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Armenian genocide survivors

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Armenian genocide survivors map
Settlement and routes for Armenian refugees during and after the Armenian Genocide, up to the Hatay Referendum.

Armenian genocide survivors were Armenians in the Ottoman Empire who survived the genocide of 1915. After the end of World War I, many tried to return home to the Ottoman rump state, which later became Turkey. The Turkish nationalist movement saw the return of Armenian survivors as a mortal threat to its nationalist ambitions and the interests of its supporters. The return of survivors was therefore impossible in most of Anatolia[1][2] and thousands of Armenians who tried were murdered.[3] Nearly 100,000 Armenians were massacred in Transcaucasia during the Turkish invasion of Armenia and another 100,000 fled from Cilicia during the French withdrawal.[4] By 1923, about 295,000 Armenians ended up in the Soviet Union, mainly Soviet Armenia; an estimated 200,000 settled in the Middle East, forming a new wave of the Armenian diaspora;[5] and about 100,000 Armenians lived in Constantinople and another 200,000 lived in the Turkish provinces, largely women and children who had been forcibly converted.[6] Though Armenians in Constantinople faced discrimination, they were allowed to maintain their cultural identity, unlike those elsewhere in Turkey[6][7] who continued to face forced Islamization and kidnapping of girls after 1923.[8][9] Between 1922 and 1929, the Turkish authorities eliminated surviving Armenians from southern Turkey, expelling thousands to French-mandate Syria.[10]

Distribution

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The US State Department document of the Armenian population in 1921

According to the US State Department, in 1922 there were 817,873 Armenian refugees who had originated from Turkey.[11] This figure was based upon information provided by the British Embassy in Constantinople and 1921 data from the Near East Relief Society. The total given did not include able-bodied Armenians detained by Kemalist Turkey, nor Armenian women and children - approximately 95,000, according to the League of Nations – who have been forced to convert to Islam.[12]

According to the same source, there were 281,000 Armenians still living in Turkey in 1921: 150,000 in Istanbul and 131,000 in Asia Minor.

Eastern Armenia

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See also: First Republic of Armenia § Refugee Crisis

There was also an Armenian settlement problem that brought conflict with other ethnic residents. In all, there were over 300,000 embittered and impatient Armenian refugees escaping from the Ottoman Empire which were now the DRA government's responsibility. This proved an insurmountable humanitarian issue. Typhus was a major sickness, because of its effect on children. Conditions in the outlying regions, not necessarily consisting of refugees, weren't any better. The Ottoman governing structure and Russian army had already withdrawn from the region. The Armenian government had neither time nor resources to rebuild the infrastructure. The 393,700 refugees were under their jurisdiction as follows:[citation needed]

Districts Number of refugees
Yerevan 75,000
Ejmiatsin 70,000
Novo-Bayazit (Gavar) 38,000
Daralagyaz (Vayots Dzor) 36,000
Bash-Abaran (Aparan) 35,000
Ashtarak 30,000
Akhta - Yelenovka (Hrazdan - Sevan) 22,000
Bash-Garni (Garni) 15,000
Karakilisa 16,000
Dilijan 13,000
Armenia 350,000

The government of Hovhannes Kachaznuni was faced with a most sobering reality in the winter of 1918-19. The newly formed government was responsible for over half a million Armenian refugees in the Caucasus. It was a long and harsh winter.[13] The homeless masses, lacking food, clothing and medicine, had to endure the elements. Many who survived the exposure and famine succumbed to the ravaging diseases. By the spring of 1919, the typhus epidemic had run its course, the weather improved and the first American Committee for Relief in the Near East shipment of wheat reached Batum. The British army transported the aid to Yerevan. Yet by that time some 150,000 of the refugees had perished. Vratsian puts this figure at around 180,000, or nearly 20% of the entire nascent Republic. A report[by whom?] in early 1919 noted that 65% of the population of Sardarabad, 40% of the population of eight villages near Etchmiadzin and 25% of the population of Ashtarak had died.[citation needed]

  • Armenian refugees from Turkey carding wool in Tiflis, Georgia. Photograph by Melville Chater from the National Geographic Magazine, 1920.
    Armenian refugees from Turkey carding wool in Tiflis, Georgia. Photograph by Melville Chater from the National Geographic Magazine, 1920.
  • Armenian refugees in Aleppo, Syria
    Armenian refugees in Aleppo, Syria
  • Armenian refugee camp In Beirut, Lebanon
    Armenian refugee camp In Beirut, Lebanon
  • Greek and Armenian refugee children near Athens, Greece, in 1923, following their expulsion from Turkey
    Greek and Armenian refugee children near Athens, Greece, in 1923, following their expulsion from Turkey

Notable survivors

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Documentary films

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Bozarslan et al. 2015, p. 311.
  2. ^ Nichanian 2015, p. 242.
  3. ^ Nichanian 2015, pp. 229–230.
  4. ^ Nichanian 2015, p. 238.
  5. ^ Cheterian 2015, pp. 103–104.
  6. ^ a b Cheterian 2015, p. 104.
  7. ^ Suciyan 2015, p. 27.
  8. ^ Cheterian 2015, p. 203.
  9. ^ Suciyan 2015, p. 65.
  10. ^ Kévorkian 2020, p. 161.
  11. ^ "Approximate number of Armenian in the world, November 1922".
  12. ^ Akçam, Taner (2012). The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton University Press. p. 331. ISBN 978-0-691-15333-9.
  13. ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971). The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918-1919, Vol. I. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 126–155. ISBN 0-520-01984-9.
  14. ^ Family
  15. ^ "Grandma's Tattoos".
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