". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (17): 9587–92. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.9587Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.171174298. PMC 55496. PMID 11493692.
  172. ^ Fan S, Ma YX, Wang C, Yuan RQ, Meng Q, Wang JA, et al. (January 2001). "Role of direct interaction in BRCA1 inhibition of estrogen receptor activity". Oncogene. 20 (1): 77–87. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204073. PMID 11244506.
  173. ^ Kawai H, Li H, Chun P, Avraham S, Avraham HK (October 2002). "Direct interaction between BRCA1 and the estrogen receptor regulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) transcription and secretion in breast cancer cells". Oncogene. 21 (50): 7730–9. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205971. PMID 12400015.
  174. ^ Folias A, Matkovic M, Bruun D, Reid S, Hejna J, Grompe M, et al. (October 2002). "BRCA1 interacts directly with the Fanconi anemia protein FANCA". Hum. Mol. Genet. 11 (21): 2591–7. doi:10.1093/hmg/11.21.2591. PMID 12354784.
  175. ^ a b Vandenberg CJ, Gergely F, Ong CY, Pace P, Mallery DL, Hiom K, et al. (July 2003). "BRCA1-independent ubiquitination of FANCD2". Mol. Cell. 12 (1): 247–54. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00281-8. PMID 12887909.
  176. ^ Yan J, Zhu J, Zhong H, Lu Q, Huang C, Ye Q (October 2003). "BRCA1 interacts with FHL2 and enhances FHL2 transactivation function". FEBS Lett. 553 (1–2): 183–9. Bibcode:2003FEBSL.553..183Y. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)00978-5. PMID 14550570. S2CID 31566004.
  177. ^ Yan JH, Ye QN, Zhu JH, Zhong HJ, Zheng HY, Huang CF (December 2003). "[Isolation and characterization of a BRCA1-interacting protein]". Yi Chuan Xue Bao (in Chinese). 30 (12): 1161–6. PMID 14986435.
  178. ^ a b Mallery DL, Vandenberg CJ, Hiom K (December 2002). "Activation of the E3 ligase function of the BRCA1/BARD1 complex by polyubiquitin chains". EMBO J. 21 (24): 6755–62. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf691. PMC 139111. PMID 12485996.
  179. ^ a b Chen A, Kleiman FE, Manley JL, Ouchi T, Pan ZQ (June 2002). "Autoubiquitination of the BRCA1*BARD1 RING ubiquitin ligase". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (24): 22085–92. doi:10.1074/jbc.M201252200. PMID 11927591.
  180. ^ Paull TT, Rogakou EP, Yamazaki V, Kirchgessner CU, Gellert M, Bonner WM (2000). "A critical role for histone H2AX in recruitment of repair factors to nuclear foci after DNA damage". Curr. Biol. 10 (15): 886–95. Bibcode:2000CBio...10..886P. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00610-2. PMID 10959836.
  181. ^ Sutherland KD, Visvader JE, Choong DY, Sum EY, Lindeman GJ, Campbell IG (October 2003). "Mutational analysis of the LMO4 gene, encoding a BRCA1-interacting protein, in breast carcinomas". Int. J. Cancer. 107 (1): 155–8. doi:10.1002/ijc.11343. PMID 12925972. S2CID 20908722.
  182. ^ Sum EY, Peng B, Yu X, Chen J, Byrne J, Lindeman GJ, et al. (March 2002). "The LIM domain protein LMO4 interacts with the cofactor CtIP and the tumor suppressor BRCA1 and inhibits BRCA1 activity". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (10): 7849–56. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110603200. PMID 11751867.
  183. ^ Gilmore PM, McCabe N, Quinn JE, Kennedy RD, Gorski JJ, Andrews HN, et al. (June 2004). "BRCA1 interacts with and is required for paclitaxel-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3". Cancer Res. 64 (12): 4148–54. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-4080. PMID 15205325.
  184. ^ a b c d e Chiba N, Parvin JD (October 2001). "Redistribution of BRCA1 among four different protein complexes following replication blockage". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (42): 38549–54. doi:10.1074/jbc.M105227200. PMID 11504724.
  185. ^ Chiba N, Parvin JD (August 2002). "The BRCA1 and BARD1 association with the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme". Cancer Res. 62 (15): 4222–8. PMID 12154023.
  186. ^ a b c Zhong Q, Chen CF, Li S, Chen Y, Wang CC, Xiao J, et al. (July 1999). "Association of BRCA1 with the hRad50-hMre11-p95 complex and the DNA damage response". Science. 285 (5428): 747–50. doi:10.1126/science.285.5428.747. PMID 10426999.
  187. ^ a b Li H, Lee TH, Avraham H (June 2002). "A novel tricomplex of BRCA1, Nmi, and c-Myc inhibits c-Myc-induced human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (hTERT) promoter activity in breast cancer". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (23): 20965–73. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112231200. PMID 11916966.
  188. ^ Xiong J, Fan S, Meng Q, Schramm L, Wang C, Bouzahza B, et al. (December 2003). "BRCA1 inhibition of telomerase activity in cultured cells". Mol. Cell. Biol. 23 (23): 8668–90. doi:10.1128/MCB.23.23.8668-8690.2003. PMC 262673. PMID 14612409.
  189. ^ Zhou C, Liu J (March 2003). "Inhibition of human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene expression by BRCA1 in human ovarian cancer cells". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 303 (1): 130–6. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00318-8. PMID 12646176.
  190. ^ a b Sato K, Hayami R, Wu W, Nishikawa T, Nishikawa H, Okuda Y, et al. (July 2004). "Nucleophosmin/B23 is a candidate substrate for the BRCA1-BARD1 ubiquitin ligase". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (30): 30919–22. doi:10.1074/jbc.C400169200. PMID 15184379.
  191. ^ Park JJ, Irvine RA, Buchanan G, Koh SS, Park JM, Tilley WD, et al. (November 2000). "Breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCAI) is a coactivator of the androgen receptor". Cancer Res. 60 (21): 5946–9. PMID 11085509.
  192. ^ Cabart P, Chew HK, Murphy S (July 2004). "BRCA1 cooperates with NUFIP and P-TEFb to activate transcription by RNA polymerase II". Oncogene. 23 (31): 5316–29. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207684. PMID 15107825.
  193. ^ Abramovitch S, Werner H (2003). "Functional and physical interactions between BRCA1 and p53 in transcriptional regulation of the IGF-IR gene". Horm. Metab. Res. 35 (11–12): 758–62. doi:10.1055/s-2004-814154. PMID 14710355. S2CID 20898175.
  194. ^ Ouchi T, Monteiro AN, August A, Aaronson SA, Hanafusa H (March 1998). "BRCA1 regulates p53-dependent gene expression". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (5): 2302–6. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.2302O. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.5.2302. PMC 19327. PMID 9482880.
  195. ^ Zhang H, Somasundaram K, Peng Y, Tian H, Zhang H, Bi D, et al. (April 1998). "BRCA1 physically associates with p53 and stimulates its transcriptional activity". Oncogene. 16 (13): 1713–21. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201932. PMID 9582019.
  196. ^ Sy SM, Huen MS, Chen J (April 2009). "PALB2 is an integral component of the BRCA complex required for homologous recombination repair". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (17): 7155–60. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.7155S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0811159106. PMC 2678481. PMID 19369211.
  197. ^ Krum SA, Miranda GA, Lin C, Lane TF (December 2003). "BRCA1 associates with processive RNA polymerase II". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (52): 52012–20. doi:10.1074/jbc.M308418200. PMID 14506230.
  198. ^ Krum SA, Womack JE, Lane TF (September 2003). "Bovine BRCA1 shows classic responses to genotoxic stress but low in vitro transcriptional activation activity". Oncogene. 22 (38): 6032–44. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206515. PMID 12955082.
  199. ^ Liu Y, Virshup DM, White RL, Hsu LC (November 2002). "Regulation of BRCA1 phosphorylation by interaction with protein phosphatase 1alpha". Cancer Res. 62 (22): 6357–61. PMID 12438214.
  200. ^ Scully R, Chen J, Plug A, Xiao Y, Weaver D, Feunteun J, et al. (January 1997). "Association of BRCA1 with Rad51 in mitotic and meiotic cells". Cell. 88 (2): 265–75. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81847-4. PMID 9008167.
  201. ^ a b c Yarden RI, Brody LC (April 1999). "BRCA1 interacts with components of the histone deacetylase complex". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (9): 4983–8. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.4983Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.9.4983. PMC 21803. PMID 10220405.
  202. ^ Chen GC, Guan LS, Yu JH, Li GC, Choi Kim HR, Wang ZY (June 2001). "Rb-associated protein 46 (RbAp46) inhibits transcriptional transactivation mediated by BRCA1". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 284 (2): 507–14. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5003. PMID 11394910.
  203. ^ a b Yarden RI, Brody LC (2001). "Identification of proteins that interact with BRCA1 by Far-Western library screening". J. Cell. Biochem. 83 (4): 521–31. doi:10.1002/jcb.1257. PMID 11746496. S2CID 29703139.
  204. ^ Yu X, Wu LC, Bowcock AM, Aronheim A, Baer R (September 1998). "The C-terminal (BRCT) domains of BRCA1 interact in vivo with CtIP, a protein implicated in the CtBP pathway of transcriptional repression". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (39): 25388–92. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.39.25388. PMID 9738006.
  205. ^ Li S, Chen PL, Subramanian T, Chinnadurai G, Tomlinson G, Osborne CK, et al. (April 1999). "Binding of CtIP to the BRCT repeats of BRCA1 involved in the transcription regulation of p21 is disrupted upon DNA damage". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (16): 11334–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.16.11334. PMID 10196224.
  206. ^ Wong AK, Ormonde PA, Pero R, Chen Y, Lian L, Salada G, et al. (November 1998). "Characterization of a carboxy-terminal BRCA1 interacting protein". Oncogene. 17 (18): 2279–85. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1202150. PMID 9811458.
  207. ^ Li S, Ting NS, Zheng L, Chen PL, Ziv Y, Shiloh Y, et al. (July 2000). "Functional link of BRCA1 and ataxia telangiectasia gene product in DNA damage response". Nature. 406 (6792): 210–5. Bibcode:2000Natur.406..210L. doi:10.1038/35018134. PMID 10910365. S2CID 3266654.
  208. ^ Wu-Baer F, Baer R (November 2001). "Effect of DNA damage on a BRCA1 complex". Nature. 414 (6859): 36. doi:10.1038/35102118. PMID 11689934. S2CID 4329675.
  209. ^ Yu X, Baer R (June 2000). "Nuclear localization and cell cycle-specific expression of CtIP, a protein that associates with the BRCA1 tumor suppressor". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (24): 18541–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M909494199. PMID 10764811.
  210. ^ a b c Fan S, Yuan R, Ma YX, Xiong J, Meng Q, Erdos M, et al. (August 2001). "Disruption of BRCA1 LXCXE motif alters BRCA1 functional activity and regulation of RB family but not RB protein binding". Oncogene. 20 (35): 4827–41. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204666. PMID 11521194.
  211. ^ Aprelikova ON, Fang BS, Meissner EG, Cotter S, Campbell M, Kuthiala A, et al. (October 1999). "BRCA1-associated growth arrest is RB-dependent". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (21): 11866–71. Bibcode:1999PNAS...9611866A. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.21.11866. PMC 18378. PMID 10518542.
  212. ^ Hill DA, de la Serna IL, Veal TM, Imbalzano AN (April 2004). "BRCA1 interacts with dominant negative SWI/SNF enzymes without affecting homologous recombination or radiation-induced gene activation of p21 or Mdm2". J. Cell. Biochem. 91 (5): 987–98. doi:10.1002/jcb.20003. PMID 15034933. S2CID 40668596.
  213. ^ Ouchi T, Lee SW, Ouchi M, Aaronson SA, Horvath CM (May 2000). "Collaboration of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and BRCA1 in differential regulation of IFN-gamma target genes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (10): 5208–13. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.5208O. doi:10.1073/pnas.080469697. PMC 25807. PMID 10792030.
  214. ^ Sokka M, Parkkinen S, Pospiech H, Syvaoja JE (April 2012). "Function of TopBP1 in Genome Stability". In Nasheuer HP (ed.). Genome Stability and Human Diseases. Subcellular Biochemistry. Vol. 50. Springer. pp. 119–141. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3471-7_7. ISBN 978-90-481-3471-7. PMID 20012580.
  215. ^ Brzovic PS, Keeffe JR, Nishikawa H, Miyamoto K, Fox D, Fukuda M, et al. (May 2003). "Binding and recognition in the assembly of an active BRCA1/BARD1 ubiquitin-ligase complex". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (10): 5646–51. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.5646B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0836054100. PMC 156255. PMID 12732733.
  216. ^ Nishikawa H, Ooka S, Sato K, Arima K, Okamoto J, Klevit RE, et al. (February 2004). "Mass spectrometric and mutational analyses reveal Lys-6-linked polyubiquitin chains catalyzed by BRCA1-BARD1 ubiquitin ligase". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (6): 3916–24. doi:10.1074/jbc.M308540200. PMID 14638690.
  217. ^ Kentsis A, Gordon RE, Borden KL (November 2002). "Control of biochemical reactions through supramolecular RING domain self-assembly". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (24): 15404–9. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9915404K. doi:10.1073/pnas.202608799. PMC 137729. PMID 12438698.
  218. ^ Wu-Baer F, Lagrazon K, Yuan W, Baer R (September 2003). "The BRCA1/BARD1 heterodimer assembles polyubiquitin chains through an unconventional linkage involving lysine residue K6 of ubiquitin". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (37): 34743–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.C300249200. PMID 12890688.
  219. ^ Hashizume R, Fukuda M, Maeda I, Nishikawa H, Oyake D, Yabuki Y, et al. (May 2001). "The RING heterodimer BRCA1-BARD1 is a ubiquitin ligase inactivated by a breast cancer-derived mutation". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (18): 14537–40. doi:10.1074/jbc.C000881200. PMID 11278247.
  220. ^ Cable PL, Wilson CA, Calzone FJ, Rauscher FJ, Scully R, Livingston DM, et al. (October 2003). "Novel consensus DNA-binding sequence for BRCA1 protein complexes". Mol. Carcinog. 38 (2): 85–96. doi:10.1002/mc.10148. PMID 14502648. S2CID 24956554.
  221. ^ Ganesan S, Silver DP, Drapkin R, Greenberg R, Feunteun J, Livingston DM (January 2004). "Association of BRCA1 with the inactive X chromosome and XIST RNA". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 359 (1441): 123–8. doi:10.1098/rstb.2003.1371. PMC 1693294. PMID 15065664.
  222. ^ Ganesan S, Silver DP, Greenberg RA, Avni D, Drapkin R, Miron A, et al. (November 2002). "BRCA1 supports XIST RNA concentration on the inactive X chromosome". Cell. 111 (3): 393–405. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)01052-8. PMID 12419249.
  223. ^ Zheng L, Pan H, Li S, Flesken-Nikitin A, Chen PL, Boyer TG, et al. (October 2000). "Sequence-specific transcriptional corepressor function for BRCA1 through a novel zinc finger protein, ZBRK1". Mol. Cell. 6 (4): 757–68. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)00075-7. PMID 11090615.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to BRCA1.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BRCA1&oldid=1252691458"