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April–June 2021 in science

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This article lists a number of significant events in science that have occurred in the second quarter of 2021.

Events

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April

[edit]
Science Summary video for this section
2 April: Scientists describe how the dinosaur-killing impact is an origin of neotropical rainforests like the Amazonia and replaced its species composition.[1]
6 April: A study finds that carbon emissions from Bitcoin mining within China are about to exceed the total annual carbon emissions of countries like Italy (within an estimated ~3 years).[3]
12 April: The construction of the first (eco-)house 3D printed from clay, Tecla, is completed.[7]
19 April: The semi-autonomous Ingenuity performs the first powered aircraft flight on another planet in human history.[44]
29 April: The first, core module of the Chinese Tiangong space station is put into orbit.[45]
  • 15 April
  • 16 April – Scientists report that in the case of Alaskan forests, such boreal forests recovered from wildfires by shifting to a deciduous-coniferous mix, which could offset the carbon emitted during the fires.[60][61]
  • 17 April – New Horizons reaches a distance of 50 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun, while remaining fully operational.[62]
  • 19 April – NASA's Ingenuity helicopter, part of the Mars 2020 mission, performs the first powered aircraft flight on another planet in history. The test location is named "Wright Brothers Field".[63][64][44]
  • 20 April
    • Perseverance performs a test of its MOXIE instrument to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen for the first time on Mars.[65]
    • The Ivanti Pulse Connect Secure data breach of unauthorized access to the networks of high-value targets since at least June 2020 via CVE-2021-22893 across the U.S. and some E.U. nations[additional citation(s) needed] due to their use of vulnerable, proprietary software is reported.[66][67]
    • Scientists show that a class of warp drives that are slower than light, could control the rate of time within the spaceship and are sourced from positive energy could in principle possibly be constructed based on known physical principles. Furthermore, they provide a new argument "why superluminal warp drive solutions may always violate weak energy conditions" and that the concept proposed in a study published in March (see above) "likely forms a new class of warp drive spacetimes".[68][69]
  • 23 April
  • 27 April – Astronomers report the discovery of TOI-1431b, an "ultra-hot Jupiter" with a dayside temperature of ~3,000K (2,700 °C), making it one of the hottest exoplanets found to date.[75][76]
  • 29 April – The first, core module of the Chinese Tiangong space station, Tianhe, is placed in low Earth orbit. It is one of three permanent modules intended to be fully assembled in 2022 for a designed lifespan of 10–15 years, is 16.6 m in size and could host three astronaut scientists.[45]

May

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Science Summary video for this section

June

[edit]
Science Summary podcast based on this section
  • 2 June
    • NASA selects DAVINCI+ and VERITAS, two proposed spacecraft to study the atmosphere and surface of Venus, as the next missions in its Discovery Program.[148]
    • A new study provides experimental evidence of asymmetric response of interfacial water to applied electric field by using a single layer graphene electrode and a novel surface-sensitive non-linear spectroscopy technique with implications for various water-related processes such as in water purification.[149][150][151]
    • Scientists report that COVID-19 caused substantial changes to blood cells, sometimes persisting for months after hospital discharge, with implications for COVID-19 diagnostics and treatment.[152][153]
  • 3 June – Scientists report that due to decreases in power generation efficiency of wind farms downwind of offshore wind farms, cross-national limits and potentials for optimization need to be considered in strategic decision-making.[154][155]
7 June: Astronomers report detecting substantial amounts of methane, a possible sign of microbial life, on Enceladus.[156]
10 June: Researchers report the development of a plant proteins-based biodegradable packaging alternative to plastic molecularly similar to high-strength spider silk.[171]
11 June: Biologists report that DNA polymerases, long thought to only transcribe DNA into DNA or RNA, can also write RNA segments into DNA.[179]
  • 11 June – Biologists report that DNA polymerases, long thought to only transcribe DNA into DNA or RNA, can also write RNA segments into DNA. Polθ was found to promote RNA-templated DNA repair, with large implications for many fields of biology.[180][179]
  • 14 June – Astronomers describe the largest known spinning structures in the Universe, consisting of "tendrils" of galaxies spanning hundreds of millions of light-years in length.[181][182][183]
15 June: Scientists complement extensive evidence that cosmetics are widely designed with formulations and disposals that are known to be harmful to human health and ecosystems, often containing PFAS.[184]

Deaths

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  • 1 April – Isamu Akasaki, Japanese engineer and physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1929)
  • 4 April – Robert Mundell, Canadian economist (b. 1932)
  • 4 June – Richard R. Ernst, Swiss physical chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1933)
  • 6 June – Ei-ichi Negishi, Japanese chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1935)

See also

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To display all pages, subcategories and images click on the "►":

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Carvalho, Mónica R.; Jaramillo, Carlos; Parra, Felipe de la; Caballero-Rodríguez, Dayenari; Herrera, Fabiany; Wing, Scott; Turner, Benjamin L.; D'Apolito, Carlos; Romero-Báez, Millerlandy; Narváez, Paula; Martínez, Camila; Gutierrez, Mauricio; Labandeira, Conrad; Bayona, German; Rueda, Milton; Paez-Reyes, Manuel; Cárdenas, Dairon; Duque, Álvaro; Crowley, James L.; Santos, Carlos; Silvestro, Daniele (2 April 2021). "Extinction at the end-Cretaceous and the origin of modern Neotropical rainforests". Science. 372 (6537): 63–68. Bibcode:2021Sci...372...63C. doi:10.1126/science.abf1969. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 33795451. S2CID 232484243. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  2. ^ "Dinosaur-killing asteroid strike gave rise to Amazon rainforest". BBC News. 2 April 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  3. ^ a b Jiang, Shangrong; Li, Yuze; Lu, Quanying; Hong, Yongmiao; Guan, Dabo; Xiong, Yu; Wang, Shouyang (6 April 2021). "Policy assessments for the carbon emission flows and sustainability of Bitcoin blockchain operation in China". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 1938. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.1938J. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22256-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8024295. PMID 33824331.
  4. ^ Lu, Donna. "Bitcoin mining emissions in China will hit 130 million tonnes by 2024". New Scientist. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  5. ^ "The early results are in: Two-thirds of Australia's severe COVID sufferers are in for the long haul". www.abc.net.au. 9 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  6. ^ Taquet, Maxime; Geddes, John R.; Husain, Masud; Luciano, Sierra; Harrison, Paul J. (1 May 2021). "6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records". The Lancet Psychiatry. 8 (5): 416–427. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00084-5. ISSN 2215-0366. PMC 8023694. PMID 33836148.
  7. ^ a b Palumbo, Jacqui. "Is this 3D-printed home made of clay the future of housing?". CNN. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  8. ^ Overbye, Dennis (7 April 2021). "Finding From Particle Research Could Break Known Laws of Physics - It's not the next Higgs boson — yet. But the best explanation, physicists say, involves forms of matter and energy not currently known to science". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
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  18. ^ "Life on Venus? Scientists Shed More Light on Molecules Linked to Life on Other Planets". SciTechDaily. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
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  22. ^ "Elon Musk's Neuralink 'shows monkey playing Pong with mind'". BBC. 9 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
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  24. ^ "Elon Musk startup shows monkey with brain chip implants playing video game". The Guardian. 9 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  25. ^ "Ancient humans may have had apelike brains even after leaving Africa". Science News. 8 April 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
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  28. ^ "New, reversible CRISPR method can control gene expression while leaving underlying DNA sequence unchanged". phys.org. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  29. ^ Nuñez, James K.; Chen, Jin; Pommier, Greg C.; Cogan, J. Zachery; Replogle, Joseph M.; Adriaens, Carmen; Ramadoss, Gokul N.; Shi, Quanming; Hung, King L.; Samelson, Avi J.; Pogson, Angela N.; Kim, James Y. S.; Chung, Amanda; Leonetti, Manuel D.; Chang, Howard Y.; Kampmann, Martin; Bernstein, Bradley E.; Hovestadt, Volker; Gilbert, Luke A.; Weissman, Jonathan S. (29 April 2021). "Genome-wide programmable transcriptional memory by CRISPR-based epigenome editing". Cell. 184 (9): 2503–2519.e17. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.025. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 8376083. PMID 33838111. S2CID 233195037.
  30. ^ "Citing grave threat, Scientific American replaces 'climate change' with 'climate emergency'". Yahoo!. 12 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  31. ^ "First 3D printed clay house completed". WLNS 6 News. 14 April 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  32. ^ "Mario Cucinella Architects and WASP creates 3D-printed sustainable housing prototype". Dezeen. 23 April 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  33. ^ "Both-sides-contacted solar cell sets new world record of 26 percent efficiency". techxplore.com. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  34. ^ Richter, Armin; Müller, Ralph; Benick, Jan; Feldmann, Frank; Steinhauser, Bernd; Reichel, Christian; Fell, Andreas; Bivour, Martin; Hermle, Martin; Glunz, Stefan W. (April 2021). "Design rules for high-efficiency both-sides-contacted silicon solar cells with balanced charge carrier transport and recombination losses". Nature Energy. 6 (4): 429–438. Bibcode:2021NatEn...6..429R. doi:10.1038/s41560-021-00805-w. ISSN 2058-7546. S2CID 234847037. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  35. ^ "Billion-year-old fossil reveals missing link in the evolution of animals". phys.org. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  36. ^ "Scientists Find Billion-Year-Old Fossil Life, 'Something Which Has Never Been Described Before'". Gizmodo. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  37. ^ Strother, Paul K.; Brasier, Martin D.; Wacey, David; Timpe, Leslie; Saunders, Martin; Wellman, Charles H. (13 April 2021). "A possible billion-year-old holozoan with differentiated multicellularity". Current Biology. 31 (12): 2658–2665.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.051. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 33852871.
  38. ^ "We could detect alien civilizations through their interstellar quantum communication". phys.org. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  39. ^ Hippke, Michael (13 April 2021). "Searching for interstellar quantum communications". The Astronomical Journal. 162 (1): 1. arXiv:2104.06446. Bibcode:2021AJ....162....1H. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abf7b7. S2CID 233231350.
  40. ^ Reynolds, Gretchen (14 April 2021). "Regular Exercise May Help Protect Against Severe Covid". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  41. ^ Sallis, Robert; Young, Deborah Rohm; Tartof, Sara Y.; Sallis, James F.; Sall, Jeevan; Li, Qiaowu; Smith, Gary N.; Cohen, Deborah A. (8 April 2021). "Physical inactivity is associated with a higher risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes: a study in 48 440 adult patients". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 55 (19): 1099–1105. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2021-104080. ISSN 0306-3674. PMC 8050880. PMID 33849909.
  42. ^ Edmonds, Peter; Cofield, Calla (14 April 2021). "Telescopes Unite in Unprecedented Observations of Famous Black Hole - Some of the world's most powerful telescopes simultaneously observed the supermassive black hole in galaxy M87, the first black hole to be directly imaged". NASA. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
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  45. ^ a b Gamillo, Elizabeth. "China Launches First Module of New Space Station Into Orbit". Smithsonian. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  46. ^ Gilbert, Ben; Brubeck, Hilary (15 April 2021). "CDC: 5,800 COVID-19 infections, 74 deaths in fully vaccinated people". Business Insider. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  47. ^ Krieger, Lisa M. (15 April 2021). "COVID vaccines: The mystery of "breakthrough" infections after shots - CDC reports 5,800 COVID-19 infections, 74 deaths in fully vaccinated people". The Mercury News. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
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  54. ^ Chang, Kenneth (15 April 2021). "How Many Tyrannosaurus Rexes Ever Lived on Earth? Here's a New Clue. - An estimation of the iconic predator's total population can teach us things about dinosaurs that fossils cannot". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
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  56. ^ Carrington, Damian (15 April 2021). "Just 3% of world's ecosystems remain intact, study suggests". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
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  73. ^ "The largest assessment of global groundwater wells finds many are at risk of drying up". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
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  75. ^ "'Hellish' new planet discovered". University of Southern Queensland. 27 April 2021. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  76. ^ Brett Christopher Addison; et al. (25 April 2021). "TOI-1431b/MASCARA-5b: An Ultra-hot Jupiter Orbiting One of the Hottest & Brightest Known Exoplanet Host Stars". Posters from the Tess Science Conference Ii (Tsc2: 64. arXiv:2104.12078. Bibcode:2021tsc2.confE..64A. doi:10.5281/zenodo.5126266. S2CID 233393912.
  77. ^ "Scientists say active early learning shapes the adult brain". medicalxpress.com. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  78. ^ Farah, Martha J.; Sternberg, Saul; Nichols, Thomas A.; Duda, Jeffrey T.; Lohrenz, Terry; Luo, Yi; Sonnier, Libbie; Ramey, Sharon L.; Montague, Read; Ramey, Craig T. (1 May 2021). "Randomized Manipulation of Early Cognitive Experience Impacts Adult Brain Structure". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 33 (6): 1197–1209. doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01709. hdl:10919/103551. PMID 34428792. S2CID 233638156.
  79. ^ "Many more people could benefit from blood pressure-lowering medication". medicalxpress.com. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  80. ^ "expert reaction to study looking at pharmacological blood pressure lowering for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease across different levels of blood pressure | Science Media Centre". Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  81. ^ Rahimi, Kazem; Bidel, Zeinab; Nazarzadeh, Milad; et al. (1 May 2021). "Pharmacological blood pressure lowering for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease across different levels of blood pressure: an individual participant-level data meta-analysis". The Lancet. 397 (10285): 1625–1636. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00590-0. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 8102467. PMID 33933205.
  82. ^ "Do people aged 105 and over live longer because they have more efficient DNA repair?". eLife. 4 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  83. ^ Garagnani, Paolo; et al. (4 May 2021). "Whole-genome sequencing analysis of semi-supercentenarians". eLife. 10: e57849. doi:10.7554/eLife.57849. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 8096429. PMID 33941312.
  84. ^ Ocko, Ilissa B; Sun, Tianyi; Shindell, Drew; Oppenheimer, Michael; Hristov, Alexander N; Pacala, Stephen W; Mauzerall, Denise L; Xu, Yangyang; Hamburg, Steven P (1 May 2021). "Acting rapidly to deploy readily available methane mitigation measures by sector can immediately slow global warming". Environmental Research Letters. 16 (5): 054042. Bibcode:2021ERL....16e4042O. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abf9c8. ISSN 1748-9326. S2CID 234859914.
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