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Alaca Höyük

Coordinates: 40°14′04″N 34°41′44″E / 40.23444°N 34.69556°E / 40.23444; 34.69556
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For the village, see Alacahüyük.
Alaca Höyük
Alaca Höyük
Alaca Höyük is located in Turkey
Alaca Höyük
Shown within Turkey
LocationÇorum Province, Turkey
RegionAnatolia
Coordinates40°14′04″N 34°41′44″E / 40.23444°N 34.69556°E / 40.23444; 34.69556
TypeSettlement
History
PeriodsChalcolithic, Bronze Age
CulturesHittite
Site notes
Excavation dates1907, 1910s, 1935–1970
ArchaeologistsTheodor Makridi Bey, Hamit Koşay
ConditionIn ruins

Alacahöyük or Alaca Höyük (sometimes also spelled as Alacahüyük, Euyuk, or Evuk) is the site of a Neolithic and Hittite settlement and is an important archaeological site. It is situated near the village of Alacahüyük in the Alaca District of Çorum Province, Turkey, northeast of Boğazkale (formerly and more familiarly Boğazköy), where the ancient capital city Hattusa of the Hittite Empire was situated. Its Hittite name is unknown: connections with Arinna, Tawiniya, and Zippalanda have all been suggested.[1] [2]

History

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The mound (Turkish höyük) measures 310 meters by 275 meters with a height of about 14 meters. The mound features cone like rises at the south and northeast ends. It has 14 occupational layers with 9-14 being Chalcolithic, 5-8 being Early Bronze Age (royal tombs), and 2-4 being Hittite. The uppermost layer shows elements of Phrygian, Roman, and Ottoman times.

Chalcolithic

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Layers 14-9: Alacahöyük was a scene of settlement in a continuous sequence of development from the Chalcolithic Age, when earliest copper tools appeared alongside the use of stone tools.

Early Bronze

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A sun disk found in tombs in Alacahöyük dates back to the early Bronze Age.
A royal tomb in Alaca Höyük
Artifacts from Alaca Höyük

Layers 8-5: During the Early Bronze Age, the mound was the center of a flourishing culture connected to the Anatolian Trade Network. It has been continuously occupied ever since, until today's modern settlement in the form of a small village.

Fourteen shaft-grave "Royal Tombs" (2850–2450 BC) date to the same period as the Royal Tombs of Ur and the Troy excavation level II. The tombs of typical shaft design, about 1.5 meters in depth, sealed by wooden beams, They contained the dead with folded legs facing west. The heads and legs of bulls were placed on platforms and the dead were richly adorned with gold fibulae, diadems, and belt buckles and repoussé gold-leaf figures. Seven metal figurines were found in the tombs with four being made of bronze and 3 of silver.[3]

  • Tomb H - (8 meters by 3.4 meters), female. Contents included "a golden diadem, two copper mace heads, a bronze sun standard, the statuette of an animal, small ornaments made of gold and silver, vessels made of gold and clay, metal artefacts, two axes, five pairs of twin idols made of gold, and three female figurines".
  • Tombs A - (5 meters by 2.3 meters), adult female. Besides a golden diadem contents included "four sun standards, an animal statuette, several metal ornaments, pieces of an iron object, and two metal anthropomorphic figurines ".

Many of the artefacts discovered at Alacahöyük, including magnificent gold and bronze objects found in the Royal Tombs, are housed today in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations in Ankara. Among these artefacts are gold and electrum standing cups and other vessels. The most unusual are the Alaca Höyük bronze standards; bulls or stags on pedestals whose purpose remains the subject of debate. The standards are cast in copper, many in the form of flat circles, half-circles or squares that are filled with an openwork network of cross bars, central crosses, and swastikas. Leonard Woolley[4] found that the Royal Tombs "seem to belong to the end of a period, as marked by a stratum of destruction and the burning of the citadel. The culture which the tomb objects illustrate does not continue into the next historical phase, that of Kültepe".

Gold-iron dagger

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Dagger with iron blade and golden hilt from Alaca Höyük. Early evidence for the use of iron in Anatolia. 2500-2400 BC.

A gold-handled dagger was found at Alacahöyük, and it is now in the collection of the Ankara's Museum of Anatolian Civilizations. It was excavated from grave K (find No. Al.K.14) and may be dated as early as 2500 BC. Japanese scholars have issued a preliminary report about the composition of the dagger in 2008, and they concluded that the dagger was probably made from meteoritic iron.[5][6]

Late Bronze

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The Sphinx Gate
The Sphinx Gate detail
The Sphinx Gate detail

Layers 4-2 Hittite period: The standing and distinguishing remains at Alaca Höyük, however, such as the "Sphinx Gate", date from the Hittite period that followed the Hatti, from the fourteenth century BC.

Two Hittite cuneform texts (A1.d164) mentions the city Arinna and the sun-goddess.[7] One letter states: "Zuwa says: Arinna which was inherited by us from our grandfathers has a golden sun disk which represents the Sun Goddess". The letter may have been sent from or to this site, indicating that the city Arinna can be identified with this site or was nearby.

Tudhaliya IV

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During the reign of king Tudhaliya IV (c. 1245-1215 BC) drought devestated the country leading to the construction of a series of dams throughout the Hittite Empire. The king also imported grain from Egypt to avoid famine. The Gölpınar dam, located 1.5 kilometers to the south of Alaca Höyük, was dedicated to the goddess Hebat. It has been excavated since 2002 and made usable again in 2006 because the water source was located inside the reservoir. In the late 13th century BC, drier climate conditions ultimately led to the Collapse of the Bronze Age.

Iron Age

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Modern assessment[8] finds that the site continued as a flourishing community to the end of the Late Bronze Age. There was also a sizable occupation in Phrygian times.

Excavations

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The site was probed by George Perrot and Ernest Chantre in the late 1800s and drawings of the remains published.[9] In 1907, the Ottoman archaeologist Theodor Makridi Bey carried out brief explorations here for two weeks. [10] In the 1910s, German teams discovered royal tombs dating to the third millennium BC, as well as a Hittite town of the second millennium BC. The impressive sphinx gate surrounded by stone reliefs marked its entrance. [11] The town was heavily fortified with walls and towers due to the frequent raids of the Kaska people living in the mountainous region to the north. Excavations by the Turkish archaeologists Remzi Oğuz Arık and Hamit Koşay resumed in 1935 under the personal instructions of Atatürk who contributed from his own budget. [12][13][14][15] In 1968 the work was under the direction of Mahmut A.[16] The work, which continued until 1970, revealed considerable local wealth and achievement even before the time of the Hittites, with the earliest occupation dating from the 4th millennium BC. Tombs of the 3rd millennium BC feature metal vessels, jewelry, weapons, and pole finials of bulls, stags, as well as abstract forms often interpreted as solar symbols. Excavation at the site resumed in 1994, and is now directed by Dr. Aykut Çınaroğlu.[citation needed]

In the excavations of 2002, 2003 and 2005, four new hieroglyphic Luwian documents were uncovered, a clay sealing, two vessels with seal impressions, and a stele fragment.[17]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Gorny, Ronald L. "Zippalanda and Ankuwa: The Geography of Central Anatolia in the Second Millennium B. C." Journal of the American Oriental Society. Vol. 117, no. 3, pp. 549–557 (1997).
  2. ^ Popko, Maciej. "Zippalanda and Ankuwa Once More." Journal of the American Oriental Society. Vol. 120, no. 3, pp. 445–448 (2000).
  3. ^ Ünsal Yalçın, and H. Gönül Yalçın. “REASSESSING ANTHROPOMORPHIC METAL FIGURINES OF ALACAHÖYÜK, ANATOLIA.” Near Eastern Archaeology, vol. 76, no. 1, 2013, pp. 38–49
  4. ^ Woolley 1961
  5. ^ I. Nakai, Y. Abe, K. Tantrakarin, S. Omura and S. Erkut: "Preliminary Report on the Analysis of an Early Bronze Age Iron Dagger Excavated from Alacahöyük". Anatolian Archeological Studies, Vol. XVII (2008) p. 322
  6. ^ Early Iron Sites. Alaca Höyük www.tf.uni-kiel.de
  7. ^ Özlem Sir Gavaz: Hattuša and Environs: Philology; in: Mark Weeden, Lee. Z. Ullmann (ed.): Hittite Landscape and Geography, Brill 2014. ISBN 978-90-04-34174-6. S. 183
  8. ^ Trevor Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites rev. ed., Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-19-928132-7
  9. ^ Perrot,Georges,EdmundGuillaume,andJulesDelbet,1872:Exploration archéologique de la Galatieet de la Bithynie, d’une partiede la Mysie, de la Phrygie,de la Cappadoce et duPont(Paris:FirminDidotFrères)
  10. ^ Theodor Makrid Bey, La porte des sphinx a Euyuk Fouilles du Musee Imperial Ottoman, Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatisch-Agyp-tischen Gesellschaft, vol. 13, 1908
  11. ^ Robert L. Alexander, A Great Queen on the Sphinx Piers at Alaca Hüyük, Anatolian Studies, vol. 39, pp. 151–158, 1989
  12. ^ Koşay, H. Z. 1938. Alaca Höyük Hafriyatı: 1936 daki çalişmalara ve keşiflere ait ilk rapor. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu
  13. ^ Koşay, H. Z. 1951. Alaca Höyük Kazısı: 1937–1939 daki çalişmalara ve keşiflere ait ilk rapor. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu
  14. ^ H. Z. Kosay, Ausgrabungen von Alaca Höyük: ein Vorbericht über die im Auftrage der Türkischen Geschichts kommission im Sommer 1936 durchgeführten Forschungen und Entdeckungen, TTKY, vol. 2a, 1944
  15. ^ Hâmit Z Kosay and Mahmut Akok, Alaca Höyük excavations : preliminary report on research and discoveries 1963–1967, Türk tarih Kurumu yayunlarindan. 5. ser, sa. 28, 1973
  16. ^ Koşay, Hâmit Z. “Alaca Höyük: Campaign of 1968.” Archaeology, vol. 22, no. 4, 1969, pp. 322–322
  17. ^ DİNÇOL, Ali, and Belkıs Dinçol. "Neue Hieroglyphische Dokumente aus Alaca Höyük." Colloquium Anatolicum. No. 7. 2008

References

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  • Remzi Oguz Arik, Les Fouilles d'Alaca Höyük: Entreprises par la société d'histoire turque. Rapport preliminaire sur les travaux en 1935, Publications de la Société Turque, 1937
  • Bachhuber, C. 2011. Negotiating Metal and Metal Form in the Royal Tombs of Alacahöyük in North-Central Anatolia. Pp. 158–74 in Interweaving Worlds: Systematic Interactions in Eurasia, 7th to the 1st Millennia BC, ed. T. C. Wilkinson, S. Sherratt, and J. Bennet. Oxford: Oxbow
  • Ayse Gursan-Salzmann, Alaca Hoyuk: A reassessment of the excavation and sequence of the Early Bronze Age settlement, University of Pennsylvania, 1992
  • Korfmann, M. 1981. Die “Große Göttin” in Alaca Höyük. Pp. 153–65 and pls. 97–102 in IX. Türk Tarih Kongresi: Ankara, 21-25 Eylül 1981: Kongreye sunulan bildiriler. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu
  • Hamit Z. Koşay and Mahmut Akok, The Pottery of Alaca Höyük, American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 152–157, 1947
  • The Art of The Middle East, including Persia, Mesopotamia and Palestine - Woolley
  • M. J. Mellink, Observations on the Sculptures of Alaca Hoyuk, Anatolia, vol. 14, pp. 15–27, 1970
  • [1] Ahmet Unal, The Textual Illustration of the Jester Scene on the Sculptures of Alaca Höyük, Anatolian Studies, vol. 44, pp. 207–218, 1994
  • O.R Gurney, The Ladder-Men at Alaca Höyük, Anatolia Studies, vol. 44, pp. 219–220, 1994
  • Piotr Taracha, The Iconographic Program of the Sculptures of Alacahöyük, Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions, vol. 11, iss. 2, pp. 132–147, 2011
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