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Ancestral sin

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Ancestral sin, generational sin, or ancestral fault (Koinē Greek: προπατορικὴ ἁμαρτία; προπατορικὸν ἁμάρτημα; προγονικὴ ἁμαρτία), is the doctrine that individuals inherit the judgement for the sin of their ancestors.[1][2] It exists primarily as a concept in Mediterranean religions (e.g. in Christian hamartiology); generational sin is referenced in the Bible in Exodus 20:5.[3][4]

The classical scholar Martin West draws a distinction between an ancestral curse and an inherited guilt, punishment, adversity or genetic corruption.[5]

Background

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The most detailed discussion of the concept is found in Proclus's De decem dubitationibus circa Providentiam, a propaedeutic handbook for students at the Neoplatonic Academy in Athens. Proclus makes clear that the concept is of hallowed antiquity, and making sense of the apparent paradox is presented as a defense of ancient Greek religion. The main point made is that a city or a family is to be seen as a single living being (animal unum, zoion hen) more sacred than any individual human life.[6]

The doctrine of ancestral fault is similarly presented as a tradition of immemorial antiquity in ancient Greek religion by Celsus in his True Doctrine, a polemic against Christianity. Celsus is quoted as attributing to "a priest of Apollo or of Zeus" the saying that "the mills of the gods grind slowly, even to children's children, and to those who are born after them".[7] The idea of divine justice taking the form of collective punishment is also ubiquitous in the Hebrew Bible, e.g. the Ten Plagues of Egypt, the destruction of Shechem, etc., and most notably the recurring punishments inflicted on the Israelites for lapsing from Yahwism.[8]

Teaching by religion

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In Christianity

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The Bible speaks of generational sin in Exodus 20:5, which states that "the iniquities of the fathers are visited upon the sons and daughters—unto the third and fourth generation."[3] This concept implies that "unresolved issues get handed down from generation to generation", but that "Jesus is the bondage breaker ... [and] He is able to break the cycle of this curse, but only if we want Him to."

The formalized Christian doctrine of original sin is a direct extension of the concept of ancestral sin (imagined as inflicted on a number of succeeding generations), arguing that the sin of Adam and Eve is inflicted on all their descendants indefinitely, i.e. on the entire human race. It was first developed in the 2nd century by Irenaeus, the Bishop of Lyons, in his struggle against Gnosticism.[9][10] Irenaeus contrasted their doctrine with the view that the Fall was a step in the wrong direction by Adam, with whom, Irenaeus believed, his descendants had some solidarity or identity.[11]

Ezekiel 18:19-23 states "the son shall not bear the iniquity of the father, neither shall the father bear the iniquity of the son; the righteousness of the righteous shall be upon him, and the wickedness of the wicked shall be upon him."

Eastern Orthodoxy

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Ancestral sin is the object of a Christian doctrine taught by the Orthodox Church as well as other Eastern Christians. Some identify it as "inclination towards sin, a heritage from the sin of our progenitors".[12] But most distinguish it from this tendency that remains even in baptized persons, since ancestral sin "is removed through baptism".[13]

Saint Gregory Palamas taught that, as a result of ancestral sin (called "original sin" in the West), man's image was tarnished, disfigured, as a consequence of Adam's disobedience.[14] The Greek theologian John Karmiris writes that "the sin of the first man, together with all of its consequences and penalties, is transferred by means of natural heredity to the entire human race. Since every human being is a descendant of the first man, 'no one of us is free from the spot of sin, even if he should manage to live a completely sinless day'. ... Original Sin not only constitutes 'an accident' of the soul; but its results, together with its penalties, are transplanted by natural heredity to the generations to come ... And thus, from the one historical event of the first sin of the first-born man, came the present situation of sin being imparted, together with all of the consequences thereof, to all natural descendants of Adam."[15]

Roman Catholicism

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With regard to breaking generational curses, clergy of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal have developed prayers for healing.[16]

The Catechism of the Catholic Church, the Greek translation of which uses "προπατορική αμαρτία" (literally, 'ancestral sin') where the Latin text has "peccatum originale", states: "Original sin is called 'sin' only in an analogical sense: it is a sin 'contracted' and not 'committed'—a state and not an act. Although it is proper to each individual, original sin does not have the character of a personal fault in any of Adam's descendants."[17] Eastern Orthodox teaching likewise says: "It can be said that while we have not inherited the guilt of Adam's personal sin, because his sin is also of a generic nature, and because the entire human race is possessed of an essential, ontological unity, we participate in it by virtue of our participation in the human race. 'The imparting of Original Sin by means of natural heredity should be understood in terms of the unity of the entire human nature, and of the homoousiotitos[18] of all men, who, connected by nature, constitute one mystic whole. Inasmuch as human nature is indeed unique and unbreakable, the imparting of sin from the first-born to the entire human race descended from him is rendered explicable: "Explicitly, as from the root, the sickness proceeded to the rest of the tree, Adam being the root who had suffered corruption" (Saint Cyril of Alexandria).'"[19]

Judaism

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The Hebrew Bible provides two passages of scripture regarding generational curses:[20]

The Lord, the Lord, compassionate and gracious God, slow to anger, abounding in loving-kindness and truth ... Yet he does not leave the guilty unpunished; he punishes the children and their children for the sin of the parents to the third and fourth generation.

— Exodus 34:7

Parents are not to be put to death for their children, nor children put to death for their parents; each will die for their own sin.

— Deuteronomy 24:16

The Talmud rejects the idea that people can be justly punished for another person's sins and Judaism in general upholds the idea of individual responsibility. One interpretation is that, even though there is no moral guilt for descendants, they may be negatively impacted as a consequence of their forebear's actions.[20]

Hinduism

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Some holy writing in Hinduism states,[21]

The thin bamboo rod in the hand of the Brahmana is mightier than the thunderbolt of Indra. The thunder scorches all existing objects upon which it falls. The Brahmana's rod (which symbolizes the Brahmana's might in the form of his curse) blasts even unborn generations. The might of the rod is derived from Mahadeva.

— Anushasana Parva

Hinduism has family curses, elsewhere.[22]

Japanese Shinto

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Although Shinto has its own view of sin, ancestral sin is not one opted for. Instead, Shinto pushes for all humans being inherently pure, with any accumulated sin, or kegare, being what is accumulated in one's current life.[23] These are to be removed purification rituals, such as harae.

Greek mythology

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In Greek mythology, the Erinyes exacted family curses.[24][25] Certain dynasties have had tragic occurrences happen upon them.

The House of Cadmus, who established and ruled over the city of Thebes, was one such house. After slaying the dragon and establishing Thebes upon the earth that the dragon terrorized, Ares cursed Cadmus and his descendants because of the dragon's sacredness to Ares. Similarly, after Hephaestus discovered his wife, Aphrodite, having a sexual affair with Ares, he became enraged and vowed to avenge himself for Aphrodite's infidelity by cursing the lineage of any children that resulted from the affair. Aphrodite later bore a daughter, Harmonia, the wife of Cadmus, from Ares' seed.

Cadmus, annoyed at his accursed life and ill fate, remarked that if the gods were so enamoured of the life of a serpent, he might as well wish that life for himself. Immediately Cadmus began to grow scales and change into a serpent. Harmonia, after realizing the fate of her husband, begged the gods to let her share her husband's fate. Of the House of Cadmus, many had particularly tragic lives and deaths. For example, King Minos of Crete's wife fall madly in love with the Cretan Bull and bore the Minotaur. Minos would later be murdered by his daughters whilst bathing. Semele, the mother of Dionysus by Zeus, was turned into dust because she glanced upon Zeus's true godly form. King Laius of Thebes was killed by his son, Oedipus. Oedipus later (unknowingly) marries the queen, his own mother, and becomes king. After finding out he gouges his eyes and exiles himself from Thebes.

Another dynasty that was cursed and was subject to tragic occurrences was the House of Atreus (also known as the Atreides). The curse begins with Tantalus, a son of Zeus who enjoyed cordial relations with the gods. To test the omniscience of the gods, Tantalus decided to slay his son Pelops and feed him to the gods as a test of their omniscience. All of the gods, save Demeter, who was too concerned with the abduction of her daughter Persephone by Hades, knew not to eat from Pelops's cooked corpse. After Demeter had eaten Pelops's shoulder, the gods banished Tantalus into Tartarus where he would spend eternity standing in a pool of water beneath a fruit-bearing tree with low branches. Whenever he would reach for a fruit, the branches would lift upward so as to remove his intended meal from his grasp. Whenever he would bend over to drink from the pool, the water would recedes into the earth before he could drink. The gods brought Pelops back to life, replacing the bone in his shoulder with a bit of ivory with the help of Hephaestus, thus marking the family forever afterwards.

Pelops would later marry Princess Hippodamia after winning a chariot race against her father, King Oenomaus. Pelops won the race by sabotaging of King Oenomaus’ chariot, with the help of the king's servant, Myrtilus. This resulted in King Oenomaus’s death. Later, the servant Myrtilus, who was in love with Hippodamia, was killed by Pelops because Pelops had promised Myrtilus the right to take Hippodamia's virginity in exchange for his help in sabotaging the king's chariot. As Myrtilus died, he cursed Pelops and his line, further adding to the curse on the House of Atreus.

King Atreus, the son of Pelops and the namesake of the Atreidies, would later be killed by his nephew, Aegisthus. Before his death, Atreus had two sons, King Agamemnon of Mycenae and King Menelaus of Sparta. King Menelaus's wife, Helen of Sparta, would leave him for Prince Paris of Troy, thus beginning the Trojan War. However, prior to their sailing off for the war, Agamemnon had angered the goddess Artemis by killing one of her sacred deer. As Agamemnon prepared to sail to Troy to avenge his brother's shame, Artemis stilled the winds so that the Greek fleet could not sail. The seer Calchas told Agamemnon that if he wanted to appease Artemis and sail to Troy, he would have to sacrifice the most precious thing in his possession. Agamemnon sent word home for his daughter Iphigenia to come to him so that he may sacrifice her, framing it to her that she was to be married to Achilles. Iphigenia, honored by her father's asking her to join him in the war, complied. Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter and went off to war.

Clytemnestra, the wife of Agamemnon and mother to Iphigenia, was so enraged by her husband's actions that when he returned victorious from Troy, she trapped him in a robe with no opening for his head whilst he was bathing and stabbed him to death as he thrashed about. Orestes, the son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, was torn between his duty toward avenging his father's death and his sparing his mother. However. after praying to Apollo for consultation, Apollo advised him to kill his mother. Orestes killed his mother and wandered the land, ridden with guilt. Because of the noble act of avenging his father's at the expense of his own soul and reluctance to kill his mother, Orestes was forgiven by the gods, thus ending the curse of the House of Atreus.

Witchcraft

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The term witchcraft is not well-defined but, at least within factions, the belief in family curses persists.[26] In paganism, the common belief is that curses passed down through family may present itself through personal misfortune, such as addiction and poverty. [27] Another includes karmic debt, a concept suggesting that actions in one's own past life--especially negative ones--carry on with them through reincarnation.[28] Through personal self improvement and reflection on not only one's past, but their lineage, one may free themselves from a curse.

Skeptical views

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Modern skeptics deny that curses of any nature, including family curses, even exist,[29][30] even if some fervently believe in them.[31]

Modern Western attitudes to personal individuality and to individual achievement do not always sit well with notions of inherited sin.[32] Psychologists and philosophers tend to portray persistent human failings as part of human nature, rather than using "original sin" metaphors.[33]

Historical examples

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Nathaniel Hawthorne felt that his family was cursed because of the actions of two of his ancestors, John Hathorne and his father William. William Hathorne was a judge who earned a reputation for cruelly persecuting Quakers, and in 1662, he ordered the public whipping of Ann Coleman. John Hathorne was one of the leading judges in the Salem witch trials. He is not known to have repented for his actions. So great were Nathaniel Hawthorne's feelings of guilt, he re-spelled his last name Hathorne to Hawthorne.[34]

Famous examples

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John Fitzgerald Kennedy, with his wife, Jacqueline, and Texas Governor John Connally with his wife, Nellie, in the presidential limousine, minutes before Kennedy was assassinated. Some allege there may be a curse on the Kennedy family.[35]

Family curses in fiction

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As he lies dying, in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet Mercutio says, "A plague o' both your houses", blaming both the Capulets and Montagues. As the play progresses, his words prove prophetic.[36]

There is a family curse in The House of the Seven Gables.[37]

In Arthur Conan Doyle's The Hound of the Baskervilles, it was thought that the Baskerville family had a legendary family curse, of a giant black hound, "... a foul thing, a great, black beast, shaped like a hound, yet larger than any hound that ever mortal eye has rested upon."[38][39]

In the 2007 South Korean psychological-supernatural suspense horror film Someone Behind You, a young woman named Ga-In (Yoon-Jin-seo) sees families and friends slaughtering and attacking one another and realizes that she is followed by an inexplicable curse causing those around her to get rid of her. Despite all of this she is constantly reminded by an eerie student never to trust her family, her friends, or even herself. Ga-In has hallucinations of those who would attempt to attack her, then sees a disturbing vision of a monstrous being warning her that the bloodshed will intensify. The film was also released in America retitled as Voices.[40][relevant? – discuss]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Smith, Chuck (17 February 2014). "Generational Sin?". Calvary Chapel. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  2. ^ John Piper (3 November 2015). "Can My Life Be Plagued by Generational Sins, Hexes, or Curses?". Desiring God. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  3. ^ a b Johnson, Selena (2006). The Sin of Racism: How to be Set Free. Hamilton Books. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-7618-3509-7.
  4. ^ Ghent, Rick; Childerston, Jim (1994). Purity & Passion. Moody Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8024-7130-7.
  5. ^ West 1999, p. 33f: "Critics have often spoken of an inherited curse when what they mean is inherited guilt, or some kind of genetic corruption, or persistent but unexplained adversity."
  6. ^ Gagné 2013, pp. 23–25.
  7. ^ Gagné 2013, p. 60: "Ὀψὲ, φησι, θεῶν ἀλέουσι μύλοι, και Ἐς παίδων παῖδας τοί κεν μετόπισθη γένωνται."
  8. ^ Krašovec 1999, p. 113. Explicitly in Isaiah 14:21, Exodus 20:5, Exodus 34:6–7, Jeremiah 32:18. Krašovec, Jože, Reward, punishment, and forgiveness: the thinking and beliefs of ancient Israel in the light of Greek and modern views
  9. ^ ODCC 2005, p. Original sin.
  10. ^ "What the Early Church Believed: Original Sin". Catholic Answers. 2024. Retrieved 19 May 2024. But this man... is Adam, if the truth be told, the first-formed man... We, however, are all from him; and as we are from him, we have inherited his title [of sin] (Against Heresies 3:23:2 [inter A.D. 180-190]).
  11. ^ J. N. D. Kelly Early Christian Doctrines (San Francisco: Harper Collins, 1978) p. 171, referred to in Daniel L. Akin, A Theology for the Church, p. 433
  12. ^ The Nature of Sin Archived 2008-09-08 at the Wayback Machine; same text also at The Nature of Sin
  13. ^ St Nikodemos the Hagiorite: Exomologetarion; cf. "Το βάπτισμα ... αποβάλλει την παλαιά φύση της αμαρτίας (το προπατορικό αμάρτημα)" (Ανδρέα Θεοδώρου: Απαντήσεις σε ερωτήματα δογματικά (εκδ. Αποστολικής Διακονίας, 1997), p. 156-161).
  14. ^ A Discussion of the Orthodox Perception of the Nature of God Archived January 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ Archpriest Alexander Golubov: Rags of Mortality: Original Sin and Human Nature
  16. ^ "Prayer for Healing the Family Tree" (PDF). Southern California Renewal Communities. 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  17. ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 404–405
  18. ^ The correct word form is homoousiotes; the quoted text erroneously uses its genitive form homoousiotetos, and confusingly uses an 'i' instead of an 'e' in the penultimate syllable following a mixed Greek transliteration scheme with both modern and classical elements.
  19. ^ Archpriest Alexander Golubov: Rags of Mortality: Original Sin and Human Nature quoting John Karmiris, A Synopsis of the Dogmatic Theology of the Orthodox Catholic Church, trans. from the Greek by the Reverend George Dimopoulos (Scranton, Pa.: Christian Orthodox Edition, 1973), p. 36
  20. ^ a b Sacks, Jonathan (24 August 2015). "To the Third and Fourth Generations (Ki Teitse 5775)". Rabbi Sacks. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
  21. ^ "SECTION XVII".
  22. ^ "The Aitareya Brahmanam of the Rigveda, containing the earliest speculations of the Brahmans on the meaning of the sacrificial prayers, and on the origin, performance and sense of the rites of the Vedic religion". Bahadurganj, Allahabad Sudhindra Nath Vasu. 1922.
  23. ^ "BBC - Religions - Shinto: Purity in Shinto". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2024-08-28.
  24. ^ Banducci, Laura (2007). "Family Curses in Modern and Ancient History". Bulletin. 17.
  25. ^ "Family Curses in Modern and Ancient History". 8 August 2015.
  26. ^ "The Family Curse: What Modern Witches Need to Know". February 18, 2016.
  27. ^ Homeschoolers, Pagan (2023-11-14). "Breaking Generational Curses: A Guide to Freedom". Pagan Homeschoolers. Retrieved 2024-08-28.
  28. ^ "Is your number under KARMIC DEBT? Find out". The Times of India. 2023-06-15. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2024-08-28.
  29. ^ "Why Do People Believe in Curses?". September 2019.
  30. ^ "Why do people believe in curses?". August 30, 2019.
  31. ^ Mariani, Mike (November 19, 2015). "Science Is Proving That Tragic Curses Are Real".
  32. ^ Kahler, Erich (1956). Man The Measure: A New Approach To History. New York: Routledge (published 2019). ISBN 9780429709340. Retrieved 4 June 2021. The recurring theme of the great Greek tragedians [...] is ancestral sin [...]. Man is caught between the inescapable tribal duties and the dawning awareness of free, individual morality. And with this the great theme of Greek man is given; it was carried further by Greek philosophy – the struggle for assertion of human individuality [...].
  33. ^ Compare: Boyce, James (23 July 2014). Born Bad: Original Sin and the Making of the Western World. Melbourne: Black Inc. (published 2014). ISBN 9781922231642. Retrieved 4 June 2021. No theologian, from the sixth century to the present day, would say that there is evil in created human nature; that would be a slight on a loving God.
  34. ^ Brooks, Rebecca Beatrice (September 15, 2011). "The Life of Nathaniel Hawthorne".
  35. ^ Carroll, Robert (December 19, 2013). "Kennedy curse". skepdic.com. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
  36. ^ "Why Does Mercutio Say "A Plague O' Both Your Houses"?". 4 August 2015.
  37. ^ Smiley, Jane (13 May 2006). "A house divided". TheGuardian.com.
  38. ^ "The Hound of the Baskervilles".
  39. ^ "The Hound of the Baskervilles Sir Arthur Conan DOYLE (1859–1930)".
  40. ^ Barton, Steve (26 March 2009). "Voices (2009)".
  • Gagné, Renaud (2013). Ancestral Fault in Ancient Greece. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03980-3.
  • Krašovec, Jože. (1999). Reward, punishment, and forgiveness : the thinking and beliefs of ancient Israel in the light of Greek and modern views. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004114432.
  • Cross, Frank L.; Livingstone, Elizabeth A., eds. (2005). Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford: University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.
  • West, Martin L. (1999). "Ancestral Curses". In Griffin, Jasper (ed.). Sophocles Revisited. Essays presented to Sir Hugh Lloyd-Jones. Oxford University Press. pp. 31–45.
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