Anemone hepatica
| Anemone hepatica | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Ranunculaceae |
| Genus: | Anemone |
| Species: | A. hepatica
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| Binomial name | |
| Anemone hepatica | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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List
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Anemone hepatica (syn. Hepatica nobilis), the common hepatica, liverwort,[2] liverleaf,[3] kidneywort, or pennywort, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to woodland in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. This herbaceous perennial grows from a rhizome.
Description
[edit]
Anemone hepatica grows 5–15 cm (2–6 in) high. Leaves and flowers emerge directly from the rhizome, not from a stem above ground.
The leaves have three lobes and are fleshy and hairless, 7–9 cm (2+3⁄4–3+1⁄2 in) wide and 5–6 cm (2–2+1⁄4 in) long. The upper side is dark green with whitish stripes and the lower side is violet or reddish brown. Leaves emerge during or after flowering and remain green through winter.
The flowers are blue, purple, pink, or white and appear in winter or spring. They have five to ten oval showy sepals and three green bracts.[citation needed]
Taxonomy
[edit]The taxonomy of the genus Anemone and its species is not fully resolved, but phylogenetic studies of many species of Anemone and related genera[4] indicate that species of the genus Hepatica should be included under Anemone because of similarities both in molecular attributes and other shared morphologies.[5] The circumscription of the taxon is also debated, some authors listing the North American var. acuta[6] and var. obtusa,[7] while other list them as the separate species A. acutiloba and A. americana, respectively.[8]
Varieties
[edit]Varieties of Anemone hepatica that are sometimes recognized include:[1]
- Anemone hepatica var. japonica, a synonym of Hepatica nobilis var. japonica Nakai, is native to the Russian Far East, China, Korea, and Japan[9][10]
- Anemone hepatica var. acuta, a synonym of Hepatica acutiloba DC., is native to eastern North America[11]
- Anemone hepatica var. obtusa, a synonym of Hepatica americana (DC.) Ker Gawl., is native to eastern North America[12]
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Anemone hepatica var. japonica
Distribution and habitat
[edit]It is found in woods, thickets and meadows, especially in the mountains of continental Europe, North America and Japan.[citation needed]
Ecology
[edit]Hepatica flowers produce pollen but no nectar. In North America, the flowers first attract Lasioglossum sweat bees and small carpenter bees looking in vain for nectar. Then when the stamens begin to release pollen, the bees return to collect and feed on pollen. Mining bees sometimes visit the flowers, but prefer flowers that produce both nectar and pollen.[13][dubious – discuss]
Toxicity
[edit]Like other Ranunculaceae, fresh liverwort contains protoanemonin and is therefore slightly toxic. By drying the herb, protoanemonin is dimerized to the non-toxic anemonin.[citation needed]
Uses
[edit]Medieval herbalists believed it could be used to treat liver diseases, and may be used in current folk medicine.[citation needed][14]
Under the name Hepatica nobilis, which is regarded as a synonym, this plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[15]
Culture
[edit]It is the official flower of the Sweden Democrats political party in Swedish politics.[citation needed]
Gallery
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Anemone hepatica L." Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Gardens – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
- ^ Horace Kephart (1936). "Early Spring Flowers of the North Carolina Mountains". The Journal of the Southern Appalachian Botanical Club. 1 (7): 77–83. doi:10.2307/4031043. JSTOR 4031043.
- ^ "Hepatica nobilis | liverleaf Alpine Rockery/RHS Gardening". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
- ^ Sara B. Hoot; Anton A. Reznicek; Jeffrey D. Palmer (January–March 1994). "Phylogenetic Relationships in Anemone (Ranunculaceae) Based on Morphology and Chloroplast DNA". Systematic Botany. 19 (1): 169–200. doi:10.2307/2419720. JSTOR 2419720.
- ^ Dutton, Bryan E.; Keener, Carl S.; Ford, Bruce A. (1997). "Anemone". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ "Anemone hepatica var. acuta (Pursh) Pritz. — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
- ^ "Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa (Pursh) Steyerm. — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
- ^ "GRIN-Global Web v 1.10.5.0". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
- ^ "Hepatica nobilis var. japonica Nakai". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
- ^ "Anemone hepatica var. japonica - Hortipedia". en.hortipedia.com. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
- ^ "Hepatica acutiloba DC.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
- ^ "Hepatica americana (DC.) Ker Gawl.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
- ^ Heather Holm (2014). Pollinators on Native Plants. Minnetonka, MN: Pollinator Press. pp. 140–141.
- ^ Howard, Michael (1987). Traditional Folk Remedies. Century. pp. 161–2.
- ^ "Hepatica nobilis". www.rhs.org. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- Pignatti, S. (1982). Flora d'Italia. Vol. 1. Edagricole. p. 277.
External links
[edit]- "Hepatica nobilis (Liverleaf)". BioLib.cz. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
- Flora of Pennsylvania
- Anemone hepatica in the CalPhotos photo database, University of California, Berkeley