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Quango

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(Redirected from Arm's Length body)
For other uses, see Quango (disambiguation).

A quango or QUANGO (less often QuANGO or QANGO) is an organisation to which a government has devolved power, but which is still partly controlled and/or financed by government bodies. The term was originally a shortening of "quasi NGO", where NGO is the acronym for a non-government organisation.[1]

As its original name suggests, a quango is a hybrid form of organization, with elements of both NGOs and public sector bodies. The term is most often applied in the United Kingdom and, to a lesser degree, other countries in the core and middle Anglosphere.

In the UK, the term quango covers different "arm's-length" government bodies, including "non-departmental public bodies" (NDPBs), non-ministerial government departments, and executive agencies.[2]

In its pejorative use, it has been widely applied to public bodies of various kinds, and a variety of backronyms have been used to make the term consistent with this expanded use. The most popular has been "Quasi-autonomous non-governmental organization",[3] often with the acronym modified to "qango" or "QANGO".

Use

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Canada

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Main article: Crown corporations of Canada

In Canada, quangos are referred to as 'Crown Corporations' or simply 'Crown corps'. As of May 2021 there were 45 Crown corps owned by the Canadian federal government, however many more are owned by each of the provincial governments. Notably electricity providers such as the 'Saskatchewan Power Corporation' a.k.a. SaskPower owned by the province of Saskatchewan and 'Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board' a.k.a. Manitoba Hydro owned by the province of Manitoba.

Saskatchewan

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Saskatchewan is notable for the ubiquity of provincial crown corps with most styled with the prefix Sask- followed by the primary service. The larger Saskatchewan Crown corps have their own Saskatchewan minister with all Saskatchewan Crown corps owned by the Crown Investment Corporation of Saskatchewan which in turn is owned by the provincial government. Some of the most notable Saskatchewan Crown corps are as follows:

  • SaskTel (Saskatchewan Telecommunications Holding Corporation) providing telecommunications. Notable for the last remaining government owned incumbent telephone provider in Canada.
  • SaskPower (Saskatchewan Power Corporation) providing electricity.
  • SaskEnergy (SaskEnergy Incorporated) providing natural gas.
  • SaskWater (Saskatchewan Water Corporation) providing potable water and sewage services to certain communities.

Ireland

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In 2006, there were 832 quangos in the Republic of Ireland – 482 at national and 350 at local level – with a total of 5,784 individual appointees and a combined annual budget of €13 billion.[4]

The Irish majority party, Fine Gael, had promised to eliminate 145 quangos should they be the governing party in the 2016 election.[5] Since coming to power they have reduced the overall number of quangos by 17. This reduction also included agencies which the former government had already planned to remove.

New Zealand

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In New Zealand, quangos are referred to as 'Crown Entities', with the shift occurring in the 1980s during a period of neoliberalisation of the state sector.[6] In 1996, there were an estimated 310 quangos in New Zealand, and an additional 2690 school Board of Trustees (similar to the American model of boards of education).[7] Other quangos from 1996 include: "...63 Crown Health Enterprises, 39 tertiary education institutions, 21 Business development boards and 9 Crown Research Institutes. But there were also 71 single crown entities with services ranging from regulatory (e.g. Accounting Standards Review Board, Takeovers Panel) to quasi-judicial (e.g. Police Complaints Authority, Race Relations Conciliator), to the arts (e.g. New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, NZ Film Commission), to social welfare (e.g. Housing Corporation of NZ) and to substantial enterprises (e.g. Auckland International Airport Ltd)."[7]

By 2003, the number of quangos had increased to an estimated 400 (excluding Board of Trustees), with more than 3,000 people sitting on governance boards that were appointed by successive governments.[8] This appointment of people to governance boards has been widely criticised by political parties and political commentators as a form of cronyism.[8][9][10][11]

In 2010, there were 2,607 crown entities (including Board of Trustees) with annual expenditure of $32billion in 2009/2010.[12]

United Kingdom

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See also: Non-departmental public body and 2010 UK quango reforms

Despite a 1979 "commitment" from the Conservative Party to curb the growth of non-departmental bodies, their numbers grew rapidly throughout that party's time in power during the 1980s.[13] One UK example is the Forestry Commission, which is a non-ministerial government department responsible for forestry in England.

The Cabinet Office 2009 report on non-departmental public bodies found that there were 766 NDPBs sponsored by the UK government. The number had been falling: there were 827 in 2007 and 790 in 2008. The number of NDPBs had fallen by over 10% since 1997. Staffing and expenditure of NDPBs had increased. They employed 111,000 people in 2009 and spent £46.5 billion, of which £38.4 billion was directly funded by the government.[14]

United States

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Use of the term quango is less common in the United States although many US bodies, including Government Sponsored Enterprises, operate in the same fashion.[15] Paul Krugman has stated that the US Federal Reserve is, effectively, "what the British call a quango... Its complex structure divides power between the federal government and the private banks that are its members, and in effect gives substantial autonomy to a governing board of long-term appointees."[16]

Other U.S.-based organizations that fit the original definition of quangos include the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC), the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac).

By the broader definition now used in the United Kingdom, there are hundreds of federal agencies that might be classed as quangos.

Indonesia

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The Indonesian Ulema Council is considered a quango for its status as an independent, mass organization-like public organization but supported and financed by the state while keeping its status as independent organization outside the Indonesian state organizational system in other side.[17][18][19] As a quango, MUI is empowered to issue religious edicts (fatwas) comparable to state laws which are binding upon the Indonesian Muslim population and can exert influence upon state policies, politics, and the economy due to its status and prestige.[18]

History

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The term "quasi non-governmental organisation" was created in 1967 by Alan Pifer of the US-based Carnegie Foundation, in an essay on the independence and accountability of public-funded bodies that are incorporated in the private sector. This essay got the attention of David Howell, a Conservative M.P. in Britain, who then organized an Anglo-American project with Pifer, to examine the pros and cons of such enterprises. The lengthy term was shortened to the acronym QUANGO (later lowercased quango) by a British participant to the joint project, Anthony Barker, during one of the conferences on the subject.[20]

It describes an ostensibly non-governmental organisation performing governmental functions, often in receipt of funding or other support from government,[21] By contrast, traditional NGOs mostly get their donations or funds from the public and other organisations that support their cause.

An essential feature of a quango in the original definition was that it should not be a formal part of the state structure. The term was then extended to apply to a range of organisations, such as executive agencies providing (from 1988) health, education and other services. Particularly in the UK, this occurred in a polemical atmosphere in which it was alleged that proliferation of such bodies was undesirable and should be reversed. In this context, the original acronym was often replaced by a backronym spelt out as "quasi-autonomous national government organisation, and often rendered as 'qango'[22] This spawned the related acronym qualgo, a 'quasi-autonomous local government organisation'.[23]

The less contentious term non-departmental public body (NDPB) is often employed to identify numerous organisations with devolved governmental responsibilities. Examples in the United Kingdom include those engaged in the regulation of various commercial and service sectors, such as the Water Services Regulation Authority.

The UK government's definition in 1997 of a non-departmental public body or quango was:

A body which has a role in the processes of national government, but is not a government department or part of one, and which accordingly operates to a greater or lesser extent at arm's length from Ministers.[24]

Criticisms

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The Times has accused quangos of bureaucratic waste and excess.[25] In 2005, Dan Lewis, author of The Essential Guide to Quangos, claimed that the UK had 529 quangos, many of which were useless and duplicated the work of others.

The term has spawned the derivative quangocrat; the Taxpayers' Alliance faulted a majority of "quangocrats" for not making declarations of political activity.[26]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Pifer, Alan. The Quasi-Non-Governmental Organisation. Appendix to D.C. Hague, W.J.M. Mackenzie and A. Barker, Public Policy and Private Interests: The Insriturions 01 Compromise, London, Macrnillan, 1975. p.381.
  2. ^ "Departments, agencies & public bodies – Inside Government". Gov.UK. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  3. ^ 'All you ever wanted to know about quangos... but were afraid to ask': Andrew Cole in The Guardian, 20 November 2000
  4. ^ According to a survey carried out by the think tank Tasc in 2006. "Focus: What's wrong with the quangos?" — The Sunday Times newspaper article, 29 October 2006
  5. ^ McGee, Harry. "'Quango cull': Audacious promises of 2011 amounted to little". The Irish Times. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  6. ^ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "What are Crown entities?". teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  7. ^ a b Wistrich, Enid (1999), Flinders, Matthew V.; Smith, Martin J. (eds.), "Quangos in New Zealand", Quangos, Accountability and Reform: The Politics of Quasi-Government, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 84–92, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-27027-9_7, ISBN 978-1-349-27027-9, retrieved 27 September 2021
  8. ^ a b Newman, Muriel. "The Great Quango Hunt". nzcpr.com. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  9. ^ "mccully.co.nz – 25 July 2008". scoop.co.nz. 25 July 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  10. ^ "Articles About ACC". ACCforum. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  11. ^ "Editorial: This one's not a quango, it's a good example". The New Zealand Herald. 4 June 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  12. ^ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Crown entities". teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  13. ^ Watts, Duncan (2003). Understanding US/UK Government and Politics. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 164.
  14. ^ Gay, Oonagh. "Quangos". House of Commons Library Research. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  15. ^ Watts, Duncan (2003). Understanding US/UK Government and Politics. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 321.
  16. ^ Paul R. Krugman, 1997, The Age of Diminished Expectations: U.S. Economic Policy in the 1990s, MIT Press, p. 99.
  17. ^ Indrayana, Denny (22 December 2016). Sodikin, Amir (ed.). "Fatwa MUI, Hukum Positif, dan Hukum Aspiratif". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  18. ^ a b Arifianto, Alexander R (8 December 2020). "Indonesian Ulema Council edges closer to the centre of power". East Asia Forum. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  19. ^ Abdillah, Ali; Novianto, Rico (2019). "Lembaga Quasi non Governmental Organization (Quango) Dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia: Majelis Ulama Indonesia". Jurnal Hukum Dan Pembangunan (in Indonesian). 49 (1): 110–136. doi:10.21143/jhp.vol49.no1.1913. S2CID 159286557.
  20. ^ Letter: On Quasi-Public Organizations; Whence Came the Quango, and Why – New York Times Opinion page by Alan Pifer
  21. ^ Wettenhall, R 1981 'The quango phenomenon', Current Affairs Bulletin 57(10):14–22.]
  22. ^ "You've Been Quangoed!" by Roland Watson
  23. ^ "New body's waste plea", The Times, 18 April 1986: Gale Document Number:CJ117886677. Retrieved 5 April 2008. "London Waste Regulation Authority, the first 'qualgo' formed after abolition of the Greater London Council...The new body is a joint board of councillors from London boroughs."
  24. ^ "Public Bodies 1997, "Introduction"". Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
  25. ^ "Waste mounts as £100 billion web of quangos duplicates work". Archived from the original on 26 July 2008.
  26. ^ "Taxpayers' Alliance hits out at "quangocrat gravy train"". CityAM. Limited. 6 June 2016.
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