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Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)

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This article is about a former state. For the present-day state, see Andhra Pradesh.

Andhra Pradesh
Āndhra Pradēś
Former State of India
1956–2014
Coat of arms of
Coat of arms

Map of the United Andhra Pradesh
CapitalHyderabad
Area 
• until 2014
275,039 km2 (106,193 sq mi)
Population 
84,665,533
Government
 • TypeFederated state
Chief Minister 
• 1956–1960
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (First)
• 2010–2014
Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy (Last)
Governor 
• 1956–1957
Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi (First)
• 2009–2014
E. S. L. Narasimhan (Last)
History 
• State established
1 November 1956
• State bifurcated
02 June 2014
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Andhra State
Hyderabad State (1948–1956)
Andhra Pradesh
Telangana
Andhra State (1953–1956)
Hyderabad State (1948–1956)

Andhra Pradesh, retrospectively referred to as United Andhra Pradesh, and Undivided Andhra Pradesh, was a state in India formed by States Reorganisation Act, 1956 with Hyderabad as its capital and was reorganised by Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014. The state was made up of three distinct cultural regions of Telangana, Rayalaseema, and Coastal Andhra. Before the 1956 reorganisation, Telangana had been part of Hyderabad State, whereas Rayalaseema and Coastal Andhra had been part of Andhra State, formerly a part of Madras Presidency ruled by British India.

Creation of United Andhra Pradesh

[edit]
Andhra State (yellow), which merged with Hyderabad state (white) to form the State of Andhra Pradesh in 1956
Map of Southern India (1953–1956) before the States Reorganisation Act of 1956

To gain an independent state based on linguistic identity, and to protect the interests of the Telugu people of Madras State, Potti Sreeramulu fasted to death in 1952. As Madras became a bone of contention, in 1949 a JVP committee report stated: "Andhra Province could be formed provided the Andhras give up their claim on the city of Madras (now Chennai)". After Potti Sreeramulu's death, the Telugu-speaking area of Andhra State was carved out of Madras State on 30 November 1953, with Kurnool as its capital city.[1] On the basis of the gentlemen's agreement of 1 November 1956, the States Reorganisation Act formed Andhra Pradesh by merging Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking areas of the then-existing Hyderabad State.[2] Hyderabad was made the capital of the new state. The Marathi-speaking areas of Hyderabad State merged with Bombay State which later bifurcated in Gujarat and Maharashtra and the Kannada-speaking areas were merged with Mysore State which was later renamed as Karnataka.[3]

In February 2014, the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 bill was passed by the Parliament of India for the formation of the Telangana state comprising ten districts. Hyderabad will remain as a joint capital for not exceeding ten years.[4] The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from the President of India.[5] Number of petitions questioning the validity of Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 have long been pending for the verdict since April 2014 before the supreme court constitutional bench.[6][7]

The Visalandhra, Vishalandhra or Vishala Andhra was a movement in post-independence India for a united state for all Telugu speakers, a Greater Andhra (Telugu: విశాలాంధ్ర Viśālāndhra). This movement was led by the Communist Party of India under the banner of Andhra Mahasabha with a demand to merge all the Telugu-speaking areas into one state. [citation needed] (The Communist Party of India demanded the formation of similar linguistic states across India.) The movement succeeded and a separate state of Andhra Pradesh was formed by merging Telugu-speaking areas of Hyderabad State (Telangana) with Andhra State on 1 November 1956 as part of the States Reorganisation Act. (Andhra State had been previously carved out of Madras State on 1 October 1953.) However, on 2 June 2014, Telangana State separated again from Andhra Pradesh and the Vishalandhra movement came to an end. The residual Andhra Pradesh now has approximately the same borders.

History

[edit]
See also: Andhra State, Visalandhra movement, and Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)

To gain an independent state based on linguistic identity and to protect the interests of the Telugu-speaking people of Madras State, Potti Sreeramulu fasted to death in 1952. As the city of Madras became a bone of contention, in 1949 a committee with Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, and Pattabhi Sitaramayya was constituted. The committee recommended that Andhra State could be formed provided the Andhras gave up their claim on the city of Madras (now Chennai). After Potti Sreeramulu's death, the Telugu-speaking area of Andhra State was carved out of Madras State on 1 October 1953, with Kurnool as its capital city. Tanguturi Prakasam became the first chief minister. Based on the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1956, the States Reorganisation Act created Andhra Pradesh by merging the neighbouring Telugu-speaking areas of the Hyderabad State with Hyderabad as the capital on 1 November 1956.[8]

The Indian National Congress (INC) ruled the state from 1956 to 1982. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy became the first chief minister. Among other chief ministers, P. V. Narasimha Rao is known for implementing land reforms and land ceiling acts and securing a reservation for lower castes in politics.[9] Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, completed in 1967, and Srisailam Dam, completed in 1981, are some of the irrigation projects that helped increase the production of paddy in the state.[10]

In 1983, the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) won the state elections, and N. T. Rama Rao became the chief minister of the state for the first time after launching his party just nine months earlier.[11] This broke the long-time single-party monopoly enjoyed by the INC. He transformed the sub-district administration by forming mandals in place of earlier taluks, removing hereditary village heads, and appointing non-hereditary village revenue assistants.[12] The 1989 elections ended the rule of Rao, with the INC returning to power with Marri Chenna Reddy at the helm. In 1994, Andhra Pradesh gave a mandate to the Telugu Desam Party again, and Rao became the chief minister again. Nara Chandrababu Naidu, Rao's son-in-law, came to power in 1995 with the backing of a majority of the MLAs. The Telugu Desam Party won both the assembly and Lok Sabha elections in 1999 under the leadership of Chandrababu Naidu. Thus, Naidu held the record for the longest-serving chief minister (1995–2004) of the united Andhra Pradesh.[13] He introduced e-governance by launching e-Seva centres in 2001 for paperless and speedy delivery of government services. He is credited with transforming Hyderabad into an IT hub by providing incentives for tech companies to set up centres.[14]

In 2004, Congress returned to power with a new chief ministerial face, YS Rajashekara Reddy, better known as YSR. The main emphasis during Reddy's tenure was on social welfare schemes such as free electricity for farmers, health insurance, tuition fee reimbursement for the poor, and the national rural employment guarantee scheme. He took over the free emergency ambulance service initiated by a corporation and ran it as a government project. INC won the 2009 elections under the leadership of YSR in April.[15] He was elected chief minister again but was killed in a helicopter crash that occurred in September 2009. He was succeeded by Congressmen Konijeti Rosaiah and Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy; the latter resigned over the impending division of the state to form Telangana.[16]

During its 58 years as a unified state, the state weathered separatist movements from Telangana (1969) and Andhra (1972) successfully.[17] A new party called Telangana Rashtra Samithi, formed in April 2001 by Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao (KCR), reignited the Telangana movement. A joint action committee formed with political parties, government employees, and the general public spearheaded the agitation. When KCR's health deteriorated due to his fast-unto-death undertaking, the central government decided to initiate the process of forming an independent Telangana in December 2009. This triggered the Samaikyandhra movement to keep the state united. The Srikrishna committee was formed to give recommendations on how to deal with the situation. It gave its report in December 2010.[18] The agitations continued for nearly 5 years, with the Telangana side harping on the marginalisation of food culture, language, and unequal economic development and the Samaikyandhra movement focusing on the shared culture, language, customs, and historical unity of Telugu-speaking regions.[19] The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act bill was passed by the parliament of India for the formation of the Telangana state, comprising ten districts, despite opposition by the state legislature.[20] The bill included the provision to retain Hyderabad as the capital for up to ten years and the provision to ensure access to educational institutions for the same period.[21] The bill received the assent of the president and was published in the gazette on 1 March 2014.[22] The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from the president of India, with the residual state continuing as Andhra Pradesh.[23] The present form of Andhra Pradesh is the same as that of Andhra State, except for Bhadrachalam town, which continues in Telangana.[24] A number of petitions questioning the validity of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act have been pending before the Supreme Court constitutional bench since April 2014.[25]

In the final elections held in the unified state in 2014, the TDP got a mandate in its favour, defeating its nearest rival, the YSR Congress Party, a breakaway faction of the Congress founded by Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, son of former Chief Minister Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy. N. Chandrababu Naidu, the chief of the TDP, became the chief minister on 8 June 2014.[26] In 2017, the government of Andhra Pradesh began operating from its new greenfield capital, Amaravati, for which 33,000 acres were acquired from farmers through an innovative land pooling scheme.[27][28] Interstate issues with Telangana relating to the division of assets of public sector institutions and organisations of the united state and the division of river waters are not yet resolved.[29][30]

United Andhra Pradesh demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1961 35,983,000—    
1971 43,503,000+20.9%
1981 53,550,000+23.1%
1991 66,508,000+24.2%
2001 75,727,000+13.9%
2011 84,665,533+11.8%
Includes Telangana.
Source: Census of India[31]
See also: Visalandhra movement

List of governors

[edit]

Data from Andhra Pradesh State Portal.[32]

# Name Portrait From To Term length
1 Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi 1 November 1956 1 August 1957 1,005 days
2 Bhim Sen Sachar 1 August 1957 8 September 1962 1,865 days
3 Satyawant Mallannah Shrinagesh 8 September 1962 4 May 1964 605 days
4 Pattom A. Thanu Pillai 4 May 1964 11 April 1968 1,439 days
5 Khandubhai Kasanji Desai  – 11 April 1968 25 January 1975 2,481 days
6 S. Obul Reddy  – 25 January 1975 10 January 1976 351 days
7 Mohanlal Sukhadia 10 January 1976 16 June 1976 159 days
8 Ramchandra Dhondiba Bhandare 16 June 1976 17 February 1977 247 days
9 B. J. Divan  – 17 February 1977 5 May 1977 78 days
10 Sharda Mukherjee 5 May 1977 15 August 1978 468 days
11 K. C. Abraham  – 15 August 1978 15 August 1983 1,827 days
12 Thakur Ram Lal 15 August 1983 29 August 1984 381 days
13 Shankar Dayal Sharma 29 August 1984 26 November 1985 455 days
14 Kumud Ben Joshi 26 November 1985 7 February 1990 1,535 days
15 Krishan Kant 7 February 1990 22 August 1997 2,754 days
16 Gopala Ramanujam  – 22 August 1997 24 November 1997 95 days
17 C. Rangarajan 24 November 1997 3 January 2003 1,867 days
18 Surjit Singh Barnala 3 January 2003 4 November 2004 672 days
19 Sushilkumar Shinde 4 November 2004 29 January 2006 452 days
20 Rameshwar Thakur 29 January 2006 22 August 2007 571 days
21 N. D. Tiwari 22 August 2007 27 December 2009 859 days
22 E. S. L. Narasimhan 28 December 2009[33] 1 June 2014 1,617 days

List of chief ministers

[edit]

On 1 November 1956, Hyderabad State ceased to exist; its Gulbarga and Aurangabad divisions were merged into Mysore State and Bombay State respectively. Its remaining Telugu-speaking portion, Telangana, was merged with Andhra State to form the new state of United Andhra Pradesh.

N. Chandrababu Naidu of Telugu Desam Party was the longest served chief minister of United Andhra Pradesh. Kiran Kumar Reddy of the Indian National Congress was the last chief minister of United Andhra Pradesh.

# Portrait Chief Minister
(Lifespan)
Constituency 		Term of office Election
(Term) 		Party Government Appointed by
(Governor)
Term start Term end Duration
1 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
నీలం సంజీవ రెడ్డి
(1913–1996)
MLA for Srikalahasti 		1 November 1956 11 January 1960 3 years, 71 days 1955
(1st) 		Indian National Congress
భారత జాతీయ కాంగ్రెస్సు పక్షము 		Neelam I Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi
1957
(2nd) 		Neelam II
2 Damodaram Sanjivayya
దామోదరం సంజీవయ్య
(1921–1972)
MLA for Kurnool 		11 January 1960 12 March 1962 2 years, 60 days Sanjivayya Bhim Sen Sachar
(1) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
నీలం సంజీవ రెడ్డి
(1913–1996)
MLA for Dhone 		12 March 1962 21 February 1964 1 year, 346 days 1962
(3rd) 		Neelam III
3 Kasu Brahmananda Reddy
కాసు బ్రహ్మానంద రెడ్డి
(1909–1994)
MLA for Narasaraopet 		21 February 1964 30 September 1971 7 years, 221 days Kasu I Satyawant Mallannah Shrinagesh
1967
(4th) 		Kasu II Pattom A. Thanu Pillai
4 Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao
పాములపర్తి వెంకట నరసింహారావు
(1921–2004)
MLA for Manthani 		30 September 1971 10 January 1973 1 year, 102 days 1972
(5th) 		Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)
భారత జాతీయ కాంగ్రెస్సు పక్షము (ఇందిరమ్మ) 		Narasimha Khandubhai Kasanji Desai
President's rule
అధ్యక్ష పాలన
imposed during the period (11 January 1973 – 10 December 1973)[a]
5 Jalagam Vengala Rao
జలగం వెంగళరావు
(1921–1999)
MLA for Vemsoor 		10 December 1973 6 March 1978 4 years, 86 days 1972
(5th) 		Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)
భారత జాతీయ కాంగ్రెస్సు పక్షము (ఇందిరమ్మ) 		Jalagam Khandubhai Kasanji Desai
6 Marri Chenna Reddy
మర్రి చెన్నా రెడ్డి
(1919–1996)
MLA for Medchal 		6 March 1978 11 October 1980 2 years, 219 days 1978
(6th) 		Indian National Congress (Indira)
భారత జాతీయ కాంగ్రెస్సు పక్షము (ఇందిరమ్మ) 		Marri I Sharda Mukherjee
7 Tanguturi Anjaiah
టంగుటూరి అంజయ్య
(1919–1986)
MLC 		11 October 1980 24 February 1982 1 year, 136 days Anjaiah K. C. Abraham
8 Bhavanam Venkata Ramireddy
భవనం వెంకట రామిరెడ్డి
(1931–2002)
MLC 		24 February 1982 20 September 1982 208 days Bhavanam
9 Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy
కోట్ల విజయ భాస్కర రెడ్డి
(1920–2001)
MLA for Kurnool 		20 September 1982 9 January 1983 111 days Kotla I
10 Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao
నందమూరి తారక రామారావు
(1923–1996)
MLA for Tirupati 		9 January 1983 16 August 1984 1 year, 220 days 1983
(7th) 		Telugu Desam Party
తెలుగుదేశం పక్షము 		Rao I
11 Nadendla Bhaskara Rao
నాదెండ్ల భాస్కరరావు
(born 1935)
MLA for Vemuru 		16 August 1984 16 September 1984 31 days Telugu Desam Party (Rebel)
తెలుగుదేశం పక్షము (తిరుగుబాటుదారు) 		Nadendla Thakur Ram Lal
(10) Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao
నందమూరి తారక రామారావు
(1923–1996)
MLA for Tirupati 1984–1985
MLA for Hindupuram 1985–1989 		16 September 1984 9 March 1985 174 days Telugu Desam Party
తెలుగుదేశం పక్షము 		Rao II Shankar Dayal Sharma
9 March 1985 3 December 1989 4 years, 269 days 1985
(8th) 		Rao III
(6) Marri Chenna Reddy
మర్రి చెన్నా రెడ్డి
(1919–1996)
MLA for Sanathnagar 		3 December 1989 17 December 1990 1 year, 14 days 1989
(9th) 		Indian National Congress (Indira)
భారత జాతీయ కాంగ్రెస్సు పక్షము (ఇందిరమ్మ) 		Marri II Kumudben Joshi
12 Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy
నేదురుమల్లి జనార్దన రెడ్డి
(1935–2014)
MLA for Venkatagiri 		17 December 1990 9 October 1992 1 year, 297 days Janardhana Krishan Kant
(9) Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy
కోట్ల విజయ భాస్కర రెడ్డి
(1920–2001)
MLA for Panyam 		9 October 1992 12 December 1994 2 years, 64 days Kotla II
(10) Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao
నందమూరి తారక రామారావు
(1923–1996)
MLA for Hindupuram 		12 December 1994 1 September 1995 263 days 1994
(10th) 		Telugu Desam Party
తెలుగుదేశం పక్షము 		Rao IV
13 Nara Chandrababu Naidu
నారా చంద్రబాబు నాయుడు
(born 1950)
MLA for Kuppam 		1 September 1995 11 October 1999 4 years, 40 days Naidu I
11 October 1999 14 May 2004 4 years, 216 days 1999
(11th) 		Naidu II C. Rangarajan
14 Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy
ఏడుగురి సందింటి రాజశేఖర రెడ్డి'
(1949–2009)
MLA for Pulivendla 		14 May 2004 20 May 2009 5 years, 6 days 2004
(12th) 		Indian National Congress
భారత జాతీయ కాంగ్రెస్సు పక్షము 		Reddy I Surjit Singh Barnala
20 May 2009 2 September 2009 105 days 2009
(13th) 		Reddy II N. D. Tiwari
15 Konijeti Rosaiah
కొణిజేటి రోశయ్య
(1933–2021)
MLC 		3 September 2009 25 November 2010 1 year, 83 days Rosaiah
16 Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy
నల్లారి కిరణ్ కుమార్ రెడ్డి
(born 1959)
MLA for Pileru 		25 November 2010 1 March 2014 3 years, 96 days Kiran E. S. L. Narasimhan
President's rule
అధ్యక్ష పాలన
imposed during the period (1 March 2014 – 1 June 2014)[a][b]

List of Deputy chief ministers

[edit]

The list of deputy chief ministers in the Indian former state of United Andhra Pradesh include:

Keys:   INC


Sr. No. Portrait Name Took office Left office Political party Chief Minister
1 Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy
కొండా వెంకట రంగారెడ్డి 		1959 1962 Indian National Congress
భారత జాతీయ కాంగ్రెస్ 		Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy
నీలం సంజీవ రెడ్డి
2 Joginapally Venkat Narsing Rao
జోగినపల్లి వెంకట్ నర్సింగ్ రావు 		1967 1972 Kasu Brahmananda Reddy
కాసు బ్రహ్మానంద రెడ్డి
3 Chowti Jagannatha Rao
చౌటి జగన్నాథరావు 		24 February 1982 20 September 1982 Bhavanam Venkatarami Reddy
భవనం వెంకటరామి రెడ్డి
4 Koneru Ranga Rao
కోనేరు రంగారావు 		9 October 1992 12 December 1994 Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy
కోట్ల విజయ భాస్కర రెడ్డి
5 Damodar Raja Narasimha
దామోదర రాజ నరసింహ 		10 June 2011[35] 1 February 2014[36] Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy
నల్లారి కిరణ్ కుమార్ రెడ్డి

List of Leaders of opposition

[edit]

In fact N. Chandrababu Naidu is the longest-serving leader of the opposition. He served as leader of opposition in United Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly for a period of 2004 – 2014 in Andhra which includes current day Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states N. Chandrababu Naidu is the last leader of opposition of United Andhra Pradesh before its bifurcation.

№ Name
(Constituency) 		Portrait Term Party Assembly
(Election)
1 Puchalapalli Sundarayya
పుచ్చలపల్లి సుందరయ్య
(Gannavaram) 		1957 1962 Communist Party of India
భారత కమ్యూనిస్టు పక్షము 		Second Assembly
(1957 election)
2 Tarimela Nagi Reddy
తరిమెల నాగి రెడ్డి
(Putturu) 		1962 1967 Third Assembly
(1962 election)
3 Gouthu Latchanna
గౌతు లచ్చన్న
(Sompeta) 		1967 1972 Swatantra Party
స్వాతంత్ర పక్షము 		Fourth Assembly
(1967 election)
- Vacant Vacant 1972 1978 - Fifth Assembly
(1972 election)
(3) Gouthu Latchanna
గౌతు లచ్చన్న
(Sompeta) 		1978 1983 Janata Party
జనతా పక్షము 		Sixth Assembly
(1978 election)
4 Mogaligundla Baga Reddy
మొగలిగుండ్ల బాగా రెడ్డి
(Zahirabadu) 		1983 1984 Indian National Congress
భారత జాతీయ కాంగ్రెస్సు పక్షము 		Seventh Assembly
(1983 election)
1985 1989 Eighth Assembly
(1985 election)
5 Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao
నందమూరి తారక రామారావు
(Hindupuram) 		1989 1994 Telugu Desam Party
తెలుగుదేశం పక్షము 		Ninth Assembly
(1989 election)
- Vacant Vacant 1994 1999 - Tenth Assembly
(1994 election)
6 Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy
ఏడుగురి సందింటి రాజశేఖర రెడ్డి
(Pulivendula) 		11 October 1999 13 May 2004 Indian National Congress
భారత జాతీయ కాంగ్రెస్సు పక్షము 		Eleventh Assembly
(1999 election)
7 Nara Chandrababu Naidu
నారా చంద్రబాబు నాయుడు
(Kuppam) 		14 May 2004 May 2009 Telugu Desam Party
తెలుగుదేశం పక్షము 		Twelfth Assembly
(2004 election)
May 2009 June 2014 Thirteenth Assembly
(2009 election)

Creation of Telangana

[edit]
See also: Telangana movement; Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014; and Samaikyandhra Movement

After several years of protest and agitation, the central government, under the United Progressive Alliance, decided to bifurcate the existing Andhra Pradesh state and on 2 June 2014, the Union Cabinet unilaterally cleared the bill for the creation of Telangana. Lasting for almost 5 decades, it was one of the longest movements in South India.[1] On 18 February 2014, the Lok Sabha passed the bill with a voice vote. Subsequently, the bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha two days later, on 20 February.[2] As per the bill, Hyderabad would be the capital of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of the residual state of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. Hyderabad was the de jure joint capital. On 2 June 2014, Telangana was created with Hyderabad as its capital

The Telangana movement refers to a movement for the creation of a state, Telangana, from the pre-existing state of Andhra Pradesh in India. The new state corresponds to the Telugu-speaking portions of the erstwhile princely state of Hyderabad.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b President's rule may be imposed when the "government in a state is not able to function as per the Constitution", which often happens because no party or coalition has a majority in the assembly. When the President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant, and the administration is taken over by the governor, who functions on behalf of the central government. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.[34]
  2. ^ After 58 years, the state was bifurcated into Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states on 2 June 2014 by Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014. After state reorganisation, Andhra Pradesh Sasana sabha seats come down from 294 to 175 seats.

References

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