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To date, two methods have been used to make a personal computer, not offered by Apple, but able to run a Mac operating system: either create a Macintosh conversion or build a Macintosh clone.

Unlike Mac clones that contain little or no original Apple hardware, Mac conversions are essentially modification kits that require the core components of a previously purchased, genuine Apple Mac computer, such as the Macintosh ROM or the motherboard, in order to become a functional computer system.

This places the commercial production of a Mac conversion under the protection of the first-sale doctrine in the U.S. and similar legal concepts in most other countries.

Background

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Since the early days of Macintosh computers, manufacturers have sought to fulfill the needs of customers who wanted to have a computer with Mac OS, but with a functionality not provided by Apple’s existing Macintosh (later called Mac) lineup. Companies making Mac conversions start with a previously purchased, genuine Apple Mac computer, and use them in combination with their own manufactured components to assemble their custom Mac solution. Modifications can be as minor as the addition of a touch-sensitive display bezel to an otherwise factory standard iMac to create for example a kiosk system,[1][2] or as extensive as the complete replacement of a MacBook's laptop enclosure to create a Tablet Mac.[3]

While this business model of aftermarket modification is most commonly used in the car industry, with one of the most famous examples being the Shelby Mustang, a high performance variant of the Ford Mustang, it has been applied with equal success in the Mac market.

Whereas Mac clones typically aim to compete directly with Apple's solutions through lower prices, commercial Mac conversions rely on offering features/solutions not available from Apple, and where the need for that particular Mac solution is high enough to justify the combined cost of the full price of the Mac donor computer plus the price of the conversion kit and labor.[4] Commercially successful Mac conversions were discontinued when Apple introduced products with competing features.[5]

Legality

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By definition, a Macintosh conversion is an aftermarket modification of a previously purchased, genuine Apple Mac computer or laptop, while preserving the core components required to run the Mac operating system, such as the donor Mac's motherboard. Conversions are thus completely compatible with Macintosh software,[6] and avoid any of the copyright misuse, DMCA or Mac operating system licensing issues that form the basis of the legal threat unlicensed Mac clone manufacturers have to face.

Apple's 1986 agreement to sell Macintosh computers to Dynamac at a discounted price indicated the former's approval of the latter company's conversions. Other companies stated that they were also negotiating with Apple, but would continue to purchase Macs at retail for conversion without such an agreement. Apple only sold complete computers for conversion, refusing to sell individual components such as motherboards.[7] The performance of aftermarket modifications is in the U.S. protected by the First-sale doctrine and similar legal concepts in most other countries.[8][9] Its legality has been tested through litigation, most notably in the automotive industry, where automobile manufacturers have attempted to hinder or suppress automotive aftermarket businesses by means of copyright and/or patent infringement lawsuits.

The application of the aftermarket process makes for a critical legal distinction between Macintosh conversions and Macintosh clones. Whereas none of the Mac conversions of the companies listed below have seen legal action, Psystar, an unlicensed Mac clone maker, was sued by Apple in federal court within months[10] of the introduction of their first Mac clones.[11]

Companies

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The following companies have created commercially available Mac conversion solutions:

Axiotron, Inc.

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Axiotron, Inc., was founded as a Delaware corporation in 2005[12] with headquarters in Los Angeles, California. It was acquired in 2008[13] by the publicly traded Toronto, Canada-based Axiotron Corp. (TSX-V: AXO) and dissolved in 2010.[14][15] The company was the first Mac conversion manufacturer to create a pen-enabled tablet Mac computer.[16]

Notable products include:

  • Modbook – the first true Tablet Mac,[17] this Mac conversion was based on the polycarbonate white MacBook and featured a pen-enabled, but not finger-touch-sensitive screen. The Modbook retained the entire bottom half of the donor MacBook enclosure, only removing the display and the keyboard section, replacing it with the pen-enabled 13.3-inch wide-viewing-angle display in a chrome-plated cast-magnesium bezel.[18][19] Discontinued in 2010.

Colby Systems, Inc.

[edit]
Main article: Chuck Colby

Founded in 1982[20] by Chuck Colby and operating out of Fresno, California, Colby Systems, Inc. launched its first Macintosh portable computer in 1987.[21] In 1991, after introducing but never shipping its final portable Mac solution, the company left the Mac conversion business to work with video technology[22] and was dissolved in 2016.[23]

Notable products include:

The first WalkMac, from Colby Systems, was based upon a Mac Plus logic board, with a plasma display.
  • Lap-Mac[24] – was a Macintosh Plus converted into a 16-pound, portable Mac computer with a detachable gas plasma screen allowing users to place a monitor on top of the device instead. Featuring 1MB RAM, one 800k floppy drive, and optional external battery pack, it had space for a modem and an ink-jet printer. Pricing started at $4,995 and the product was discontinued with the introduction of the company's WalkMac in 1987.
  • The first WalkMac[25] was a Mac conversion based upon a Mac Plus logic board, and it featured an orange plasma display. Only a mouse-pad was supplied, and a mouse, a keyboard and an external battery were needed. Special connectors on the side allowed the connection of an external FDD and/or HDD module. A collector has recently documented the acquisition and repair of one of this original WalkMac machine.[26] The WalkMac SE[27][28][29] and SE-30[30][31] – replacing the original WalkMac, were based on a Macintosh SE and Macintosh SE/30 respectively, and transformed the donor computers from all-in-one desktops to Mac portables with 9-inch monochrome backlit LCD Supertwist displays and internal batteries. Pricing started a $5,600 for the WalkMac SE and $6,800 for the WalkMac SE-30.
  • Colby Classmate[32][33] – based on a Macintosh Classic and introduced in 1991, it would have been the first Mac in a tablet-like form factor with a built-in trackball and a membrane keyboard positioned under the display. However the Classmate never went into production.[34]

Dynamac Corporation

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Dynamac Corporation, out of Denver, Colorado, also known as Dynamac Computer Products Inc., was founded as a Delaware corporation in 1970[35] and offered Mac portable computer systems between 1986[36] and 1991.[37] In 1986 it became the first Mac portable vendor to purchase Macintosh computers from Apple at a discounted price.[7]

Notable products include:

  • Dynamac[38][39][6] – Macintosh Plus converted into a black metal, 24-pound, portable Mac computer with a 9-inch back-lit amber electroluminescent screen and an optional, external battery pack. Based on an 8MHz 68000 CPU, and with pricing starting at $7,000, the Dynamac became obsolete with the introduction of the Apple Macintosh Portable in 1989.[40] Discontinued.
  • Dynamac EL[41] – based on the same Macintosh Plus system as the Dynamac, the EL used a black Cycolac plastic enclosure, reducing the weight to 18-pound and dropping the starting price to $6,000. It also became obsolete with the introduction of the Apple Macintosh Portable in 1989.[42] Discontinued.
  • Dynamac LC Display[43] – converted a Macintosh LC into a 13 ¾-pound portable Mac by attaching a 9.5-inch LCD display with 640-by-480 pixels resolution and 16 shades of grey to a Macintosh LC base system. Adding the optional battery added 2 ½ pound to the system's weight. Pricing started at $1,299 for the display kit, plus the cost of the Macintosh LC. Discontinued.
  • Dynamac IIsf[44] and IIsf/30[45] – this 11-pound Mac portable was based on converting a Macintosh LC into a leather-cased Mac portable with a built-in 9.5-inch LCD display with 640-by-480 pixels resolution and 16 shades of grey, a touchpad and an internal battery. The solution came either with the original donor Mac’s 68020 CPU (IIsf) starting at a price of $4,995 or an 68030 CPU (IIsf/30) starting at a price of $6,995. Discontinued.

Intelitec Systems Corporation

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Intelitec Systems Corporation, based out of Fairfield, Iowa, offered Macintosh portable computers from 1987[46] until 1989 when the introduction of the Apple Macintosh Portable made their product obsolete.[47]

Notable products include:

Modbook Inc.

[edit]

Founded in February 2012, Modbook Inc., a privately held[49] U.S. company based out of Los Angeles, California,[50] is currently the only active Mac conversion manufacturer. The company offers mid- and high-end pen-enabled Tablet Mac solutions for creative professionals.

Notable products include:

Outbound Systems, Inc.

[edit]
Main article: Outbound Systems

Outbound Systems Inc., based in Boulder, Colorado, and founded in 1989,[57] offered Mac portable computer systems between 1989[58] and 1991,[59] and left the Mac conversion business in 1992 to build windows-based PC solutions.[60][61]

Notable products include:

  • Outbound Laptop[62][63][64] – announced in 1989, this Mac conversion came very close to being a Mac clone as Outbound manufactured the entire computer, including the motherboard, and only required the transfer of the Mac ROM from a Macintosh Plus or SE donor computer. The company successfully characterized its solution as an extension of the donor Mac by supporting a “hive” mode. The “lobotomized” Mac could be connected to the Outbound Laptop and started normally, using the Laptop’s Mac ROM and faster 15 MHz 68HC000 CPU. Costing between $2,999 and $3,999, depending on the options (and without accounting for the cost of the donor Mac), it weighed 9.2 pounds, making it lighter and less expensive than Apple’s Macintosh Portable (15.5 pounds and $4,799 to $5,499 respectively). It was discontinued with the introduction of the Outbound Notebook in 1991.
  • Outbound Notebook[65][66][67] – introduced in 1991, and built like its predecessor the Outbound Laptop with only the use of a ROM from a Macintosh Plus or SE donor, the Notebook featured a true clamshell notebook design with a 10″ Supertwist 640 x 400 pixels b&w display, a replaceable daughtercard design that allowed for easy CPU and FPU upgrades, standard 30-pin SIMM RAM memory modules, and could connect through its SCSI port to the Outbound Outrigger full-page external monochrome monitor. Pricing started at $3,500 and it was discontinued in 1992.

Sixty-Eight Thousand, Inc.

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Sixty-Eight Thousand, Inc., a California corporation based out of Scotts Valley, operated between 1987[68] and 1994,[69] offering performance-enhanced tower workstation solutions for the high and top-end professional Mac market.

Notable products include:

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Sellers, Dennis (May 17, 2001). "Touchscreen system for new iBooks announced". Macworld. Touchscreens and kiosks utilizing Apple's consumer products seem to be a booming industry. Last month a company called Third Stream Media announced plans to roll out its Touch Stand retail kiosk based on iMac systems and Termimac Informations systems unveiled their own line of iMac-based information kiosk systems
  2. ^ Cohen, Peter (April 26, 2001). "Termimac offers slick iMac kiosk". MacCentral Online. Archived from the original on June 4, 2001. The branded kiosks feature touchscreen-equipped iMac systems, as well.
  3. ^ Dubey, Krati (2007). "ModBook – the First True Mac Tablet Arrives at Macworld". TechShout. Retrieved September 27, 2017. If your favored input device is the pen, then this is the Mac tablet solution for you
  4. ^ "Souped-up fx". Seybold Report on Desktop Publishing, Volume 05, Number 01. September 10, 1990. Archived from the original on May 23, 2006. just introduced a IIfx version of the Dash 30. For $11,500, you get a Mac IIfx (40-MHz 68030 CPU and 68882 math chip), 8 MB of high-bandwidth main memory and a 180-MB disk drive rated for 15-ms access time
  5. ^ "Outbound". EveryMac.com. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Ultimately, the inexpensive, sleek and lightweight PowerBook 100, co-designed by Apple and Sony, forced Outbound out of business
  6. ^ a b Walker, Nick (January 1987). "Dynamac" (PDF). Personal Computer World. pp. 130–136. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
  7. ^ a b O'Connor, Rory J. (1986-11-24). "Apple Backs Portable Mac By Dynamac". InfoWorld. p. 5. Retrieved 2024-11-13.
  8. ^ "British Leyland Motor Corp & Ors v Armstrong Patents Company Ltd & Ors". United Kingdom House of Lords Decisions. February 27, 1986. It seems to me that when one is considering machinery which is not the subject of any patent protection, it is unnecessary and may be misleading to introduce the concept of an implied licence. The owner of a car must be entitled to do whatever is necessary to keep it in running order and to effect whatever repairs may be necessary in the most economical way possible. To derive this entitlement from an implied licence granted by the original manufacturer seems to me quite artificial. It is a right inherent in the ownership of the car itself. There is an inconsistency between marketing cars and thereby creating whatever rights attach to their ownership on the one hand and acting to restrain the free exercise of those rights on the other. The law does not countenance such inconsistencies.
  9. ^ "BRITISH LEYLAND MOTOR CORPORATION LTD V ARMSTRONG PATENTS CO LTD: HL 1986". Swarb.co.uk. March 22, 2017. Every owner of a car has the right to repair it. That right would be useless if suppliers of spare parts were not entitled to anticipate the need for repair. The right cannot, in my view, be withheld by the manufacturer of the car by contract with the first purchaser and cannot be withheld from any subsequent owner.
  10. ^ Taub, Eric A. (June 16, 2008). "Apple Sues Psystar to Block Macintosh Clone Sales". The New York Times. On July 3, Apple filed suit in the Federal District Court for Northern California, asserting that the Florida-based company had breached its trademark agreements by selling non-Apple hardware, including servers, that could run modified versions of the Mac OS X Leopard operating system.
  11. ^ Lainski, Jennifer (April 14, 2008). "Psystar Releases Mac Clone, But Has Apple Shut Them Down?". CRN. A company called Psystar announced ... that it has created a Mac-clone for $399 that will run Apple's OS Leopard
  12. ^ "California Department of State: Division of Corporations: Dynamac Computer Products Inc". California Department of State. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Delaware Corporation: AXIOTRON, INC.; File Number: 3908075; Founded: May 1st, 2005
  13. ^ "Axiotron Corp.: Axiotron Completes Equity/Debt Financings and Closes Qualifying Transaction". SIP TRUNKING REPORT. August 26, 2008. Axiotron Corp. (AXO - TSX Venture) ... today announced that it has closed its ... acquisition of ... El Segundo, California-based, Axiotron, Inc.
  14. ^ "Shareholders Approve Dissolution of Axiotron, Inc" (PDF). Free-Press-Release.com. June 1, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2017. was dissolved today upon a unanimous vote by its shareholders, following foreclosure against all of its assets by its secured creditors
  15. ^ "Axiotron Announces Transfer of Listing to NEX Board of TSX Venture Exchange". InvestorPoint.com. December 16, 2010. Trading in the Company's shares will remain suspended in accordance with a general cease trade order issued by the Company's principal regulator, the Ontario Securities Commission, on June 23, 2010
  16. ^ Cohen, Peter (January 2, 2008). "ModBook tablet Mac finally ships". Macworld. It's the first pen tablet-based Mac.
  17. ^ Dubey, Krati (2007). "ModBook – the First True Mac Tablet Arrives at Macworld". TechShout. Retrieved September 27, 2017. ModBook the First True Mac Tablet
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  19. ^ Blass, Evan (January 1, 2008). "Axiotron finally ships Modbook OSX Tablet". Engadget. Modbook Product Specs
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  22. ^ Edwards, Benj (November 23, 2012). "The unusual world of Mac prototypes". Macworld. Colby left the Macintosh development world to work with video technology.
  23. ^ "California Secretary of State: Business Entities: Colby Systems Inc". California Department of State. Retrieved September 27, 2017. California Corporation: Colby Systems Inc.; File Number: C1129026; Dissolved: 02/09/2016
  24. ^ Spiegelman, Lisa L. (March 30, 1987). "Developers Ready MacSE-Compatible Portables". InfoWorld Macintosh News. Lap-Mac Product Specs
  25. ^ Carnoy, David (May 30, 2013). "Walkmac revisited: The inside story of the 'first' portable Mac". CNET.
  26. ^ "WalkMac from Colby's Estate".
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  37. ^ Flynn, Laurie and Krohn, Nico (January 21, 1991). "Outbound, Dynamac Show Laptops". Macintosh News. January 22, 1991 Dynamac shows Laptop{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ "Dynamac and Dynamac EL". LowEndMac.com. July 3, 2016. Details, Dynamac
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  60. ^ Lee, Yvonne (November 9, 1992). "Outbound offers network-ready PC". InfoWorld News. Outbound Systems has used its experience making Macintosh-compatible notebooks to create an Intel-based miniature computer
  61. ^ "News - industry troubles". The computists' weekly. December 16, 1992. Outbound Systems Inc. (Boulder) is ceasing production.
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  69. ^ "Sixty-Eight Thousand, Inc, Form 10KSB, Filing Date Apr 15, 1998". secdatabase.com. Retrieved May 14, 2018. In June 1994, Sixty-Eight Thousand, Inc., a company which made Macintosh compatible workstations, filed for bankruptcy protection in San Jose, California (Case No.: 94-54123)
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