Bacteriuria
| Bacteriuria | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Bacteruria |
 | |
| Multiple rod-shaped bacteria shown between the larger white blood cells at urinary microscopy from a person with urinary tract infection. | |
| Specialty | Emergency medicine, infectious disease |
| Types | Asymptomatic, symptomatic[1][2] |
| Diagnostic method | Urinalysis, urine culture[3] |
| Differential diagnosis | Contamination[1] |
| Treatment | Based on symptoms or risk factors[3][4] |
| Frequency | Asymptomatic: 3% (middle aged women), up to 50% (women in nursing homes)[5] Symptomatic: up to 10% of women a year[6][7] |
Bacteriuria is the presence of bacteria in urine.[1] Bacteriuria accompanied by symptoms is a urinary tract infection while that without is known as asymptomatic bacteriuria.[1][2] Diagnosis is by urinalysis or urine culture.[3] Escherichia coli is the most common bacterium found.[1] People without symptoms should generally not be tested for the condition.[3] Differential diagnosis include contamination.[1]
If symptoms are present, treatment is generally with antibiotics.[3] Bacteriuria without symptoms generally does not require treatment.[4] Exceptions may include pregnant women, those who have had a recent kidney transplant, young children with significant vesicoureteral reflux, and those undergoing surgery of the urinary tract.[3][4]
Bacteriuria without symptoms is present in about 3% of otherwise healthy middle aged women.[5] In nursing homes rates are as high as 50% among women and 40% in men.[5] In those with a long term indwelling urinary catheter rates are 100%.[5] Up to 10% of women have a urinary tract infection in a given year and half of all women have at least one infection at some point in their lives.[6][7] There is an increased risk of asymptomatic or symptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy due to physiological changes that occur in a pregnant woman which promotes unwanted pathogen growth in the urinary tract.[8][9][10]
Signs and symptoms
[edit]Asymptomatic
[edit]Asymptomatic bacteriuria is bacteriuria without accompanying symptoms of a urinary tract infection and is commonly caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli.[8] Other potential pathogens are Klebsiella spp., and group B streptococci.[8][10] It is more common in women, in the elderly, in residents of long-term care facilities, and in people with diabetes, bladder catheters, and spinal cord injuries.[11] People with a long-term Foley catheter always show bacteriuria. Chronic asymptomatic bacteriuria occurs in as many as 50% of the population in long-term care.[12]
There is an association between asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women with low birth weight, preterm delivery, cystitis, infection of the newborn and fetus death.[8][13] [10]However, most of these studies were graded as poor quality.[8] Bacteriuria in pregnancy also increases the risk of preeclampsia.[13]
Symptomatic
[edit]Symptomatic bacteriuria is bacteriuria with the accompanying symptoms of a urinary tract infection (such as frequent urination, painful urination, fever, back pain, abdominal pain and blood in the urine) and includes pyelonephritis or cystitis.[11] The most common cause of urinary tract infections is Escherichia coli.[citation needed]
Diagnosis
[edit]Testing for bacteriuria is usually performed in people with symptoms of a urinary tract infection. Certain populations that cannot feel or express symptoms of infection are also tested when showing nonspecific symptoms. For example, confusion or other changes in behaviour can be a sign of an infection in the elderly. Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy is a common routine in many countries, but controversial.[citation needed]
- The gold standard for detecting bacteriuria is a bacterial culture which identifies the concentration of bacterial cells in the urine. The culture is usually combined with subsequent testing using biochemical methods or MALDI-TOF, which allows to identify the causal[citation needed] bacterial species, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Urine culture is quantitative and very reliable, but can take at least one day to obtain a result and it is expensive.[8][14] Miniaturization of bacterial culture within dipstick format, Digital Dipstick,[15] allows bacterial detection, identification and quantification for bacteriuria within 10–12 hours at the point-of-care. Clinicians will often treat symptomatic bacteriuria based on the results of the urine dipstick test while waiting for the culture results.[citation needed]
- Bacteriuria can usually be detected using a urine dipstick test. The nitrite test detects nitrate-reducing bacteria if growing in high numbers in urine. A negative dipstick test does not exclude bacteriuria, as not all bacteria which can colonise the urinary tract are nitrate-reducing. The leukocyte esterase test indirectly detects the presence of leukocytes (white blood cells) in urine which can be associated with a urinary tract infection. In the elderly, the leukocyte esterase test is often positive even in the absence of an infection.[citation needed] The urine dipstick test is readily available and provides fast, but often unreliable results. Some organisms such as chlamydia and Ureaplasma urealyticum will produce a negative leukocyte esterase reaction.
- Microscopy can also be used to detect bacteriuria. It is rarely used in clinical routine since it requires more time and equipment and does not allow reliable identification or quantification of the causal bacterial species.[citation needed]
Bacteriuria is assumed if a single bacterial species is isolated in a concentration greater than 100,000 colony forming units per millilitre of urine in clean-catch midstream urine specimens.[16] In urine samples obtained from women, there is a risk for bacterial contamination from the vaginal flora. Therefore, in research, usually a second specimen is analysed to confirm asymptomatic bacteriuria in women. For urine collected via bladder catheterization in men and women, a single urine specimen with greater than 100,000 colony forming units of a single species per millilitre is considered diagnostic.[16] The threshold for women displaying UTI symptoms can be as low as 100 colony forming units of a single species per millilitre. However, bacteria below a threshold of 10000 colony forming units per millilitre are usually reported as "no growth" by clinical laboratories.[17][18]
Using special techniques certain non-disease causing bacteria have also been found in the urine of healthy people.[19] These are part of the resident microbiota.[19]
Screening
[edit]Although controversial, many countries including the United States recommend a one time screening for bacteriuria during mid pregnancy.[20][21] The screening method is by urine culture.[21] Screening non-pregnant adults is recommended against by the United States Preventive Task Force.[21]
Treatment
[edit]The decision to treat bacteriuria depends on the presence of accompanying symptoms and comorbidities.
Asymptomatic
[edit]Asymptomatic bacteriuria generally does not require treatment.[4] Exceptions include those undergoing surgery of the urinary tract, children with vesicoureteral reflux or others with structural abnormalities of the urinary tract.[4][22] In many countries, regional guidelines recommend treatment of pregnant women.[8]
There is no indication to treat asymptomatic bacteriuria in diabetics, renal transplant recipients, and in those with spinal cord injuries.[23]
The overuse of antibiotics to treat asymptomatic bacteriuria has many adverse effects[24] such as an increased risk of diarrhea, the spread of antimicrobial resistance, and infection due to Clostridioides difficile.
Symptomatic
[edit]Symptomatic bacteriuria is synonymous with urinary tract infection and typically treated with antibiotics. Common choices include nitrofurantoin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.[citation needed]
Epidemiology
[edit]| Group | Prevalence (in %) | |
|---|---|---|
| Healthy premenopausal women | 1.0 to 5.0 | |
| Pregnant women | 1.9 to 9.5 | |
| Postmenopausal women (50 to 70 years of age) | 2.8 to 8.6 | |
| People with diabetes mellitus | Women | 9.0 to 27.0 |
| Men | 0.7 to 1.0 | |
| Older community-dwelling people | Women (older than 70 years) |
> 15.0 |
| Men | 3.6 to 19.0 | |
| Older long-term care residents | Women | 25.0 to 50.0 |
| Men | 15.0 to 40.0 | |
| People with spinal cord injury | Intermittent catheter | 23.0 to 89.0 |
| Sphincterotomy and condom catheter |
57.0 | |
| People undergoing hemodialysis | 28.0 | |
| People with an indwelling urinary catheter |
Short-term | 9.0 to 23.0 |
| Long-term | 100 | |
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f Das KV (2017). Textbook of Medicine: Two Volume Set. JP Medical Ltd. p. 1250. ISBN 9789386056108.
- ^ a b Sendi P, Borens O, Wahl P, Clauss M, Uçkay I (2017). "Management of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria, Urinary Catheters and Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infections in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Joint Replacement: A Position Paper of the Expert Group 'Infection' of swissorthopaedics". Journal of Bone and Joint Infection. 2 (3): 154–159. doi:10.7150/jbji.20425. PMC 5592375. PMID 28894690.
- ^ a b c d e f "Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. May 2016. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
- ^ a b c d e Köves B, Cai T, Veeratterapillay R, Pickard R, Seisen T, Lam TB, et al. (December 2017). "Benefits and Harms of Treatment of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis by the European Association of Urology Urological Infection Guidelines Panel". European Urology. 72 (6): 865–868. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2017.07.014. PMID 28754533.
- ^ a b c d e Colgan R, Nicolle LE, McGlone A, Hooton TM (September 2006). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults". American Family Physician. 74 (6): 985–990. PMID 17002033.
- ^ a b Salvatore S, Salvatore S, Cattoni E, Siesto G, Serati M, Sorice P, Torella M (June 2011). "Urinary tract infections in women". European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 156 (2): 131–136. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.01.028. PMID 21349630.
- ^ a b Nicolle LE (February 2008). "Uncomplicated urinary tract infection in adults including uncomplicated pyelonephritis". The Urologic Clinics of North America. 35 (1): 1–12, v. doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.004. PMID 18061019.
- ^ a b c d e f g Smaill, Fiona M.; Vazquez, Juan C. (25 November 2019). "Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (11). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000490.pub4. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6953361. PMID 31765489.
- ^ Awoke N, Tekalign T, Teshome M, Lolaso T, Dendir G, Obsa MS (July 2021). "Bacterial Profile and asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women in Africa: A systematic review and meta analysis". eClinicalMedicine. 37: 100952. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100952. PMC 8343252. PMID 34386744.
- ^ a b c Emami A, Javanmardi F, Pirbonyeh N (August 2020). "Antibiotic resistant profile of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy. 18 (8): 807–815. doi:10.1080/14787210.2020.1759420. PMID 32321329. S2CID 216084453.
- ^ a b Coussement J, Scemla A, Abramowicz D, Nagler EV, Webster AC (February 2018). "Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in kidney transplant recipients". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (2): CD011357. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011357.pub2. PMC 6491324. PMID 29390169.
- ^ AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine (February 2014), "Ten Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine, retrieved 20 April 2015
- ^ a b Szweda H, Jóźwik M (2016). "Urinary tract infections during pregnancy - an updated overview". Developmental Period Medicine. 20 (4): 263–272. PMID 28216479.
- ^ Bonkat G, Braissant O, Cai T, Köves B, Bjerklund Johansen TE, Pickard R, Veeratterapillay R (December 2017). "Non-molecular Methods to Detect Bacteriuria Prior to Urological Interventions: A Diagnostic Accuracy Systematic Review". European Urology Focus. 3 (6): 535–537. doi:10.1016/j.euf.2018.03.004. PMID 29627196.
- ^ Iseri E, Biggel M, Goossens H, Moons P, van der Wijngaart W (November 2020). "Digital dipstick: miniaturized bacteria detection and digital quantification for the point-of-care". Lab on a Chip. 20 (23): 4349–4356. doi:10.1039/D0LC00793E. PMID 33169747.
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