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Androsace

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Androsace
Androsace laevigata in Olympic National Park, United States
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Primulaceae
Subfamily: Primuloideae
Genus: Androsace
L.
Sections

Andraspis
Androsace
Aretia

Subsection Aretia
Subsection Dicranothrix

Aizoidium
Douglasia[1]
Chamaejasme

Subsection Chamaejasmoidea
Subsection Villosae

Pseudoprimula
Vitaliana[1]

Androsace, commonly known as rock jasmine,[2] is a genus of flowering plants in the family Primulaceae, second only to Primula in the number of species.[3] It is predominantly Arctic–alpine, with many species in the Himalayas (where the genus originated), the mountains of central Asia, the Caucasus, and the southern and central European mountain systems, particularly the Alps and the Pyrenees.

Plants of this genus are sometimes known as rock jasmines or fairy candelabras, and are widely cultivated for their dense cushions covered in white or pink flowers. There are roughly 110 species.[4][5]

These plants have small entire or toothed leaves which form a basal rosette.[6]

Taxonomy

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Recent molecular studies show that the genera Douglasia (found in north-western North America and easternmost Siberia), Pomatosace (an Himalayan endemic) and Vitaliana (a European endemic) are nested within Androsace.[3][7] Phylogenetic studies have also demonstrated that the ancestor of Androsace first appeared about 35 Mya ago and was most probably an annual species.[8] Evolution towards the denser morphology of cushions took place two times independently in Asia and in Europe.[8]

Species

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As of May 2022, Plants of the World Online recognizes the following 166 species, including those formerly placed in Douglasia and Vitaliana.[9][10]

Former Douglasia species

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The online Flora of North America placed nine species in Douglasia[11] that are now included in Androsace (names in Androsace from Plants of the World Online[9]):

New species described in 2021

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A group of scientist disentangled the morphology and ecology of Androsace genius in the French Alps and described three new species in 2021:[12]

Cultivation

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The following species have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. All are mat-forming evergreen perennials.

  • A. lanuginosa (woolly rock jasmine)[13] - lilac pink
  • A. sempervivoides (sempervivum-leaved rock jasmine)[14] - mauve pink
  • A. studiosorum (rock jasmine)[15] - deep pink

References

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  1. ^ a b Douglasia and Vitaliana were formerly treated as separate genera.
  2. ^ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 352. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.
  3. ^ a b Gerald M. Schneeweiss; Peter Schönswetter; Sylvia Kelso; Harald Niklfeld (2004). "Complex biogeographic patterns in Androsace (Primulaceae) and related genera: evidence from phylogenetic analyses of nuclear internal transcribed spacer and plastid trnL-F sequences". Systematic Biology. 53 (6): 856–876. doi:10.1080/10635150490522566. JSTOR 4135374. PMID 15764556.
  4. ^ Jepson Manual Treatment
  5. ^ Flora of China
  6. ^ Grey-Wilson, Christopher (2001). The Rock Garden Plant Primer. London: Timber Press. p. 47.
  7. ^ Trift I., Anderberg A. A. and Källersjö M. 2002. The monophyly of Primula (Primulaceae) evaluated by analysis of sequences from the chloroplast gene rbcL. Systematic Botany 27(2):396-407
  8. ^ a b Florian C. Boucher; Wilfried Thuiller; Cristina Roquet; Rolland Douzet; Serge Aubert; Nadir Alvarez; Sébastien Lavergne (2012). "Reconstructing the origins of high-alpine niches and cushion life form in the genus Androsace s.l. (Primulaceae)" (PDF proof). Evolution. 66 (4): 1255–1268. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01483.x. PMC 3999638. PMID 22486702.
  9. ^ a b "Androsace L.", Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2019-12-27
  10. ^ Dixon, C.J.; Gutermann, W.; Schönswetter, P. & Schneeweiss, G.M. (2016), "Taxonomy and nomenclature of the polymorphic European high mountain species Androsace vitaliana (L.) Lapeyr. (Primulaceae)", PhytoKeys (75): 93–106, doi:10.3897/phytokeys.75.10731, PMC 5234540, PMID 28127247
  11. ^ Kelso, Sylvia, "Douglasia", in Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.), Flora of North America (online), eFloras.org, retrieved 2019-12-27
  12. ^ Boucher, Florian C.; Dentant, Cédric; Ibanez, Sébastien; Capblancq, Thibaut; Boleda, Martí; Boulangeat, Louise; Smyčka, Jan; Roquet, Cristina; Lavergne, Sébastien (2021-05-27). "Discovery of cryptic plant diversity on the rooftops of the Alps". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 11128. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1111128B. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90612-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8159976. PMID 34045566.
  13. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Androsace lanuginosa". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  14. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Androsace sempervivoides". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  15. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Androsace studiosorum". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
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