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Applied science

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Food science is a branch of applied science.[1]
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Galileo demonstrating his telescope to the Doge of Venice.
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Applied science is the application of the scientific method and scientific knowledge to attain practical goals. It includes a broad range of disciplines, such as engineering and medicine. Applied science is often contrasted with basic science, which is focused on advancing scientific theories and laws that explain and predict natural or other phenomena.[2]

There are applied natural sciences, as well as applied formal and social sciences.[3] Applied science examples include genetic epidemiology which applies statistics and probability theory, and applied psychology, including criminology.[4]

Applied research

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Applied research is the use of empirical methods to collect data for practical purposes. It accesses and uses accumulated theories, knowledge, methods, and techniques for a specific state, business, or client-driven purpose. In contrast to engineering, applied research does not include analyses or optimization of business, economics, and costs. Applied research can be better understood in any area when contrasting it with basic or pure research. Basic geographical research strives to create new theories and methods that aid in explaining the processes that shape the spatial structure of physical or human environments. Instead, applied research utilizes existing geographical theories and methods to comprehend and address particular empirical issues.[5] Applied research usually has specific commercial objectives related to products, procedures, or services.[6] The comparison of pure research and applied research provides a basic framework and direction for businesses to follow.[7]

Applied research deals with solving practical problems[8] and generally employs empirical methodologies. Because applied research resides in the messy real world, strict research protocols may need to be relaxed. For example, it may be impossible to use a random sample. Thus, transparency in the methodology is crucial. Implications for the interpretation of results brought about by relaxing an otherwise strict canon of methodology should also be considered.[9]

Moreover, this type of research method applies natural sciences to human conditions:[10]

  • Action research: aids firms in identifying workable solutions to issues influencing them.
  • Evaluation research: researchers examine available data to assist clients in making wise judgments.
  • Industrial research: create new goods/services that will satisfy the demands of a target market. (Industrial development would be scaling up production of the new goods/services for mass consumption to satisfy the economic demand of the customers while maximizing the ratio of the good/service output rate to resource input rate, the ratio of good/service revenue to material & energy costs, and the good/service quality. Industrial development would be considered engineering. Industrial development would fall outside the scope of applied research.)

Since applied research has a provisional close-to-the-problem and close-to-the-data orientation, it may also use a more provisional conceptual framework, such as working hypotheses or pillar questions.[11][12] The OECD's Frascati Manual[13] describes applied research as one of the three forms of research, along with basic research & experimental development.[14]

Due to its practical focus, applied research information will be found in the literature associated with individual disciplines.[15]

Branches

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For a topical guide, see Outline of applied science § Branches of applied science.

Applied research is a method of problem-solving and is also practical in areas of science, such as its presence in applied psychology. Applied psychology uses human behavior to grab information to locate a main focus in an area that can contribute to finding a resolution.[16] More specifically, this study is applied in the area of criminal psychology. With the knowledge obtained from applied research, studies are conducted on criminals alongside their behavior to apprehend them.[17] Moreover, the research extends to criminal investigations. Under this category, research methods demonstrate an understanding of the scientific method and social research designs used in criminological research. These reach more branches along the procedure towards the investigations, alongside laws, policy, and criminological theory.[citation needed]

Engineering is the practice of using natural science, mathematics, and the engineering design process to solve technical problems, increase efficiency and productivity, and improve systems. The discipline of engineering encompasses a broad range of more specialized fields of engineering, each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of applied mathematics, applied science, and types of application. Engineering is often characterized as having four main branches: chemical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering. Some scientific subfields used by engineers include thermodynamics, heat transfer, fluid mechanics, statics, dynamics, mechanics of materials, kinematics, electromagnetism, materials science, earth sciences, and engineering physics.[citation needed]

Medical sciences, such as medical microbiology, pharmaceutical research, and clinical virology, are applied sciences that apply biology and chemistry to medicine.

In education

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In Canada, the Netherlands, and other places, the Bachelor of Applied Science (BASc) is sometimes equivalent to the Bachelor of Engineering and is classified as a professional degree. This is based on the age of the school where applied science used to include boiler making, surveying, and engineering. There are also Bachelor of Applied Science degrees in Child Studies. The BASc tends to focus more on the application of the engineering sciences. In Australia and New Zealand, this degree is awarded in various fields of study and is considered a highly specialized professional degree.[citation needed]

In the United Kingdom's educational system, Applied Science refers to a suite of "vocational" science qualifications that run alongside "traditional" General Certificate of Secondary Education or A-Level Sciences.[18] Applied Science courses generally contain more coursework (also known as portfolio or internally assessed work) compared to their traditional counterparts. These are an evolution of the GNVQ qualifications offered up to 2005. These courses regularly come under scrutiny and are due for review following the Wolf Report 2011;[19] however, their merits are argued elsewhere.[20]

In the United States, The College of William & Mary offers an undergraduate minor as well as Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in "applied science". Courses and research cover varied fields, including neuroscience, optics, materials science and engineering, nondestructive testing, and nuclear magnetic resonance.[21] University of Nebraska–Lincoln offers a Bachelor of Science in applied science, an online completion Bachelor of Science in applied science, and a Master of Applied Science. Coursework is centered on science, agriculture, and natural resources with a wide range of options, including ecology, food genetics, entrepreneurship, economics, policy, animal science, and plant science.[22] In New York City, the Bloomberg administration awarded the consortium of Cornell-Technion $100 million in City capital to construct the universities' proposed Applied Sciences campus on Roosevelt Island.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Warner, Andrew (30 October 2023). "What Can You Do With a Food Science Degree?". U.S. News. Archived from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
  2. ^ Bunge, M. (1974), Rapp, Friedrich (ed.), "Technology as Applied Science", Contributions to a Philosophy of Technology: Studies in the Structure of Thinking in the Technological Sciences, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 19–39, doi:10.1007/978-94-010-2182-1_2, ISBN 978-94-010-2182-1, S2CID 110332727, archived from the original on 31 March 2021, retrieved 7 February 2023
  3. ^ Roll-Hansen, N. (2017). "A Historical Perspective on the Distinction Between Basic and Applied Science". Journal for General Philosophy of Science Article. 48 (4): 535–551. doi:10.1007/s10838-017-9362-3.
  4. ^ Wertz, J. (2018). "Genetics and Crime: Integrating New Genomic Discoveries Into Psychological Research About Antisocial Behavior". Psychological Science. 29 (5): 791–803. doi:10.1177/09567976177445 (inactive 1 November 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  5. ^ Hugh Potter, Roberto; Humiston, Gail (2015). "Crime and Criminal Justice: Applied Research from Routine Monitoring to Evidence-Based Practices". Science Direct. Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  6. ^ "Basic vs. Applied Research". www.utep.edu. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  7. ^ Fuss, Melvyn; McFadden, Daniel, eds. (2014). Production economics: A dual approach to theory and applications: Applications of the theory of production. Elsevier. ISBN 9781483259031.
  8. ^ "a definition of applied research". Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2011.()
  9. ^ Coombs, Crispin (2017). "Coherence and transparency: some advice for qualitative researchers" (PDF). Production. 27. doi:10.1590/0103-6513.006817. ISSN 0103-6513.
  10. ^ "Basic Research vs. Applied Research: What's the Difference". Indeed. Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  11. ^ Shields, Patricia; Rangarjan, N. (2013). "5: Exploration – Working Hypotheses". A Playbook for Research Methods: Integrating Conceptual Frameworks and Project Management. Stillwater, OK: New Forums Press. pp. 109–158. ISBN 9781581072471.
  12. ^ The following are examples of applied research using working hypotheses 1) Swift, James T. 2010. "Exploring Capital Metro's Sexual Harassment Training Using Dr. Bengt-Ake Lundvall's Taxonomy of Knowledge Principles". Applied Research Projects, Texas State University. 2) Gillfillan, Abigail. 2008. "Using Geographic Information Systems to Develop and Analyze Land-Use Policies Archived 26 February 2019 at the Wayback Machine". Applied Research Projects, Texas State University. 3) Thornton, Wayne 2000. "A Descriptive and Exploratory Study of the Ethics Program at Austin State Hospital: The Common Elements of the Program and Managers' Beliefs About the Purpose and Usefulness of the Program Archived 29 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine". Applied Research Projects, Texas State University.
  13. ^ "Frascati Manual Page 30" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  14. ^ National Research Council (US) Committee to Update Science, Medicine (2004). The Concept of Basic Research. National Academies Press (US). Archived from the original on 27 April 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
  15. ^ "Open J-gate journals". Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  16. ^ "APA Strengthens Commitment to Applied Psychology". American Psychological Association. 22 February 2019. Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  17. ^ Wisdom, C S; Toch, H. "Contribution of Psychology to Criminal Justice Education". US. Department of Justice. Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  18. ^ Donnelly, Jim. "Applied Science – an invisible revolution?" (PDF). Nuffield Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  19. ^ Wolf, Alison (March 2011). Review of Vocational Education – The Wolf Report (Report). Department for Education and Department for Business, Innovation & Skills. DFE-00031-2011. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  20. ^ Bell, Jacqueline; Donnelly, Jim (2007). Positioning Applied Science In Schools: Uncertainty, Opportunity and Risk in Curriculum Reform (PDF) (Report). published by the Centre for Studies in Science & Mathematics Education. University of Leeds. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  21. ^ "Applied Science". William & Mary. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  22. ^ "Applied Science". University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  23. ^ "Mayor Bloomberg, Cornell President Skorton and Technion President Lavie announce historic partnership to build a new applied sciences campus on Roosevelt Island" (Press release). The City of New York. Office of the Mayor. 19 December 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
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