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Tactical ballistic missile

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The MGM-140 ATACMS tactical ballistic missile firing

A tactical ballistic missile (TBM), or battlefield range ballistic missile (BRBM), is a ballistic missile designed for short-range battlefield use. Typically, range is less than 300 kilometres (190 mi).[according to whom?] Tactical ballistic missiles are usually mobile to ensure survivability and quick deployment, as well as carrying a variety of warheads to target enemy facilities, assembly areas, artillery, and other targets behind the front lines. Warheads can include conventional high explosive, chemical, biological, or nuclear warheads. Typically tactical nuclear weapons are limited in their total yield compared to strategic nuclear weapons.

Design

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Tactical ballistic missiles fill the gap between conventional rocket artillery and longer-range short-range ballistic missiles. Tactical missiles can carry heavy payloads deep behind enemy lines in comparison to rockets or gun artillery, while having better mobility and less expense than the more strategic theatre missiles. Additionally, due to their mobility, tactical missiles are better suited to responding to developments on the battlefield.

For many nations, tactical missiles represent the upper limit of their land-based military equipment. They can provide a powerful weapon for a very economical price, and in some cases are sought to help level the playing field against opponents who are superior in other areas of military technology. Currently, tactical ballistic missile technology remains within reach for nations that may face difficulties in obtaining other advanced military technologies.

Ballistic missiles are still difficult to defeat on the battlefield. Newer air defense systems have improved ability to intercept tactical missiles, but still can not reliably protect assets against ballistic missile threats. This allows a moderate force of missiles to threaten a superior enemy by penetrating their air defenses better than with conventional aircraft, while providing a deeper strike than conventional artillery.

Propulsion

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Early large rockets and missiles were propelled by liquid-propellant rocket engines, as the first types developed. These were replaced as soon as possible by solid fuel rocket motors. Liquid propellants involve cryogenic (liquid oxygen) or corrosive (nitric acid) oxidisers. These must be loaded before launch, delaying the rocket's time into action. This delay was a problem for large strategic missiles, but especially so for tactical.

Missiles, particularly in the Soviet Union, switched to using storable liquid propellants such as IRFNA, inhibited nitric acid. These were still hazardous to handle, but could be stored pre-loaded in the missile. This also allowed the development of single vehicle transporter erector launchers (TEL), rather than the previous convoy of carriers, launchers, fuel vehicles and service vehicles.

Western missiles adopted solid propellants instead,[i] which were inherently storable, and later Warsaw Pact missiles followed suit. Tactical missiles are now almost universally solid-fuelled, except for some states using indigenous derivatives of the original Scud platform.

Specific TBMs

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NATO reporting name Propellant Range Introduction Withdrawal Origin Operators
Al-Samoud 2 Liquid propelled 0160 180 km 2001 2003  Iraq
Al-Hussein Liquid propelled 600–650 km 1987 1991  Iraq
Blue Water 1960 (first flight) cancelled 1962  United Kingdom
MGM-140 ATACMS Solid propelled 0300 300 km 1986 2007 (program terminated, missile remains in service)  United States
MGM-52 Lance Liquid propelled 0120 120 km 1972 1992  United States
PGM-11 Redstone Liquid propelled 92.5 km-323 km 1958 1964  USA
Precision Strike Missile >500 km 2023  USA
MGM-18 Lacrosse 19 km 1959 1964  USA
WS-1 0180 60–180 km ≈1990  China
WS-2 / WS-3 0180 70–200 km ≈2004  China
DTI-1 0180 60–180 km  Thailand
Hrim-2 0180 280–500 km  Ukraine
Shaurya two-stage solid propelled 700-1900 km 2011  India
Prahaar Solid propelled 150 km 2011  India
Pragati Solid propelled 170 km 2013  India
Pranash Solid propelled 200 km TBD

 India

Pralay Solid propelled 150-500 km TBD  India
Ghaznavi (missile) Solid propelled 0320290–320 km 2004  Pakistan
Nasr/Hatf IX Solid propelled 007070 km 2013  Pakistan
Abdali/Hatf-II Solid propelled 0180180 km 2002  Pakistan
Hatf-I Solid propelled 0100 70 km 1990  Pakistan
Hatif-1A Solid propelled 0100 100 km 1990  Pakistan
Hatif-1B Solid propelled 0100 100 km 1990  Pakistan
Sky Spear Solid propelled 0300 120–300 km 2001  Taiwan
J-600T Yıldırım Solid propelled 0900 150–900 km 1998  Turkey
TOROS Solid propelled 0160 100–160 km  Turkey
Bora Liquid propelled 0120 280–700 km 2017  Turkey
T-300 Kasırga 0120 100–120 km  Turkey
R-11 Zemlya SS-1b Scud-A Liquid propelled 0700 180 km 1958  Soviet Union
2K1 Mars FROG-2 Solid propelled 0700 7–18 km  Soviet Union
R-17/R-300 Elbrus SS-1c Scud-B SS-1d Scud-C SS-1e Scud-D Liquid propelled 0700 300–700 km 1964  Soviet Union
OTR-21 Tochka SS-21 Scarab Solid propelled 0185 70–185 km 1975  Soviet Union
OTR-23 Oka SS-23 Spider Solid propelled 0120 500 km 1979 1987  Soviet Union
2K6 Luna Frog-3, Frog-5 0050 10–50 km 1960 1982  Soviet Union
9K52 Luna-M Frog-7 0050 70 km 1964  Soviet Union
LORA 0120 400–800 km 2005  Israel  Azerbaijan

 Morocco

KN-02 Toksa Solid propelled 0160 120–160 km 2008  North Korea  Syria
KN-23 Solid propelled 450 km[1] 2018  North Korea
KN-24 Solid propelled 410 km[2] 2019  North Korea
KN-25 0160 380 km 2019  North Korea
9K720 Iskander SS-26 Stone Solid propelled 0500 400–500 km 2006  Russia
Predator Hawk 0120 300–400km 2016  Israel  Morocco
Hyunmoo-1 Solid propelled 0500 180 km 1977  South Korea
Hyunmoo-2A Solid propelled 0500 300 km 2006  South Korea
Ure-1 Solid propelled 0500 180 km 2022  South Korea
BRE8 King Dragon/Fire Dragon Solid propelled 0500 280–300 km 2014?  China
Burkan-1 0800 800 km 2016  Yemen
al-Najm al-Thaqib-1 045 45 km 2015  Yemen
al-Najm al-Thaqib-2 075 75 km 2015  Yemen
Fajr-5 Solid propelled 180 km 1990s  Iran
Shahab-1 0350 350 km 1987 ~2016  Iran  Syria
Shahab-2 liquid propelled 500 km 1990 2016  Iran  Syria
Fateh-110 Solid propelled 300 km 2002  Iran
Fateh-313 Solid propelled 500 km 2015  Iran  Syria
Qiam 1 Liquid propelled 800 km 2010  Iran  Yemen
Zelzal-1 Solid propelled 160 km 1990  Iran  Syria
Zelzal-2 Solid propelled 210 km 1998  Iran
Zelzal-3 Solid propelled 200–250 km 2007  Iran  Syria
Naze'at 6-H Solid propelled 80–100 km 1980's  Iran
Naze'at 10-H Solid propelled 100–130 km 1980's  Iran
Jerina-1 Solid propelled[3] 285-300 km 2017

 Serbia

Jerina-2 Liquid propelled 75 km 2017

 Serbia

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The liquid-fuelled MGM-52 Lance was one exception, remaining in service until the end of the Cold War.

References

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  1. ^ "KN-23". Missile Threat. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  2. ^ "KN-24". Missile Threat. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  3. ^ "EDePro, Engine Development and Production".