Andrea Gropa
| Andrea Gropa | |
|---|---|
| Lord of Ohrid[1] Megas Zupanos (prefect)[2] župan gospodar | |
 Coins minted by Andrea Gropa | |
| Lord of Ohrid | |
| Reign | 1365–1371 (Vassal) 1371-1380 (Independent)[3] |
| Spouse | Chiranna Muzaka |
| House | Gropa |
Andrea Gropa was a 14th-century Albanian nobleman who ruled the region and the city of Ohrid, first as a minor vassal for a very short time (župan) to Serbian King Vukašin Mrnjavčević (r. 1365–1371), then as independent after 1370. He was a rival to Prince Marko and together with Andrea II Muzaka managed to take Prilep and Kostur from him. He hailed from the noble Gropa family.
Life
[edit]Andrea was a member of the Albanian Gropa family. His ancestor Pal Gropa was acknowledged by Charles I of Naples in 1273: "nobili viro sevasto Paulo Gropa »casalia Radicis maioris et Radicis minons, пeс non Cobocheste, Zuadigorica, Sirclani et Craye, Zessizan sitam in valle de Ebu".[4] During the Serbian expansion in Macedonia, the Gropa also moved towards the south, becoming neighbours with Arianiti and Spata.[5]
After Emperor Dušan's death (1355), Gropa was a local ruler in the district of Ohrid.[6] Prior to the Battle of Maritsa, Gropa was a vassal to the Mrnjavčević family;[7] The King of Serbia Vukašin Mrnjavčević (r. 1365 – died 1371), held Western Macedonia as a co-ruler to Emperor Stephen Uroš V of Serbia (r. 1355 – died 1371).
After the death of King Vukašin and his brother Jovan Uglješa at the Battle of Maritsa against the Ottomans in 1371, and the subsequent death of the Emperor, there was a crisis in appointing the successor of the throne. Vukašin's son, Marko, did not have the power to unite his lords, and only retained nominal rule over the area from his base at Prilep.
After Maritsa, the Dejanovići became Ottoman vassals.[8] By 1377, Vuk Branković extended his rule over Skopje, and Gropa is mentioned as lord of Ohrid.[9][10] Bogdan, Gropa and Marko, and the rest of the rulers in Western Macedonia became vassals to Murad I.[11] The vassals had to pay tribute to the Ottoman sultan and supply troops in case of war.[11]
Gropa is mentioned as megas zupanos (župan veliki) in a Greek stone inscription dating to 1378.[5] He set himself up as Grand Župan of Ohrid, in southwest Macedonia.[2] In 1379, he became a ktitor for a church in Ohrid dedicated to St. Clement.[12] Gropa was mentioned as "župan Gropa" in the funeral inscription of his son-in-law Ostoja Rajaković (1380).[13]
According to the Muzaka chronicles, Gropa joined Andrea II Muzaka and the Balšić family against Marko; He gained Kostur and Debar, and became virtually independent from Marko.
Gropa also minted coins,[14] findings dating to c. 1377 – c. 1385,[15] inscribed in Old Serbian with his title as župan and gospodar, with his signature as "Po milosti Božijoj župan Gropa".[12] He was the last Christian ruler of Ohrid before the Ottoman conquest.[16] His signature is found in the scriptorium of the Church of St. Sofia in Ohrid.[17]
Andrea Gropa particpated in the Battle of Kosovo alongside other Albanian nobles as well.[18]
The date of his death is unknown, the Muzaka chronicles says there were no descendants and that his lands were assigned to the Muzaka family after his death.
Family
[edit]Gropa married Anne (Kyranna), the daughter of Andrea II Muzaka.[6] His brother-in-law was Balša II Balšić.[19] Gropa's son-in-law was Ostoja Rajaković, a lord in Ohrid and relative to Marko.[20]
Legacy
[edit]Gropa is, like some the other provincial lords during the breakdown and fall of the Serbian Empire ( between 1354 and 1371), enumerated in the Serb epic poetry.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Altimari;Stanič 1984, p. 31: "Andrea Gropa, gospodar Ohrida"
- ^ a b Parry;Yapp 1975, p. 167: "In southwest Macedonia, the Albanian Andrea Gropa (Cropa) set himself up as the 'Grand Zupan' (Prefect) of Ohrid."
- ^ Slovanský ústav v Praze. Byzantologická komise, Slovanský ústav ČSAV., Ústav dějin evropských socialistických zemí (Československá akademie věd), Ústav dějin východní Evropy (Cěskoslovenská akademie věd), Československá akademie věd. Kabinet pro studia řecká, řimská a latinská. Byzantinoslavica Volumes 63-64. Academia. p. 212.
...Great Zupan Andrea Gropa. He governed Ohrid as a soveriegn ruler after the decline of the Prilep Kingdom in 1371 and no longer than 1380, when governance of town was taken over by Karlo Topia, Ohrid's last Christian ruler, before the Turks reached the town...
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Sufflay, p. 126
- ^ a b Sufflay 2000, p. 145: "U vrijeme srpskog prodiranja u Makedoniju pomiču se i Grope prema jugu, postaju susjedi Arianita i Spata, a po smrti kralja Vukašina, Andrija Gropa, koji se na grčkom kamenom natpisu (1378.) naziva megas zupanos (župan velji)"
- ^ a b Soulis 1984, p. 142
- ^ Srejović, Gavrilović, Ćirković 1982, p. 24
- ^ Soulis, p. 100
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 380: "By 1377 Vuk Brankovic had Skopje and an Albanian named Andrew Gropa had Ohrid"
- ^ Mihaljčić, p. 170: "Негде у исто време када је Вук Бранковић запосео Скопље, арбанашки властелин Андрија Гропа јавља се као господар Охрида."
- ^ a b Soulis 1984, p. 100
- ^ a b Stanojević 1925, p. 213
- ^ Mandić, p. 85: Само са презименом поме- нут је, на пример, и жупан Андрија Гропа, 1380. године, у посмртном натпису Остоје Рајаковића V цркви Богородице Перивлепте у Охриду („зет жупана Гропе")
- ^ American Numismatic Society 1964, p. 293
- ^ Dimitrijević 1997, p. 103: "47. Dinar issued by Zhupan Andrija Gropa (c. 1377 – c. 1385)"
- ^ Šufflay 1925, p. 126
- ^ Slovanský ústav, p. 208: "Signatures of Andrea Gropa, Tsar Uros, Marko Kralevich and a concept for letter to the archbishop from the scriptorium of St. Sofia Church in Ohrid"
- ^ Xhufi, Pëllumb (2011). "La Macédoine Occidentale dans l'histoire des Albanais du VIIe au XVe siècle". Studia Albanica (in French) (2): 3–21. ISSN 0585-5047.
Cette faiblesse a été cependant passagère, car au XIVe siècle, on mentionne de nouveau comme maître de cette aire Andrea Gropa, qui a participé en 1389 à la bataille de la Plaine du Kosovo, aux côtés de Théodore Muzaka.
- ^ "Андрија Гропа - ИСТОРИЈСКА БИБЛИОТЕКА". istorijskabiblioteka.com. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
- ^ Stanojević 1915, Delo, Volume 72, A.M. Stanojević, p. 270
Sources
[edit]- Marko Šuica, „Nemirno doba srpskog srednjeg veka“, Beograd, 2000. ISBN 86-355-0452-6
- М. Шуица, Немирно доба српског средњег века. Властела српских обласних господара, Београд 2001.
- Велики жупан у Лексикон српског средњег века, приредили С. Ћирковић и Р. Михаљчић, Knowledge, Београд 1999.
- Sergije Dimitrijević, Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti, 1997, Srednjovekovni srpski novac
- American Numismatic Society., 1964, Numismatic literature, Issues 58-65, p. 293
- Soulis, George Christos (1984). The Serbs and Byzantium during the reign of Tsar Stephen Dušan (1331-1355) and his successors. Dumbarton Oaks Library and Collection. ISBN 978-0-88402-137-7. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
- Altimari, Francesco; Stanič, Janez (1984). Albanci. Cankarjeva založba. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
- Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
- Parry, Vernon J.; Yapp, Malcolm (1975). War, technology and society in the Middle East. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780197135815. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
- Šufflay, Milan; Jelčić, Dubravko (2000) [1925)]. Izabrani politički spisi [original title: Srbi i Arbanasi: (njihova simbioza u srednjem vijeku]. Matica hrvatska.
- Šufflay, Milan (1925). Srbi i Arbanasi: (njihova simbioza u srednjem vijeku). Seminar za arbanasku filologiju.
- Slovanský ústav (Prague) (2006). Byzantinoslavica. Euroslavica.
- Stanojević, Stanoje (1925). Narodna enciklopedija srpsko-hrvatsko-slovenacka, Volume 3. Izdavac: Bibliografski zavod d.d.
- Mihaljčić, Rade (1975). Kraj Srpskog carstva. Srpska književna zadruga.
- Mandić, Svetislav (1981). Črte i reze: fragmenti starog imenika.
- Srejović, Dragoslav; Gavrilović, Slavko; Ćirković, Sima M. (1982). Istorija srpskog naroda: knj. Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371). Srpska književna zadruga.