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Sikorsky S-61

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(Redirected from Agusta-Sikorsky S-61A-4)
This article is about the civil versions of the Sikorsky S-61 models. For the military versions, see Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King.
S-61L/S-61N
A S-61N Mk.II operating for Sociedad de Salvamento y Seguridad Marítima in Spain
General information
TypeMedium-lift transport / airliner helicopter
ManufacturerSikorsky Aircraft
StatusActive service
Primary usersCHC Helicopter
Number built119[1]
History
Introduction date1962
First flight2 November 1961
Developed fromSikorsky SH-3 Sea King

The Sikorsky S-61L and S-61N are civil variants of the SH-3 Sea King military helicopter. They were developed and produced by the American helicopter manufacturer Sikorsky Aircraft.

The commercial version of the Sea King was developed during the late 1950s. Two versions, the land-based S-61L and the amphibious S-61N, were created. The S-61L had an enlarged cabin and dispensed with some of the amphibious features, such as its float stabilizers, for greater payload capacity. It was considered attractive to utility operators, while the amphibious S-61N appealed to off-shore operators. The first models were delivered to customers during September 1961. By the turn of the century, they had become two of the most widely used airliner and oil rig support helicopters built.[1]

Airliners were a key customer for the S-61L. Los Angeles Airways, New York Airways, and Chicago Helicopter Airways were among the first operators. However, operations in this sector proved troublesome, with profits elusive and service often subject to noise complaints and accidents.[2][3] S-61s also saw service in the search and rescue (SAR) sector in various countries. Third-party companies have often converted individual airframes by shortening the fuselage to bolster its lift capacity. Governmental organizations have procured the S-61: the United States Department of State was a prominent operator of the type into the twenty-first century.

Design and development

[edit]

Background

[edit]

In September 1957, Sikorsky was awarded a United States Navy development contract for an amphibious anti-submarine warfare (ASW) helicopter capable of both detecting and attacking submarines.[1] On 11 March 1959, the XHSS-2 Sea King prototype made its maiden flight. Production deliveries of the HSS-2 (later designated SH-3A) commenced during September 1961. The initial production aircraft being powered by a pair of General Electric T58-GE-8B turboshaft engines, each capable of providing up to 930 kW (1,250 shp).[4]

Sikorsky quickly decided to pursue development of a dedicated commercial model of the Sea King.[1] In fact, two prime models were produced: the land-based S-61L and the amphibious S-61N.[5] On 2 November 1961, the S-61L conducted its maiden flight; it was 4 ft 3 in (1.30 m) longer than the HSS-2 to facilitate the carriage of a substantial payload of freight or passengers. Initial production S-61Ls were powered by two 1,350 shp (1,010 kW) GE CT58-110 turboshafts, the civil version of the T58. The S-61L features a modified landing gear that eliminated the float stabilisers.[6]

On 7 August 1962, the S-61N performed its first flight.[1] Being otherwise identical to the S-61L, this version is optimized for overwater operations, particularly oil rig support, by retaining the SH-3's floats. Both the S-61L and S-61N were subsequently updated to the Mk II standard, which was outfitted with more powerful CT58-140 engines that provided superior performance in hot and high conditions, along with incorporating measures to dampen vibration and various other refinements.[6]

Further development

[edit]
A Coulson Aircrane S-61L dropping water during the Australia bushfire season.

Additional civil models of the S-61 would soon be developed. The Payloader, a stripped-down version optimized for aerial crane work, was the third civil model of the S-61 produced.[1] The Payloader features the fixed undercarriage of the S-61L, but with an empty weight almost 2,000 lb (910 kg) less than the standard S-61N.

Carson Helicopters was the first company to shorten a commercial S-61. The fuselage is shortened by 50 in (1.3 m) to increase its single-engine performance and external payload.[7] The improved lift performance lent itself to utility operations, particularly in the construction market.[8]

A unique version is the S-61 Shortsky, a conversion of S-61Ls and S-61Ns performed by Helipro International.[1] VIH Logging was the launch customer for HeliPro's Shortsky, which performed its first flight during February 1996.[9]

One modification for the S-61 is the Carson Composite Main Rotor Blade. These blades replace the original Sikorsky metal blades, which are prone to fatigue, and permit a modified aircraft to carry an additional 2,000 lb (907 kg) load, fly 15 kn (28 km/h) faster and increase range 61 nmi (113 km).[7]

During the 2000s, the S-61T modernisation emerged. This model includes composite main rotor blades, a modular wiring harness, and (optionally) a glass cockpit; these changes reportedly boost the helicopter's lift capability as well as increase its speed. During June 2010, the United States Department of State signed a purchase agreement for up to 110 modernized S-61Ts, which will perform both passenger and cargo transport missions in support of its worldwide operations.[10][11]

Operational history

[edit]
Newsreel of an S-61N performing an emergency water landing

The first civil operator to adopt the S-61 was Los Angeles Airways, which introduced the type to service on 11 March 1962.[12] The company had reportedly bought them from Sikorsky at a unit price of $650,000 each. Sikorsky's foremost competitor for sales was Boeing Vertol with their Vertol 107 twin-rotor helicopter, which arrived on the market shortly after the S-61.[3] While regarded as one of the most successful American scheduled helicopter airlines even by the 21st century, following several accidents involving its S-61s, including the crash of the prototype S-61 N300Y, Los Angeles Airways ceased operations in 1971.[2]

Even prior to the receipt of approval from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the S-61 had been purchased by a number of airliners, including Los Angeles Airways, New York Airways, and Chicago Helicopter Airways.[3] It was promoted as being the first U.S. helicopter designed specifically as a commercial airliner. The S-61 seated 25 passengers and had an estimated direct operating cost of 8¢ per seat mile.[3] The operating costs of civil helicopter were considered to be crucial, even prior to the S-61's introduction, as airlines had typically been unable to achieve profitable helicopter routes and became dependent on government subsidies to operate, reportedly due to the limited capacity and high operating expense of the available helicopters. It was hoped that the S-61 would be able to noticeably improve on economics compared to its predecessors.[3]

New York Airways ordered an initial batch of ten S-61s to serve its helicopter routes.[3] Perhaps most prominently, it started operated flights from a heliport on the 59-story Pan Am Building, and at one point planned to perform as many as 360 helicopter flights per day.[13] Launched on 21 December 1965, the operation soon proved to be unprofitable, only carrying an average of only eight passengers, leading to the heliport's closure in 1968. While flights were resumed during February 1977, an accident three months later involving a S-61 helicopter that collapsed and flipped onto its side, killing five people, led to the heliport being closed indefinitely.[13] Two years later, New York Airlines ended helicopter operations.[14]

From 1962 to 1966, Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) operated its Sikorsky S-61 helicopters for services within East Pakistan Helicopter Service (present day Bangladesh) using four S-61s.[15] The helicopter route to Khulna reduced the 21-hour journey overland to 37 minutes by air. 20 towns and cities covered by the network, including Bogra, Sirajganj, Chittagong, Mongla, Kushtia, Barisal, Chandpur, Sandwip and Hatiya Upazila. The average price of a ticket was 25 rupees. It was the world's largest commercial helicopter network at the time.[15]

Between 1978 and 1986, a S-61 was used for an Airlink service between the London airports of Heathrow and Gatwick over a distance of 42 miles; it was operated jointly by British Caledonian Airways and British Airways Helicopters in partnership with the British Airports Authority (BAA).[16] While the operation proved valuable prior to the opening of the M25 motorway, its noise led to it being a point of controversy, the route overflying several densely populated areas of London. Initially, the Civil Aviation Authority banned flights between 9.15pm and 6.30am to limit its impact, but the whole service came to an end after its licence to operate was revoked by the Transport Secretary on 6 February 1986.[16] Numerous S-61s were also operated on other routes in Britain, often between the mainland and off-shore locations such as the Channel Islands, the Scilly Islands, and various oil rigs in the North Sea.[17]

S-61N during a SAR operation

The British operator Bristow Helicopters operated a number of S-61s; they were used to perform search and rescue (SAR) operations from civilian bases at Stornoway, Sumburgh, Lee-on-Solent, and Portland between 1983 and 2007.[18] Between 1991 and 2013, the Irish Coast Guard operated its own S-61s for SAR operations.[19]

Various government organisations have also adopted the S-61. During the 2010s, the United States Department of State procured in excess of 100 S-61Ts in support of its worldwide operations. These rotorcraft have been operated in both Iraq and Afghanistan, amongst other locations.[20][21]

Variants

[edit]
S-61L
Non-amphibious civil transport version. It seats up to 30 passengers.[22]
S-61L Mk II
Improved version of the S-61L, cabin equipped with cargo bins.[6]
S-61N
Amphibious civil transport version.[22]
S-61N Mk II
Improved version of the S-61N.[6]
S-61NM
An L model in an N configuration.[23]
S-61T Triton
modernized upgrade performed by Sikorsky and Carson Helicopters. Upgrades include composite main rotor blades, full airframe structural refurbishment, conversion of folding rotor head to non-folding, new modular wiring harness, and Cobham-supplied glass cockpit avionics. Initial models converted were S-61N.[11]
AS-61N-1 Silver
License-built model of the S-61N by Agusta, with a shortened cabin.

Operators

[edit]
A Carson Helicopters Sikorsky S-61N
A Helitanker S-61N, December 2009
 Canada
 Greenland
 Indonesia
 United Kingdom
 Spain
 United States

Former operators

[edit]
A Netherlands Coastguard S-61N operated by Bristow Helicopters
A British International Helicopter S-61N lands aboard the USS Vicksburg
 Argentina
 Brunei
 Canada
 Indonesia
 Ireland
 Lebanon
 Netherlands
 Norway
 Pakistan
 United Kingdom
 United States

Notable accidents

[edit]
N300Y, the Los Angeles Airways prototype of the Sikorsky S-61L Helicopter, lifting off from the Disneyland Heliport

1960s

1970s

  • On 25 October 1973, a Greenlandair S-61N, OY-HAI "Akigssek" ("Grouse") crashed about 40 km south of Nuuk, resulting in the loss of 15 lives. It was en route to Paamiut from Nuuk. The same aircraft had an emergency landing on the Kangerlussuaq fjord two years earlier, due to flameout on both engines because of ice in the intake.[58]
  • On 10 May 1974 a KLM Helikopters S-61N, registration PH-NZC, crashed en route to an oil rig in the North Sea. None of the six people on board (two crew and four passengers) survived. The probable cause was a failure in one of five rotor blades due to metal fatigue. The resulting imbalance caused the motor mounts to fail and caused a fire. The uncontrollable aircraft landed hard in the water, capsized and sank. Investigation indicated that the metal fatigue crack must have spread rapidly in less than four hours. The rotor blades are pressurized with nitrogen gas at 10 psi (69 kPa) to indicate the onset of a metal fatigue failure, yet no pressure loss was indicated during the preflight inspection. As a result of the accident, it was recommended to shorten inspection intervals.[59] The aircraft was recovered from the North Sea floor. It was sold to Carson Helicopter in the USA and re-registered as N87580.[60]
  • On 16 May 1977, a New York Airways commercial S-61-L, N619PA, suffered a static rollover onto its starboard side at the heliport on top of the Pan Am Building while boarding passengers. The accident killed four boarding passengers and one woman on the street. 17 additional passengers and the three flight crew members were uninjured.[61] The landing gear collapse resulted from metal fatigue in the helicopter's main landing gear shock-absorbing strut assembly, which caused the helicopter to tip over without warning. The accident resulted in the permanent closure of the Pan Am Building heliport.[13] As the heliport was closed, the wreckage was removed by disassembling it and taking the assemblies down to street level using the building's freight elevators. The airframe was taken to Cape Town, South Africa, where it was rebuilt, certified and returned to service for the Ship-Service Role off the shores of the Western Cape by the company "Court Helicopter" which was later amalgamated with CHC.[62]

1980s

  • On 16 July 1983, British Airways Helicopters' commercial S-61 G-BEON crashed in the southern Celtic Sea, in the Atlantic Ocean, while en route from Penzance to St Mary's, Isles of Scilly in thick fog. Only six of the 26 on board survived. It sparked a review of helicopter safety and was the worst civilian helicopter disaster in the UK until 1986.[citation needed]
  • On 20 March 1985, an Okanagan Helicopters S-61N (C-GOKZ) ditched in the Atlantic Ocean off Owls Head, Nova Scotia. The aircraft was en route from the MODU Sedco 709 offshore Nova Scotia to the Halifax International Airport (YHZ)when the main gearbox suffered a total loss of transmission fluid. There were 15 passengers and two crew on board. There were no injuries during the ditching, however several passengers suffered varying degrees of hypothermia. As a result of this incident, improved thermal protection and other advancements in helicopter transportation suits were instituted for offshore workers on Canada's east coast.
  • On 13 July 1988, a British International Helicopters S-61N, registration G-BEID, suffered an engine failure and fire and ditched into the North Sea. There were no injuries.[63]

1990s

2000s

  • On 8 July 2006, a Sociedad de Salvamento y Seguridad Marítima S-61N Mk.II search and rescue helicopter, crashed into the Atlantic Ocean while it was flying from Tenerife to La Palma. There were no survivors among the six people on board.[citation needed]
  • On 5 August 2008, two pilots and seven firefighters assigned to the Iron Complex fire in California's Shasta–Trinity National Forest, were killed when Carson Helicopters S-61N N612AZ crashed on takeoff. Of the 13 people reportedly on board, one other pilot and three firefighters survived the crash with serious or critical injuries. The NTSB determined that the probable causes were the following actions by Carson Helicopters: 1) the intentional understatement of the helicopter's empty weight, 2) the alteration of the power available chart to exaggerate lift capability, and 3) the use of unapproved above-minimum specification torque in performance calculations that, collectively, resulted in the pilots’ relying on performance calculations that significantly overestimated load-carrying capacity and without an adequate performance margin for a successful takeoff; and insufficient oversight by the U.S. Forest Service and the Federal Aviation Administration. Contributing factors were the flight crew's failure to address the fact that the helicopter had approached its maximum performance capability on two prior departures from the accident site as they were accustomed to operating at its performance limit. Contributing to the fatalities were the immediate, intense fire due to a fuel spillage upon impact from the fuel tanks that were not crash-resistant, the separation from the floor of the cabin seats that were not crash-resistant, and the use of an inappropriate release mechanism on the seat restraints.[65][66][67]

2020s

Specifications (S-61N Mk II)

[edit]
Orthographically projected diagram
Orthographically projected diagram

Data from International Directiory of Civil Aircraft[1]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Capacity: up to 30 passengers
  • Length: 58 ft 11 in (17.96 m)
  • Height: 17 ft 6 in (5.33 m)
  • Empty weight: 12,336 lb (5,596 kg)
  • Gross weight: 16,164 lb (7,332 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 19,000 lb (8,618 kg)
  • Powerplant: 2 × General Electric CT58-140 turboshaft engines, 1,500 shp (1,100 kW) each
  • Main rotor diameter: 62 ft (19 m)
  • Main rotor area: 3,019 sq ft (280.5 m2)
  • Blade section: - NACA 0012[69]

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 144 kn (166 mph, 267 km/h)
  • Cruise speed: 120 kn (140 mph, 220 km/h)
  • Range: 450 nmi (520 mi, 830 km)
  • Service ceiling: 12,500 ft (3,800 m)
  • Rate of climb: 1,310–2,220 ft/min (6.7–11.3 m/s)

See also

[edit]

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Frawley 2003, p. 194.
  2. ^ a b c Goldstein, Michael (12 October 2021). "Will Disasters Like Disneyland Helicopter Airline And Kobe Crashes Impact EVTOL Future?". forbes.com.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "The Self-Supporting Helicopter". Time Magazine. 26 December 1960. Archived from the original on 2010-10-08.
  4. ^ McGowen 2005, p. 84.
  5. ^ Sikorsky 2007, p. 92.
  6. ^ a b c d "CIVIL V/STOL 1971". Flightglobal Insight. 2015. p. 162. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  7. ^ a b "About Carson Helicopters". Carson Helicopters. 2009. Archived from the original on 31 January 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  8. ^ Megna, Dan (11 February 2021). "Helicarrier: Dreaming Big". verticalmag.com.
  9. ^ "Helipro Shortsky enters service". FlightGlobal. 3 April 1996.
  10. ^ "Press Releases: U.S. State Department Accepts Modernized S-61TM Helicopters for Use in Afghanistan". verticalmag.com. 2 June 2010.
  11. ^ a b Croft, John (21 February 2010). "HELI-EXPO: Sikorsky S-61T gains new life in State Department program". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 30 December 2010.
  12. ^ Apostolo, G. "Sikorsky S-61".The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Helicopters. Bonanza Books, 1984. ISBN 0-517-43935-2.
  13. ^ a b c Schneider, Daniel B. "F.Y.I.", 25 July 1999. Accessed 30 September 2007. "Q. Back in the 1960s and 70s, helicopters bound for Kennedy International Airport used to take off from a deck atop the old Pan Am Building. Why was the service halted? A. As many as 360 helicopter flights a day were planned by New York Airways after the 59-story Pan Am building was completed in 1963, but a bitter public outcry delayed the first few flights until December 21, 1965 ... The operation proved unprofitable since the helicopters carried an average of only eight passengers, and the heliport, which had cost $1 million to build, closed in 1968 ... After another round of hearings – and renewed protests – flights resumed in February 1977. Three months later, the landing gear on one of the Sikorsky S-61 helicopters collapsed while passengers were boarding, flipping it on its side and sending a 20-foot rotor blade skidding across the roof and over the west parapet wall ... Within hours, the heliport was closed indefinitely."
  14. ^ Waldvogel, Robert G. (11 November 2021). "The History of New York Airways' Helicopter Operations". metroairportnews.com.
  15. ^ a b "Asia: Choppers over Pakistan". Time. 13 December 1963. Retrieved 14 September 2017 – via content.time.com.
  16. ^ Woodley 2006, pp. 8, 103.
  17. ^ "Sikorsky and Bristow Embark on New Era of Search and Rescue". PRNewswire. 3 March 2015.
  18. ^ a b "End Of An Era As Irish Coast Guard's Last S61 Retires". afloat.ie. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  19. ^ "U.S. State Department Orders 11 More Upgraded S-61 Helicopters for Use in Iraq & Afghanistan". verticalmag.com. 20 September 2010.
  20. ^ Varnon, Rob (3 June 2010). "Upgraded Sikorsky Sea Kings on new mission". ctpost.com.
  21. ^ a b "VTOL AIRCRAFT 1967". Flightglobal Insight. 2015. p. 712. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  22. ^ "Airworthiness Directives Sikorsky Models S-61L, S-61N, and S-61NM". faa.gov. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
  23. ^ "CHC Helicopter fleet". chc.ca. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  24. ^ "Cougar Helicopters". cougar.ca. Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
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  26. ^ "BNPB Official Website".
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  28. ^ Sociedad de Salvamento y Seguridad Marítima. "Helicópteros de Salvamento Marítimo". salvamentomaritimo.es. Archived from the original on 8 April 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  29. ^ "DOD Contracts Keep U.S. Helicopter Operators Busy in Afghanistan". ainonline.com. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
  30. ^ "Carson Helicopters Home page". carsonhelicopters.com. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  31. ^ "Former employees of Carson Helicopters indicted over fatal Iron 44 Fire crash". wildfiretoday.com. 4 February 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  32. ^ "Fleet". CHI Aviation. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  33. ^ "Fleet". Helimax Aviation. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
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  37. ^ "BSP S-61s final departure - the end of an era". pprune.org. 7 September 2007.
  38. ^ "Coast Guard S-61 being retired from duty in Prince Rupert". helihub.com. 3 December 2010. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
  39. ^ Zahir, Zahir (3 January 2023). "Sejarah Hari Ini: Rekam Jejak Helikopter Sikorsky S-61V dalam Kedirgantaraan Indonesia". suara.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2023-11-21.
  40. ^ Pamungkas, Bayu (2016-02-01). "Sikorsky S-61V: Menelusuri Jejak Helikopter Bung Karno Yang Hilang". Indomiliter.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2023-11-21.
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  42. ^ "Garda Cósta na hÉireann S-61". Helis.com. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  43. ^ "Lebanon's Air Force launches public aircraft bids as part of fleet reorg". Defense News. 2021.
  44. ^ "KLM / Era Helicopters history". erahelicopters.com. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
  45. ^ "KLM-Noordzee Helikopters S-61N". Demand media. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
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  50. ^ "British International Helicopters S-61". Helis.com. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  51. ^ "HM Coastguard S-61N". Helis.com. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  52. ^ "Flight Int'l 1969". flightglobal.com. p. 581. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  53. ^ "New York Airways". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 17 March 2013.[permanent dead link‍]
  54. ^ "World Helicopter Market 1968". flightglobal.com. p. 57. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  55. ^ "PIA helicopter service". Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  56. ^ Aircraft Accident Report. Los Angeles Airways, Inc. S-61L Helicopter, N300Y, Compton, California[usurped], Adopted: 27 August 1969
  57. ^ "Arktisk dokumentarkiv". arktiskleksikon.dk. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  58. ^ "1974". hdekker.info. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  59. ^ Harro Ranter. "ASN Aircraft accident 10-MAY-1974 Sikorsky S-61N PH-NZC". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  60. ^ UPI. Helicopter Crash Kills Five. Beaver County (Pa.) Times: Tuesday, 17 May 1977, A-13.
  61. ^ Epstein, Curt. HAI Convention News "An S-61 With a Past"[permanent dead link‍] 26 October 2010. Retrieved: 13 June 2011.
  62. ^ "3/1990 Sikorsky S61N, G-BEID, 13 July 1988". AAIB (UK).
  63. ^ UK Air Accidents Investigation Branch, Department of Transport, Report on the Accident to Sikorsky S-61N G-BEWL at Brent Spar, East Shetland Basin on 25 July 1990, retrieved 4 January 2014
  64. ^ "Aircraft Accident Report Crash During Takeoff of Carson Helicopters, Inc., Firefighting Helicopter Under Contract to the U.S. Forest Service, Sikorsky S-61N, N612AZ Near Weaverville, California August 5, 2008 NTSB/AAR-10/06". ntsb.gov. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  65. ^ "USFA Fatality Notice". United States Fire Administration. 6 August 2008. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
  66. ^ "FAA/NTSB Investigations". Los Angeles Injury Law Firm (See post #4 titled "Nine Firefighters Believed Dead After Helicopter Crash in California"). 6 August 2008. Archived from the original on 24 June 2007. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
  67. ^ Four die in Hawaii crash of contractor’s helicopter, Navy says Audrey McAvoy and Jennifer Sinco Kelleher, The Associated Press 2022-02-23
  68. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Elliott, Bryn (May–June 1999). "On the Beat: The First 60 Years of Britain's Air Police, Part Two". Air Enthusiast (81): 64–69. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Frawley, Gerard (2003). The International Directory of Civil Aircraft, 2003–2004. Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd. p. 194. ISBN 1-875671-58-7.
  • McGowen, Stanley S. (2005). Helicopters: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-851094-68-7.
  • Sikorsky, Sergei I. (2007). The Sikorsky Legacy. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-738549-95-8.
  • Woodley, Charles (2006). The History of British European Airways. Casemate Publishers. ISBN 1-844151-86-7.
[edit]
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