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An Caighdeán Oifigiúil

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An Caighdeán Oifigiúil ([ənˠ ˌkəidʲaːn̪ˠ ˈɛfʲɪɟuːlʲ], "The Official Standard"), often shortened to An Caighdeán, is the variety of the Irish language that is used as the standard or state norm for the spelling and the grammar of the language and is used in official publications and taught in most schools in the Republic of Ireland. The standard is based on the three Gaeltacht dialects: Connacht Irish, Munster Irish and Ulster Irish. In Northern Ireland and County Donegal, the Ulster dialect (Gaedhilg Uladh) is used extensively alongside the standard form as the spoken language in primary and secondary schools.

It was first published in 1958 by combining spelling reforms, which were promulgated in 1945 to 1947, with grammar standards, which were published in 1953.[1][2] Revised editions were published in 2012[3] and 2017. Since 2013, the Houses of the Oireachtas Commission, through the translation department, has been responsible for periodic updates to the standard, with reviews at least once every seven years.[4]

History

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From the creation of the Irish Free State in December 1922, successive governments were committed to promoting the Irish language, with separate teaching materials in each of the three living vernacular dialects. Official publications were often issued with Irish translations, including the texts of all acts of the Oireachtas (parliament). The Oireachtas established the Rannóg an Aistriúchán (Translation Branch) for this work, which developed ad hoc conventions to reconcile the different dialect forms and to avoid favouring a single dialect in its output. When Taoiseach Éamon de Valera instigated a new constitution, which was adopted in 1937, he established a committee to propose spelling reforms for the "popular edition" of the Irish-language text.[nb 1]

The committee was unable to agree, but one member, T. F. O'Rahilly, sent his notes to de Valera, who forwarded them to Rannóg an Aistriúchán, which developed a system circulated within the civil service in 1945 and revised in 1947.[5][6][7]

The first edition was reprinted regularly between 1960 and 2004;[1] there were minor revisions in 1960 and 1979.[8] A revised edition was published in 2012 both online and in hardcopy.[3] Among the changes to be found in the revised version are, for example, various attempts to bring the recommendations of the Caighdeán closer to the spoken dialect of Gaeltacht speakers,[9] including allowing further use of the nominative case in which the genitive would historically have been found.[10]

The context influencing the differences between dialects has changed over time. On one hand, the shrinking of the Irish-speaking areas over the past two centuries means that although there was once a continuum of dialects from one end of the country to the other, the dialects are now each geographically isolated. On the other hand, national TV and radio stations have increased certain types of mixing between the dialects in recent decades, reducing the differences.[11]

Characteristics

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Its development had three purposes. One was to create a standard written form that would be mutually intelligible by speakers with different dialects.[6] Another was to simplify Irish spelling by removing many silent letters that had existed in Classical Irish. The last was to create a uniform and less complicated grammar, which should provide less of a hindrance to learners and thus combat the decline of the language.

The building blocks of the Caighdeán come from the three main dialects, namely Ulster Irish, Munster Irish, and Connacht Irish. The standard is described by Mícheál Ó Siadhail as being "to an extent based on a 'common core' of all Irish dialects, or the most frequent forms, and partly on random choice".[12]

A side effect of simplifying the spelling was that the language's similarity to Scottish Gaelic was reduced. For example, while pre-Caighdeán Irish had separate spellings for the three words "bay" (bádh), "sympathy" (báidh), and "drowning" (bádhadh), the Caighdeán replaced all three by bá. The older forms resembled the Scottish Gaelic words bàgh, bàidh, and bàthadh.[13]

Pronunciation and silent letters

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The Caighdeán does not recommend any pronunciation but is affected by pronunciation because it aims to represent all current pronunciations. For example, if ⟨mh⟩ is silent in Ulster and Connacht but pronounced in Munster, the ⟨mh⟩ is kept. That is why so many silent letters remain although the Caighdeán has the goal of eliminating silent letters. Letters have been removed when they are no longer pronounced in any dialect and so beiriú and dearbhú replaced beirbhiughadh and dearbhughadh. Examples also exist in which preserving multiple pronunciations would have been difficult and a winner and a loser had to be picked, such as the word for "again", which most native speakers pronounce as arís, but although a minority of them pronounce it as aríst, the Caighdeán uses the former.

Notes

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  1. ^ The "popular edition" is the one distributed to the public, as opposed to the formally "enrolled edition", which is a physical document used by the Supreme Court and uses the unreformed spellings.

Sources

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  • Uíbh Eachach, Vivian, ed. (August 2012). Gramadach na Gaeilge: An Caighdeán Oifigiúil (PDF) (in Irish) (Caighdeán Athbhreithnithe ed.). Oireachtas. ISBN 9781406425765. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  • Litriú na Gaeilge – Lámhleabhar An Chaighdeáin Oifigiúil (in Irish). Dublin: Stationery Office / Oifig an tSoláthair. 1947. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  • Gramadach na Gaeilge agus Litriú na Gaeilge – An Caighdeán Oifigiúil (in Irish). Dublin: Stationery Office / Oifig an tSoláthair. 1958.
  • Nic Pháidín, Caoilfhionn (2008). "Corpus planning for Irish – dictionaries and terminology" (PDF). A New View of the Irish Language. Dublin: Cois Life. pp. 93–107. ISBN 978-1-901176-82-7. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  • Ó Cearúil, Micheál; Ó Murchú, Máirtín (1999). "Script and Spelling". Bunreacht na hÉireann: a study of the Irish text (PDF). Dublin: Stationery Office. pp. 27–41. ISBN 0-7076-6400-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011.
  • Ó hIfearnáin, Tadhg (2009). "Irish-speaking society and the state" (PDF). In Ball, M; Müller, N (eds.). The Celtic Languages (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 539–586. ISBN 978-0415422796. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  • Ó hIfearnáin, Tadhg; Ó Murchadha, Noel P (2011). "The Perception of Standard Irish as a Prestige Target Variety" (PDF). In Kristiansen, Tore; Coupland, Nikolas (eds.). Standard languages and language standards in a changing Europe. Standard Language Ideology in Contemporary Europe. Vol. 1. Oslo: Novus Press. pp. 97–104. ISBN 978-8270996599. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  • Ó Siadhail, Mícheál (1981). "Standard Irish Orthography: An Assessment". The Crane Bag. 5 (2: Irish Language and Culture: An tEagrán Gaelach). Richard Kearney: 71–75. ISSN 0332-060X. JSTOR 30060637.

References

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  1. ^ a b "An Caighdeán Oifigiúil". Oireachtas. 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  2. ^ "Ciorclán 18/1958:- Gramadach na Gaeilge agus Litriu na Gaeilge" (PDF). Circulars (in Irish). Government of Ireland. 12 September 1958. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  3. ^ a b Niamh Ní Shúilleabháin (2 August 2012). "Caighdeán Athbhreithnithe don Ghaeilge". Gaelport.com (in Irish). Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  4. ^ "Houses of the Oireachtas Commission (Amendment) Act 2013, Section 3". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  5. ^ "Circular 27/1947:- Irish Spelling" (PDF). Circulars. Government of Ireland. 30 September 1947. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  6. ^ a b "Beginners' Blas". BBC. June 2005. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
  7. ^ Ó Siadhail 1981, p.75 fn.1
  8. ^ Nic Pháidín (2008) p.102
  9. ^ Uíbh Eachach (2012) p.7: "Rinneadh iarracht ar leith san athbhreithniú seo foirmeacha agus leaganacha atá ar fáil go tréan sa chaint sna mórchanúintí a áireamh sa Chaighdeán Oifigiúil Athbhreithnithe sa tslí is go mbraithfeadh an gnáthchainteoir mórchanúna go bhfuil na príomhghnéithe den chanúint sin aitheanta sa Chaighdeán Oifigiúil agus, mar sin, gur gaire don ghnáthchaint an Caighdeán Oifigiúil anois ná mar a bhíodh."
  10. ^ Uíbh Eachach (2012) p.7: "Triaileadh, mar shampla, aitheantas a thabhairt don leathnú atá ag teacht ar úsáid fhoirm an ainmnigh in ionad an ghinidigh sa chaint."
  11. ^ "irishlanguage.net Dialects of Irish". Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2021. In recent times, however, contacts between speakers of different dialects have become more common, and mixed dialects have originated.
  12. ^ Ó Siadhail, Mícheál (1980). Learning Irish. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. p. 221. ISBN 0-300-12177-6. This standard is to an extent based on a 'common core' of all Irish dialects, or the most frequent forms, and partly on random choice.
  13. ^ Scannell, Kevin P. "Machine translation for closely related language pairs" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2017. The single greatest disaster in terms of mutual understanding between the languages was the introduction of the Caighdeán Oifigiúil (Official Standard) on the Irish side in the 1940s (Rannóg an Aistriúcháin, 1962). For example, the Scottish Gaelic words bàgh (bay), bàidh (sympathy), and bàthadh (drowning) are immediately recognisable and distinguishable in pre-standard Irish (Dinneen, 1927) as bádh, báidh, and bádhadh, respectively, but the Caighdeán tragically conflates all three into the indescript "bá" (Ó Dónaill, 1977). Similar examples abound.

Sources

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