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Aruna Shanbaug case

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Aruna Shanbaug
Born
Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug

(1948-06-01)1 June 1948
Haldipur, Karnataka, India
Died18 May 2015(2015-05-18) (aged 66)
KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Cause of deathPneumonia
OccupationNursing Officer

Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug (1 June 1948 – 18 May 2015), was an Indian nurse who was at the centre of attention in a court case on euthanasia after spending over 41 years in a vegetative state as a result of a sexual assault.[1]

In 1973, while working as a junior nurse at King Edward Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Shanbaug was sexually assaulted by a hospital janitor, and remained in a vegetative state following the assault.[2] On 24 January 2011, after Shanbaug had been in this state for 37 years, the Supreme Court of India responded to a plea for euthanasia filed by journalist Pinki Virani, setting up a medical panel to examine her. The court rejected the petition on 7 March 2011. However, in its landmark opinion, it allowed passive euthanasia in India.[3]

Shanbaug died of pneumonia on 18 May 2015, after being in a persistent vegetative state for nearly 42 years.[1][4][5]

Biography

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Aruna Shanbaug was born in a Konkani Brahmin family 1948 in Haldipur, Uttar Kannada, Karnataka.[6][7][8] She worked as a nurse at the King Edward Memorial Hospital (KEM) in Mumbai. At the time of the attack, she was engaged to a doctor employed at the same hospital.[9]

Attack

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On 27 November 1973, Shanbaug, then 25 years old, was sexually assaulted by a male sweeper on contract at the King Edward Memorial Hospital.[10] The attack occurred while she was changing clothes in the hospital basement. He choked her with a dog chain and raped her. This cut off oxygen to her brain, resulting in a brain stem contusion, cervical cord injury, and cortical blindness.[11] She was discovered at 7:45 am the following morning by a cleaner.[12]

Perpetrator

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Sohanlal Bhartha Valmiki was caught and convicted of assault and robbery, and he served two concurrent seven-year sentences, being released in 1980. He was not convicted of rape, sexual molestation, or unnatural sexual offense, the last of which could have been punished with life imprisonment.[13]

Journalist and human rights activist Pinki Virani attempted to track down Sohanlal; she believes that Sohanlal changed his name after leaving prison but continued to work in a Delhi hospital, and since neither the King Edward Memorial Hospital nor the court that tried Sohanlal kept a file photo of him, Virani's search failed.[14] Other reports claimed he had subsequently died of AIDS or tuberculosis.[15]

Shortly after Shanbaug's death was announced, however, Sohanlal was tracked down by Mumbai-based journalist Dnyanesh Chavan from the Marathi daily Sakal to his father-in-law's village of Parpa in western Uttar Pradesh. He was found to be still living, married with a family, and working as a labourer and cleaner in a power station.[15] After his release from prison, he returned to his ancestral village of Dadupur in western Uttar Pradesh before moving to Parpa in the late 1980s.[15]

When interviewed, Sohanlal described his version of the assault, claiming it had been committed in a "fit of rage" and that he had no clear recollection of when it had taken place or what he may have done, though he denied raping her and said that it "must have been someone else". Sohanlal, then a hospital janitor, had a difficult relationship with Shanbaug, his superior. He says that "there was an argument and a physical fight" when Shanbaug refused to give him leave to visit his ill mother-in-law and said that she would report him for poor work.[15]

Since then, he was fired from his job, and his sons disowned their father after learning the truth.[16]

Nurses' strike

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Following the attack, nurses in Mumbai went on strike demanding improved conditions for Shanbaug and better working conditions for themselves.[17] In the 1980s, the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (BMC) made two attempts to move Shanbaug outside the KEM Hospital to free the bed she had been occupying for seven years. KEM nurses launched a protest, and the BMC abandoned the plan.[18]

Supreme Court case

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See also: Euthanasia in India

Shanbaug remained in a vegetative state from 1973 until her death in 2015.

On 17 December 2010, the Supreme Court, while admitting the plea to end the life made by activist-journalist Pinki Virani, sought a report on Shanbaug's medical condition from the hospital in Mumbai and the government of Maharashtra.[19][20] On 24 January 2011, a three-member medical panel was established under the Supreme Court's directive.[21] After examining Shanbaug, the panel concluded that she met "most of the criteria of being in a permanent vegetative state".[22]

On 7 March 2011, the Supreme Court, in a landmark judgement, issued a set of broad guidelines legalizing passive euthanasia in India.[23][24] These guidelines for passive euthanasia—i.e. the decision to withdraw treatment, nutrition, or water—establish that the decision to discontinue life support must be taken by parents, spouse, or other close relatives, or in the absence of them, by a "next friend". The decision also requires court approval.

In its judgement, the court declined to recognize Virani as the "next friend" of Aruna Shanbaug, and instead treated the KEM hospital staff as the "next friend."

We do not mean to decry or disparage what Ms. Pinki Virani has done. Rather, we wish to express our appreciation of the splendid social spirit she has shown. We have seen on the internet that she has been espousing many social causes, and we hold her in high esteem. All that we wish to say is that however much her interest in Aruna Shanbaug may be it cannot match the involvement of the KEM hospital staff who have been taking care of Aruna day and night for 38 years.[25]: 127–128 

Since the KEM Hospital staff wished that Aruna Shanbaug be allowed to live, Virani's petition to withdraw life support was declined. However, the court further stipulated that the KEM hospital staff, with the approval of the Bombay High Court, had the option of withdrawing life support if they changed their mind:

However, assuming that the KEM hospital staff at some future time changes its mind, in our opinion in such a situation the KEM hospital would have to apply to the Bombay High Court for approval of the decision to withdraw life support.[25]: 128 

On 25 February 2014, while hearing a PIL filed by NGO Common Cause, a three-judge bench of the Supreme Court of India said that the prior opinion in the Aruna Shanbaug case was based on a wrong interpretation of the Constitution Bench's opinion in Gian Kaur v. State of Punjab. The court also determined that the opinion was internally inconsistent because although it held that euthanasia can be allowed only by an act of the legislature, it then proceeded to judicially establish euthanasia guidelines. The court referred the issue to a larger Constitution Bench for resolution, writing:

In view of the inconsistent opinions rendered in Aruna Shanbaug (supra) and also considering the important question of law involved which needs to be reflected in the light of social, legal, medical and constitutional perspective, it becomes extremely important to have a clear enunciation of law. Thus, in our cogent opinion, the question of law involved requires careful consideration by a Constitution Bench of this Court for the benefit of humanity as a whole.[26]

Response

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Following the Supreme Court decision rejecting the plea, the nursing staff at the hospital—who had opposed the petition and had been looking after Shanbaug since she had lapsed into a vegetative state—distributed sweets and cut a cake to celebrate what they termed her "rebirth". A senior nurse at the hospital later said, "We have to tend to her just like a small child at home. She only keeps aging like any of us, does not create any problems for us. We take turns looking after her and we love to care for her. How can anybody think of taking her life?"[9]

Pinki Virani's lawyer, Shubhangi Tulli, decided not to file an appeal, saying "the two-judge ruling was final till the SC decided to constitute a larger bench to re-examine the issue." Pinki Virani said, "Because of this woman who has never received justice, no other person in a similar position will have to suffer for more than three and a half decades."[27]

Death

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A few days before her death, Shanbaug was diagnosed with pneumonia. She was moved to the medical intensive care unit (MICU) of the hospital and put on a ventilator. She died the morning of 18 May 2015.[5] Her funeral was performed by the hospital nurses and other staff members.[28]

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A non-fiction book titled Aruna's Story was written about the case by Pinki Virani in 1998. Duttakumar Desai wrote the Marathi play Katha Arunachi in 1994–95, which was performed at college level and subsequently staged by Vinay Apte in 2002.[29][30]

A Gujarati fiction novel, Jad Chetan, was written by popular novelist Harkisan Mehta in 1985 based on Aruna Shanbaug's case.[31]

Anumol played Aruna in the 2014 Malayalam film Maram Peyyumbol.[32][33]

Aruna's story was also portrayed in the Crime Patrol series of Sony TV.[31]

In June 2020, the Ullu web series named KASAK was released, which is loosely based on this case. The role of Sheetal, Shanbaug's stand-in, is portrayed by Ihana Dhillon.

Further reading

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  • Aruna's Story: the true account of a rape and its aftermath, by Pinki Virani. Viking, 1998 ISBN 0140277625
  • Arunachi Goshta (Aruna's story) (in Marathi), by Pinki Virani, 1998, Translator: Meena Karnik. Mehta Publishing House. 1998 ISBN 81-8498-142-2

References

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  1. ^ a b "Aruna Shanbaug: Brain-damaged India nurse dies 42 years after rape". BBC News. BBC. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  2. ^ Malavika Karlekar. "Review: Ten Minutes To Hell". Outlook India. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  3. ^ "India joins select nations in legalising "passive euthanasia"". The Hindu. 7 March 2011. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  4. ^ "Raped Indian nurse dies after 42 years in coma". The Guardian. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  5. ^ a b "1973 Sexual Assault Victim Aruna Shanbaug passes away in Mumbai". news.biharprabha.com. 18 May 2015. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  6. ^ "KEM nurses, dean celebrate Aruna Shanbaug's birthday". Hindustan Times. 2 June 2011. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  7. ^ "KEM Hospital celebrates Aruna Shanbaug's 64th birthday". The Times of India. 2 June 2012. Archived from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  8. ^ "KEM celebrates Aruna Shanbaug's 65th birthday". DNA India. 2 June 2013. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  9. ^ a b "Rebirth for Aruna, say joyous Mumbai hospital staff". Deccan Herald. 7 March 2011. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  10. ^ Virani, Pinki (10 September 2003). "Aruna is still on our conscience". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 5 March 2011.
  11. ^ Kurup, Saira (7 May 2006). "Four women India forgot". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
  12. ^ "Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug v. Union Of India [2011 (4) SCC 454] (Euthanasia case)". 1, Law Street. Supreme Court of India. 7 March 2011. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  13. ^ "Indian Penal Code Section 377". Indian Kanoon. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  14. ^ "The rapes that India forgot". BBC News. 5 January 2013. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  15. ^ a b c d Chatterjee, Pritha (29 May 2015). "Aruna Shanbaug's assailant is alive. I want to seek forgiveness from her and God, he says". Indian Express. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  16. ^ "Sohanlal loses job but village calls off ouster move". Times of India. 3 June 2015.
  17. ^ Surya, Vasantha (20 June 1998). "A cautionary tale". Frontline Magazine. 15 (13). Archived from the original on 25 November 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2015.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  18. ^ "Aruna Shanbaug: Timeline". The Times of India. 8 March 2011. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012.
  19. ^ "India court admits plea to end life of rape victim". BBC News, Delhi. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 13 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  20. ^ "Judges consider comatose rape victim's right to die". The Times. 18 December 2009. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  21. ^ "Team to look into Euthanasia plea". The Times of India. 25 January 2011. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012.
  22. ^ "'Aruna Shanbaug's brain shrivelled after 1973 sexual assault'". The Times of India. 28 February 2011. Archived from the original on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  23. ^ "India court rejects Aruna Shanbaug euthanasia plea". BBC News. 7 March 2011. Archived from the original on 7 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  24. ^ "India's Supreme Court lays out euthanasia guidelines". LA Times. 8 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  25. ^ a b "Supreme Court decision on Aruna Ramachandra Shanbaug versus Union of India" (PDF). Supreme Court of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
  26. ^ "Common Cause (A Regd. Society) v. Union of India – (2014) 5 SCC 338 [Euthanasia reference to Constitution Bench]". 1, Law Street. Supreme Court of India. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  27. ^ "Because of Aruna, no one else will have to suffer". Hindustan Times. 7 March 2011. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  28. ^ "Funeral of Aruna Shanbaug performed at KEM Hospital in Mumbai". news.biharprabha.com. 18 May 2015. Archived from the original on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  29. ^ Shahane, Devayani (23 May 2002). "Rape and Reality". Pune Times. The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2 December 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
  30. ^ "Aruna's story is now a play at Sahitya Sangh". Indian Express. 3 April 2002.[dead link]
  31. ^ a b Pioneer, The. "Shanbaug's death evokes sympathy". The Pioneer. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  32. ^ "Now, a film on rape victim Aruna Shanbaug's life". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
  33. ^ deepu says. "Gauthami Nair as Aruna Shanbaug in maram peyyumpol". Dcbooks.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
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