Jump to content

Afghanistan–Iran relations

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Afghanistan-Iran relations)

Afghanistan–Iran relations
Map indicating locations of Afghanistan and Iran

Afghanistan
Iran
Diplomatic mission
Afghan Embassy,
Tehran		Iranian Embassy,
Kabul

Relations between Afghanistan and modern Iran were officially established in 1935 during Kingdom's Zahir Shah's reign and the Pahlavi dynasty's Reza Shah Pahlavi, though ties between the two countries have existed for millennia. As a result, many Afghans speak Persian, as Dari (an eastern dialect of Persian) is one of the official languages of Afghanistan, and many in Afghanistan also celebrate Nowruz, the Persian New Year.

Relations were negatively affected by the 1978 Saur Revolution and 1979 Iranian Revolution and issues related to the Afghan conflict (i.e. PDPA, Mujahideen, Afghan refugees, and the Taliban), as well as Iran's water dispute and the growing influence of the United States in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.[1] In July 2019, the Iranian government passed a law that provides Afghan nationals with a new chance to get Iranian residency. Afghans with specific scientific and professional achievements and those who have Iranian spouses and children are among those who are qualified to benefit from the law.[2] After the Taliban returned to power in 2021, despite some differences, relations between the two countries have further developed.[3]

Historical context

[edit]

Afghanistan shares a relatively long history with Iran (called Persia in the West before 1935) and it was part of many Persian Empires such as Achaemenid and Sasanian dynasties. In fact the regions which encompass the modern state of Afghanistan were considered an integral part of Iran (Persia) by the 11th century poet Firdawsi in his Shahnameh, Zabulistan was even considered the homeland of the Iranian hero Rostam.[4] When the Safavid dynasty was founded in Persia, part of what is now Afghanistan was ruled by the Khanate of Bukhara and Babur from Kabulistan. The first Iranian Safavid Shah Shah Ismail I quickly expanded his empire in all directions, in which he also conquered large parts of nowadays Afghanistan. For centuries they ruled the region and the Safavids did not have any problems at first ruling the easternmost territories of their empire, but their policy towards non-Shia subjects became worse and worse over time. Wars began between the Shia Safavids and the larger Sunnis, particularly in the Old Kandahar region. By the late 17th century, the Safavids were heavily declining. They had appointed their Georgian subject Gurgin Khan as governor of Kandahar in order to forcibly convert the Afghans from Sunni Islam to Shia Islam, resulting in widespread oppression and violence.

It remained this way until the rise of Mirwais Hotak, a well-respected Sunni Ghilzai Pashtun tribal chief. Mirwais succeeded in defeating the declining Safavids in a succession of battles and declared southern Afghanistan a completely independent country. His son Mahmud conquered Persia for a short time in 1722, while it was ridden by civil strife and foreign interests from the Safavids' archrivals, the Ottomans and the Russians, and soon afterward, the Safavid dynasty ended.[5]

Despite those events, there are cultural ties between the two nations extending thousands of years. As a result, an eastern dialect of Persian, Dari is one of the official dialects of Afghanistan. Many in Afghanistan celebrate Nowruz, a pre-Islamic Iranian spring celebration celebrated in many countries and regions in the world, the main representative being Balkh a province in the north of Afghanistan.

Contemporary era

[edit]

Afghanistan signed a treaty of friendship with Iran in 1921,[6] when the country was ruled by King Amanullah Khan and Iran was still under the Qajar dynasty. In September 1961, ties between two countries were broken off and resumed in May 1963.[7] According to the Daily Pioneer, because of the ongoing agreement between Iran and Afghanistan, their relationship has yet to be manipulated by any third party and will remain so in the future.[8] According to Deutsche Welle in 2018, an increase in Taliban activity in the border between Iran and Afghanistan suggests a possible cooperation between the Iranian forces and the Talibans.[9] According to a Reuters report, In 2018, Afghan forces accused Iran of presenting the Taliban with arms and money, but Iran denied the accusations.[10]

Saur Revolution and Iranian Revolution

[edit]

On 27 April 1978, Afghan Army units affiliated with the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) launched an armed uprising against the Afghan President Daoud Khan. Two days after the assassination of Daoud Khan, the Shah of Iran told American presidential candidate George H. W. Bush that he viewed the Khalqist seizure of power as example of the Soviet Union's attempt to encircle Iran.[11] On 22 August, the Khalqist faction of the PDPA led by Nur Muhammad Taraki and Hafizullah Amin launch a purge against the Parcham faction.[11] Taraki blamed what he called a conspiracy involving China, the United States, Pakistan, the Saudis and Iran.[11] On 19 December 1978, Hafizullah Amin requested 20 million rubles in assistance to expand the AGSA and establish a "military intelligence network for the DRA in Iran, Pakistan, and some Arab countries".[11] In February 1979, the Shah of Iran was overthrown as part of the Iranian Revolution which replaced the pro-Western but secularist Shah with the anti American but theocratic Ayatollah Khomeini. Initially the PDPA-Khalq government wished to have good relations but after Khomeini issued a public condemnation of the Saur Revolution causing relations to sour immensely between the Shia theocratic government of Iran and the Sunni Pashtun dominated Communist government of Afghanistan.[11] On 15 March 1979, an uprising was launched in Herat city. In a phone call between Premier of the Soviet Union Alexei Kosygin and General Secretary of the PDPA, Nur Muhammad Taraki, Taraki claimed that 4,000 Iranian soldiers had entered Herat dressed as civilians asking the Soviets to send soldiers from the Central Asian republics in Afghan uniforms to help them counteract Iranian interference.[12] In June 1979, a uprising was launched by the ethnic hazara shia minority in Chindawol, Kabul. The uprising was brutally crushed and over 2,000 participants were arrested and executed.[13]

Post-1979

[edit]
Hamid Karzai (right) and Mohammad Khatami (left), 25 February 2002 in Tehran

In December 1979, the Soviet Union sent around 100,000 troops to the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan to assist the PDPA government against a nationwide mujahideen insurgency. The mujahideen were made up of various groups that were trained by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United States. A number of revolutionary Shi'a groups took control of parts of Hazarajat in 1979 in opposition to the mujahideen groups, and had ties to the Iranian government. After the death of Khomeini in 1989, the Iranian government encouraged many of the Shi'a groups to combine and establish the Hezb-e Wahdat, hoping that they would be included in international negotiations. Between the Soviet Union's withdrawal in February 1989 and the fall from power of president Najibullah in April 1992, Iran supported the PDPA government. In the words of historian Barnett Rubin, "Iran saw the Soviet-backed Kabul government as the main force blocking the takeover of Afghanistan by Sunni Wahhabi parties backed by these three countries [Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United States]. Although it continued to support Shia parties politically, it did not support their making war on the Najibullah government."[14] In the meantime, over a million Afghan refugees were allowed to enter Iran.[15][16]

Following the emergence of the Taliban government and their harsh treatment of Afghanistan's minorities, Iran stepped up assistance to the Northern Alliance. Relations with the Taliban deteriorated further in 1998 after Taliban forces seized the Iranian consulate in the northern Afghan city of Mazar-i-Sharif and executed Iranian diplomats.

War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)

[edit]
See also: United States invasion of Afghanistan and War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)

Since late 2001, the Afghan government under Hamid Karzai installed after the has engaged in cordial relations with both Iran and the United States, even as relations between the United States and Iran have grown strained due to American objections to Iran's nuclear program. Iran was an important factor in the overthrow of the Taliban and has since helped revive Afghanistan's economy and infrastructure.[17] It re-opened the Iranian Embassy in Kabul and its associated consulates in other Afghan cities. In the meantime, Iran joined the reconstruction of Afghanistan. Most of its contributions are aimed at developing the Afghan Shi'a communities, especially the ethnic Hazaras and Qizilbash.[18] Iran also has influence on political parties represented by ethnic Tajiks, which includes Abdullah Abdullah's Coalition for Change and Hope and others. On the contrary, many Afghan politicians and experts claim that both Iran and Pakistan are working to weaken Afghanistan.[19]

Besides Afghan lawmakers, leaders in the United States and many NATO officials also believe that Iran is meddling in Afghanistan by playing a double game.[20] Iran usually denies these accusations.[21][22] For a number of years many senior ISAF officials and others have been accusing Iran of supplying and training the Taliban insurgents.[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]

"We did interdict a shipment, without question the Revolutionary Guard's core Quds Force, through a known Taliban facilitator. Three of the individuals were killed... Iranians certainly view as making life more difficult for us if Afghanistan is unstable. We don't have that kind of relationship with the Iranians. That's why I am particularly troubled by the interception of weapons coming from Iran. But we know that it's more than weapons; it's money; it's also according to some reports, training at Iranian camps as well."[31]

— General David Petraeus
Presidents of Iran and Afghanistan Hassan Rouhani (right) and Ashraf Ghani (left) meet in Tehran, 19 April 2015.

The government of Iran is strongly against the American military presence in Afghanistan.[32] Iranian officials often criticize specifically the American military in Afghanistan:

"The Americans will have the same success in Afghanistan as in Vietnam. Years ago the Soviet Union made exactly the same mistake. Many people were killed and it finally pulled out. History repeats itself. We know Afghanistan. We know that Afghanistan will never submit to foreign armies."[33]

— Ali Larijani, July 2010

Ties between Afghanistan and Iran became further strained in recent years due to Iran's toughened immigration policy, hastening the repatriation of many Afghan asylum seekers.[34] A number of Afghans were executed by hanging in public for crimes punishable with death in Iran (murder, rape, smuggling large amount of drugs, and armed robbery), which sparked angry demonstrations in Afghanistan.[35] Between 2010 and 2011, Afghan and Iranian security forces were involved in border skirmishes in Afghanistan's Nimroz Province.[36] In July 2011, Iran decided to cut off electricity exports to Afghanistan's Nimroz Province.[37] In March 2012, Najibullah Kabuli, leader of the National Participation Front (NPF) of Afghanistan, accused three senior leaders of Iran's Revolutionary Guards of plotting to assassinate him.[38] Some members of the Afghan Parliament accuses Iran of setting up Taliban bases in several Iranian cities, and that "Iran is directly involved in fanning ethnic, linguistic and sectarian tensions in Afghanistan."[39]

"Currently, the Revolutionary Guards recruit young people for terrorist activities in Afghanistan and try to revive the Hezb-i-Islami Afghanistan led by Gulbadin Hekmatyar and Taliban groups"[40]

— Syed Kamal, a self-confessed agent for Iran's Revolutionary Guards and member of Sipah-i-Mohmmad
The Azadi Tower in Tehran was lightened with the Afghan flag to show solidarity with victims of the 2021 Kabul school bombing.

According to Saudi Arabia, Afghan Senate members certified the existence of documents which affirm that the Taliban collected endorsements from both Iran and Russia. Thus members of the Taliban are located in the cities of Mashhad, Yazd and Kerman in Iran.[41] Moreover, the Governor of the state of Farah in Afghanistan, Asif Ning, also confirmed this in an interview with the Dari-speaking Freedom Radio stating: "They are living in the cities of Yazd, Kerman and Mashhad. They eventually return to Afghanistan to vandalize. At the time being, a number of senior members of the Taliban leaders are living in Iran", adding that "[t]he bodies of Taliban fighters killed in recent clashes were delivered to their families in Iran".[41]

Afghanistan has an embassy in Tehran and a consulate in Mashad. In order to prohibit Afghans coming into the country that will bring issues related to the Afghan Civil War with them, as of 2007, Iran charges Afghans over US$100 for a one-month regular visa and a business visa costs them over US$3,000. Before 2007, the visa was issued with only $35 fee.

Fars News Agency reported that Ali Shamkhani, a member of Iran's Supreme National Security Council, had talks with the Afghan Taliban when he was visiting Kabul on 26 December 2018.[42] According to The Washington Post, Iran's military had taken over some of the security operations at the Iran and Afghanistan border in 2018, in anticipation of the US withdrawal.[43] In 2020, the Taliban publicly condemned the U.S. killing of the Iranian Quds Force commander Qasem Soleimani, expressing "deep regret over his martyrdom" and describing Soleimani as a "great warrior".[44]

Second Islamic Emirate Era (2021–present)

[edit]

After the Taliban re-capture of Kabul in August 2021, Iran says its embassy in Kabul remains open,[45] but it "strongly" condemned the Taliban's Panjshir Offensive, with Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman Saeed Khatibzadeh describing it as "by no means acceptable in terms of international law and humanitarian law.”[46] The city of Tehran would even officially name a street "Panjshir Alley" in protest.[47] Iranian strategists were dismayed by the prospect of a strong Taliban government in Afghanistan, recalling the hostilities with the First Islamic Emirate during 1996-2001 and its support of American invasion in 2001. The Sunni Islamic model of the Taliban is also perceived by the Iranian government as a direct threat to its Khomeinist ideological ambitions. Hence, Iran has yet to officially recognize the Islamic Emirate. Since the Taliban victory in Afghanistan, Iran-Afghan relations has been marked by deepening border clashes and simmering tensions over mutual differences issues related to water policy, trade and Islamic Emirate's sidelining of pro-Iran elements from political power.[48][49][50]

Different political factions in Iran have very different attitudes towards the Taliban taking power in Afghanistan.[51][52] Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, an influential former Iranian President, even accused the United States of leading a "satanic and anti-human plot" to put the Taliban back in power in order to influence "all regional countries" such as Iran and also accused Afghanistan's neighboring country Pakistan, as well as Russia, and China, being co-conspirators who "trampled on [Afghan] people's lives, basic rights, and their right to self-determination to secure their own interests."[53] Ali Shamkhani, secretary of Iran's Supreme National Security Council (SNSC), publicly insisted on an "inclusive" Taliban government which represents the restrains from "use of military means" and instead of will fulfill obligations of "dialogue to meet the demands of ethnicities and social groups" among the people in Afghanistan.[54] In September 2021, commander of the Quds Force Esmail Qaani, said that past sectarian conflicts have shown that the Taliban government was "no friend of Iran".[55] In October 2021, Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman Saeed Khatibzadeh stated that Iran supports "the right of all communities in Afghanistan to live a dignified life, including the Shiite community" and urged the Taliban to establish what he described as "an inclusive government" in Afghanistan. Khatibzadeh also said that Iranian government has been "in contact with all parties in Afghanistan", and that it was "too early to talk about recognizing any Afghan government".[56] However, Ali Akbar Velayati, an advisor to Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, described the Taliban-led Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan as part of the Axis of Resistance, with Iran at its core, a coalition of nations seeking "resistance, independence, and freedom."[55] The prominent Principlist daily publication in Iran, Kayhan, also referred to the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan as a member of the Axis of Resistance.[57][58]

Since 2021, some sources have claimed that Iran has provided economic and military assistance to the NRF as a counterweight to the Islamic Emirate. Anti-Taliban commanders of the NRF like Ahmed Massoud and Amrullah Saleh are hosted in Iran.[48][50] On 1 December 2021, violent clashes erupted between Afghanistan and Iran leading to casualties on both sides.[59][60][61] On 3 January 2022, the Iranian government re-iterated its opposition to recognise the Taliban government until it embraced ethnic and demographic diversity.[62] Regular series of border clashes between Iranian Border Guards and Afghan armed forces erupted during numerous intervals in the year 2022.[61][63][48] However, Iran has maintained a degree of cooperation with Afghanistan since the Taliban came back to power, and the Taliban were even invited to several celebrations related to the anniversary of Iranian Islamic Revolution.[64][65]

On 12 April 2022, Iran summoned the Afghan envoy to Tehran on Tuesday, according to Iranian state TV, a day after demonstrators flung rocks at Iranian diplomatic offices in Kabul and Herat over what they dubbed the Islamic Republic's "mistreatment of Afghan refugees."[61] Afterwards Iran has confirmed allowing Taliban diplomats at Afghanistan's Embassy in Tehran, insisting, however, that the decision is not meant to pave the way for official recognition of the Taliban as a de jure government.[66]

In June 2022, a magnitude 5.9 earthquake killed over 1,150 people and caused widespread destruction in southeastern Afghanistan. Iran immediately dispatched two cargo planes carrying first aid supplies to its neighbor after the disaster.[67]

Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, which is said to have maintained close ties to the Taliban, has dominated relations between the two Islamic theocratic governments. IRGC member Hassan Kazemi Qomi has been appointed as Iran's ambassador to Afghanistan.[68] The Taliban's nominee for Chargé d'Affairs was accredited by Iran on February 26, 2023, and the Afghan embassy in Tehran was handed over.[69]

In May 2023, a border clash broke out again between the two sides.[70] Senior officials from the two countries have called for de-escalation after an apparently deadly clash over a river water-sharing dispute,[71] although the local Taliban commander Abdul Hamid Khorasani threatens to conquer Iran if this continues.[72]

Bilateral trade

[edit]
Delaram–Zaranj Highway in Zaranj, in the Nimruz Province of Afghanistan, near the border with Iran

Trade between the two nations has increased dramatically since the overthrow of the Taliban government in late 2001. Iran and Afghanistan plan on building a new rail line connecting Mashhad to Herat. In 2009, Iran was one of the largest investor in Afghanistan, which is mainly in the construction of roads and bridges as well as agriculture and health care.

According to the chairman of Afghanistan Chamber of Commerce and Industries, Iran's exports to Afghanistan in 2008 stood at $800 million. IRNA quoted Mohammad Qorban Haqju as saying that Iran imported $4 million worth of products like fresh and dried fruits, minerals, precious stones, and spices from the neighboring country. He said that Iran exported oil products, cement, construction material, carpets, home appliances, and detergents. Iran imported nuts, carpets, agricultural products as well as handicrafts from Afghanistan. Afghanistan imports 90 percent of its needs, except agricultural products.

Afghanistan is a major opium producer. Afghanistan produces 90% of the world's heroin. Some of these drugs are smuggled into Iran and from there to European countries.[73] Afghanistan and Iran have been persuaded to cooperate with each other in reciprocal beneficial ways due to worsening economic conditions, according to The Diplomat.[74]

Afghanistan and Iran are major trading partners since they share an extensive border region. As part of the trade corridor with Central Asia, Afghanistan exports to Iran increased to over US$40 million in 2013 (mostly in form of agricultural products), but then declined to below US$20 million in 2019. Iranian exports to Afghanistan, mostly in form of petroleum products, steadily increased to over US$2.8 billion in 2018. In 2021 after the US exit from Afghanistan, the Taliban announced that it would resume fuel imports from Iran. With its trading power and mineral wealth, Iran is seen as a major factor for Afghanistan's economic recovery.[75]

In July 2023, During the first four months of the current Iranian year, Iran's exports to Afghanistan through the Dowqarun border increased by 8% in weight and 7% in value, totaling 150,126 tons worth $44.5 million, while transited goods to Afghanistan from other countries reached 170,829 tons worth $596.2 million.[76]

In late February 2024, the Taliban-led government of Afghanistan announced an investment of $35 million in the Chabahar port in southern Iran.[77] According to The Diplomat, cooperation between Afghanistan and Iran can provide the Taliban regime with more policy options and reduce its dependence on Pakistan.[78]

Iran's rights to the Helmand water

[edit]
Map showing the Helmand River drainage basin

Disputes over the Helmand water occurred in the 1870s, flaring again after the river changed course in 1896. In 1939, the kings of the two countries signed an accord to share water rights, which was signed but never ratified. With a 1973 treaty between the prime ministers of both nations which Iran was supposed to receive a share of 820 million cubic meters of the river each year, but it again was not ratified.[79][80][81] Prior to 1979, the year in which Iran underwent the Iranian Revolution and Afghanistan was invaded by the Soviet Union, the issue of water rights of the Helmand River were an issue of great importance between the two nations. During Ashraf Ghani's presidency, Afghanistan began building dams, such as the Salma Dam across the Harirud River and the Kamal Khan Dam in Helmand province, to store water and increase hydropower generation. Afghan officials have been discussing water sharing with the Iranians since the Taliban came to power.[82]

Early May 2023, Iran emphasized technical cooperation and research in the field of exploration through the water commissioners of both parties, and demanded a "detailed" investigation of Helmand's water situation, and provided Iran with a quota in accordance with the treaty. It added that Iran reserved the right to take action against Afghanistan's "unacceptable" non-compliance with Iran's water rights treaty.[83] Afghan acting foreign minister Amir Khan Muttaqi, and his Iranian counterpart Hossein Amir Abdullahian, held talks on expanding cooperation in several areas, including borders and water allocation.[84] The Taliban-led political council met on May 28, and approved the 1973 water treaty agreement, calling it the "best solution". Cabinet members also called for good relations with Afghan neighboring countries, especially Iran.[85]

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Relations of Afghanistan and Iran.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Mashal, Mujib (2 December 2012). "What Iran and Pakistan Want from the Afghans: Water". Time. Kabul.
  2. ^ "Why and How to Get Iran's Residency". IFP News. 4 July 2019.
  3. ^ Lamm, Birgit; Winter, Theresa Caroline (12 January 2024). "Iran-Afghanistan relations - the geostrategic importance of Afghanistan". Friedrich Naumann Foundation. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  4. ^ Rostam und Sohrab: Eine Heldengeschichte in zwölf Büchern - Neuausgabe, by Friedrich Rückert
  5. ^ Romano, Amy (2003). A Historical Atlas of Afghanistan. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-8239-3863-6. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
  6. ^ Clements, Frank (2003). Conflict in Afghanistan: A historical encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 8. ISBN 1-85109-402-4. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  7. ^ "Ties with Kabul resumed. 50 Years ago Today". Dawn. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  8. ^ Hamyani, Masoud (29 June 2018). "Afghanistan-Iran relations". Daily Pioneer.
  9. ^ Saifullah, Masood (25 October 2018). "Iranian support of Afghan Taliban targeted by new US sanctions". Deutsche Welle.
  10. ^ "Iran in talks with Afghan Taliban: Iranian state media report". Reuters. 26 December 2018.
  11. ^ a b c d e Byrne, Malcolm; Zubok, Vladislav. "The Intervention in Afghanistan and the Fall of Detente, A Chronology" (PDF). nsarchive2.gwu.edu.
  12. ^ "Afghanistan". publishing.cdlib.org. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  13. ^ "Flashback to 1979: A massacre of unarmed civilians in an uprising « RAWA News". www.rawa.org. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  14. ^ Rubin, Barnett R. (2013). Afghanistan from the Cold War through the War on Terror. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 34. ISBN 9780199791125.
  15. ^ "UNHCR country operations profile - Islamic Republic of Iran". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  16. ^ "AFGHANISTAN-IRAN: Mehdi". Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan. 12 February 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  17. ^ Iran 'ready' to aid Afghanistan' Kaveh L Afrasiabi. 13 March 2009.
  18. ^ Golnaz Esfandiari (26 January 2005). "Afghanistan/Iran: Relations Between Tehran, Kabul Growing Stronger". Pars Times. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
  19. ^ "Iran, Pakistan out to weaken Afghanistan, MPs told". 20 May 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2012. Pakistani and Iranian spies have joined hands to weaken the Karzai government by killing Afghan elders and trying to disrupt the current system, senior security officials told parliamentarians on Sunday.
  20. ^ Mark Sappenfield (8 August 2007). "Is Iran meddling in Afghanistan?". The Christian Science Monitor.
  21. ^ "Afghan President Karzai Declares Iran a Helper". NPR. 7 August 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  22. ^ "Iranian Weapons Found in Afghanistan". Military. 5 June 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  23. ^ Breffni O'Rourke (18 April 2007). "Afghanistan: U.S. Says Iranian-Made Weapons Found". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL). Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  24. ^ "Iranian weapons found in Afghanistan". CTV. Associated Press. 4 June 2007. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  25. ^ Iranian weapons cache found in Afghanistan: US. 10 September 2009.
  26. ^ "Afghans find tons of explosive devices transferred from Iran". CNN. 6 October 2010. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  27. ^ "Isaf Seizes Iranian Weapons in Nimroz". Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  28. ^ "Is Iran Supporting the Insurgency in Afghanistan?". The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  29. ^ Iran still supporting Afghan insurgency-U.S. Reuters 23 November 2010
  30. ^ Iran accused of supporting Afghan insurgents
  31. ^ Lalit K Jha (16 March 2011). "Concern in US over increasing Iranian activity in Afghanistan". Pajhwok Afghan News. Archived from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
  32. ^ Resolute Support Mission (RSM): Key Facts and Figures NATO. Retrieved 2 December 2022
  33. ^ Afghanistan will be US's new Vietnam: Iran speaker Archived 24 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ^ Alisa Tang (15 June 2007), "Iran Forcibly Deports 100,000 Afghans", The Washington Post, retrieved 3 September 2011
  35. ^ "Afghans demonstrate against Iranian 'ill-treatment' and executions of Afghan refugees", BBC News, 6 May 2010, retrieved 3 September 2010
  36. ^ "Iran's forces attack Afghan post in Nimroz". Pajhwok Afghan News. 11 April 2011. Archived from the original on 13 April 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
  37. ^ "Iran cuts off electricity exports to Nimroz". Pajhwok Afghan News. 4 July 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
  38. ^ Khwaja Baser Ahmad, ed. (4 March 2012). "Iran's Revolutionary Guards plotting to kill me: Kabuli". Pajhwok Afghan News. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  39. ^ Abasin Zaheer, ed. (27 March 2012). "Afghan MPs fault Ahmadinejad's remarks". Pahjwok Afghan News. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  40. ^ Khwaja Basir Ahmad, ed. (7 May 2012). "Alleged spies say Iran's Revolutionary Guards trained them". Pahjwok Afghan News. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
  41. ^ a b "Afghan Senate: Iran and Russia are supporting Taliban". Al Arabiya. 8 December 2016.
  42. ^ Iranian Media: Tehran Held Talks With Afghan Taliban
  43. ^ "Iran's cooperation with the Taliban could affect talks on U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan". The Washington Post.
  44. ^ "Taliban condemn killing of Iran's Qassem Soleimani". Al Arabiya. 5 January 2020.
  45. ^ "Iran says its embassy in Kabul remains open". Reuters. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  46. ^ "Iran says siege of Panjshir Valley contravenes international law". Tehran Times. 10 September 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  47. ^ "Tehran's alley named after Afghanistan's Panjshir". Tehran Times. 10 September 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  48. ^ a b c Stone, Rupert (25 August 2022). "For Tehran, Afghanistan is a problem not an opportunity". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 27 August 2022.
  49. ^ Hoj Hansen, Kousary, Christian, Halimullah (7 June 2022). "Can Iran Get Along with the Taliban?". War on the Rocks. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  50. ^ a b Stone, Rupert (26 January 2022). "Iran and Russia play double-game in Afghanistan, protecting their influence". TRT World. Archived from the original on 10 November 2022.
  51. ^ "Taliban Gamble Sparks Criticism of Iranian Politics". Inside Arabia. 5 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  52. ^ "Iran Reformists And Principlists Trade Barbs Over Afghanistan". Iran International. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  53. ^ "Ahmadinejad Says Taliban Took Afghanistan In US-Led Satanic Plot". Iran International. 8 September 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  54. ^ "Iran insists on 'inclusive' government in Afghanistan". Tehran Times. 8 September 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  55. ^ a b Synovitz, Ron (27 December 2021). "Regional Powers Seek To Fill Vacuum Left By West's Retreat From Afghanistan". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  56. ^ "The Iranian Foreign Ministry comments on the latest developments in relations with Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Afghanistan" dearborn.org. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  57. ^ "Iran and the Taliban after the US fiasco in Afghanistan". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  58. ^ kayhan.ir (25 August 2021). "اقتصاد مقاومت(یادداشت روز)". fa (in Persian). Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  59. ^ "Clashes over Iran-Afghanistan's 'border misunderstanding' ended". Reuters. 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  60. ^ "طالبان تسيطر على مواقع ونقاط حراسة ايرانية على الحدود المشتركة". Al Bawaba. 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  61. ^ a b c Fattahi, Debre, Mehdi, Isabel (2 May 2022). "As Iran-Taliban Tensions Rise, Afghan Migrants in Tinderbox". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  62. ^ "Iran not ready to recognize Taliban government - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East". www.al-monitor.com. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  63. ^ "Afghan-Iran border clash: Taliban says one killed". BBC. 31 July 2022. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022.
  64. ^ Barnett, R. Rubin. "Afghanistan after U.S. Withdrawal: Five Conclusions | Emerging Global Order". Carnegie Corporation of New York. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  65. ^ "Iran Formalizes Ties with the Taliban". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  66. ^ "Iran confirms Taliban diplomats stationed in Tehran Embassy". Al-Monitor Staff.
  67. ^ "Afghan earthquake: Iran sends two aid shipments as death toll crosses 1,000". PARS TODAY.
  68. ^ "Is Iran's Quds Force taking over Afghanistan policy?". Amwaj.media. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  69. ^ Rahmati, Fidel (27 February 2023). "Iran handed over Afghan Embassy in Tehran to Interim Regime of Afghanistan". The Khaama Press Agency. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  70. ^ "Iran-Afghanistan Border Calm after Clash: Interior Minister - Politics news". Tasnim News Agency. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  71. ^ "What caused deadly Afghan-Iran border clashes? What happens next?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  72. ^ "Taliban claims: 'We will conquer Iran soon' amid water dispute". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  73. ^ INTERVIEW-Iran committed to Afghan drug fight, UN says Daniel Flynn. 27 June 2009
  74. ^ "Are Afghanistan-Iran Relations on the Mend?". The Diplomat. 2018.
  75. ^ EXCLUSIVE-Iran resumes fuel exports to neighbouring Afghanistan. Nasdaq.com. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  76. ^ "Iran's export to Afghanistan hits $44m via Dowqarun border". MEHR NEWS. 29 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  77. ^ Sabena, Siddiqui. "How significant is $35M Taliban-Iran Chabahar port deal?". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  78. ^ Muhammad, Shoaib. "Taliban's Outreach to Iran Worsens Pakistan's Afghanistan Dilemma". The Diplomat. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  79. ^ Samii, Bill (7 September 2005). "Iran/Afghanistan: Still No Resolution For Century-Old Water Dispute". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL). Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  80. ^ "Why a dam in Afghanistan might set back peace". Christian Science Monitor. 30 July 2013.
  81. ^ "Iran speaks up for water rights". 19 June 2002. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  82. ^ "Afghanistan-Iran Disquiet Over the Helmand River". The diplomat. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  83. ^ "Iran calls Taliban's declaration on Helman River 'contradictory and incorrect'". Tehran Times. 20 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  84. ^ "Afghan and Iranian FMs Hold Phone Talks". Khaama Press. 18 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  85. ^ "Commission Says 1973 Treaty is Best Solution for Helmand River Dispute". TOLOnews. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan–Iran_relations&oldid=1254840299"