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Brahmo Samaj

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Brahmo Samaj
ScriptureBrahmo Dharma
TheologyMonotheism
ModeratorRaja Ram Mohan Roy
LeaderDebendranath Tagore
AssociationsBrahmo Samaj (Adi Brahmo Samaj and Sadharan Brahmo Samaj)
FounderRaja Ram Mohan Roy
Dwarakanath Tagore
Origin20 August 1828 (196 years ago) (1828-08-20)
Calcutta, British India
Official websitebrahmosamaj.in

Brahmo Samaj (Bengali: ব্রাহ্ম সমাজ, romanized: Brahmô Sômaj [bram.ho ʃɔ.b̤a]) is the societal component of Brahmoism, which began as a monotheistic reformist movement that appeared during the Bengal Renaissance.

It was one of the most influential religious movements in India[1] and made a significant contribution to the making of modern India.[2] It was started at Calcutta on 20 August 1828 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Dwarkanath Tagore as reformation of the prevailing customs of the time (specifically Kulin practices) and began the Bengal Renaissance of the 19th century pioneering all religious, social and educational advance of the Bengali community in the 19th century. Its Trust Deed was made in 1830 formalising its inception and it was duly and publicly inaugurated in January 1830 by the consecration of the first house of prayer, now known as the Adi Brahmo Samaj.[3] From the Brahmo Samaj springs Brahmoism, the most recent of legally recognised religions in India and Bangladesh, reflecting its foundation on reformed spiritual Hinduism with vital elements of Judeo-Islamic faith and practice.[4][5]

Meaning of the name

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The Brahmo Samaj literally denotes community (Sanskrit: 'samaj') of men who have knowledge of Brahman, the ultimate reality.[6] In reality Brahmo Samaj does not discriminate between caste, creed or religion and is an assembly of all sorts and descriptions of people without distinction, meeting publicly for the sober, orderly, religious and devout adoration of "The Nameless, Eternal, Immutable Being who is the Author and Preserver of the Universe."[7]

Doctrine

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The following doctrines, as noted in Renaissance of Hinduism, are common to all varieties and offshoots of the Brahmo Samaj:[8][9]

  • Brahmo Samajists denied that any scripture could enjoy the status of ultimate authority transcending human reason and conscience.
  • Brahmo Samajists have no faith in Avatars (incarnations)
  • Brahmo Samajists denounce polytheism and idol-worship.
  • Brahmo Samajists are against caste system.
  • Brahmo Samajists took no definite stand on the doctrine of karma and transmigration of soul and left it to individual Brahmos to believe either way.

Divisions of Brahmo Samaj

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Anusthanic versus Ananusthanic (Non-Anusthanic) Brahmos

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Anusthanic Brahmos comprise Adi Brahmos, Adi Dharmaites and many Sadharan Brahmos. Anusthanic Brahmos are exclusively adherents of the Brahmo religion and have no other faith.

The concept of the soul is anathema to Anusthanic Brahmos, which they consider to have been ruled out by the "1861 Anusthan"[citation needed] and they instead refer to the soul as "being". Every "being", which they consider immortal, is a part of God, who they see as the singularity, author and preserver of existence. "Beings" are sent out by God for a mission, "Kriya" on completion of which the "being" reintegrates (re-absorbs) into God.

For Anusthanic Brahmos the next step after death is this reintegration, re-absorption and renewal with God.

This corresponds to the 2nd "Adi" Prime Principle:[citation needed]

Being is created from Singularity. Being is renewed to Singularity. Being exists to be one again with Loving Singularity.

Ananusthanic (Non-Anusthanic Brahmos) believe in the concept of immortal souls eternally progressing towards God. This implies a karmic and fatalistic belief, which is different to Kriayic Brahmoism.[10]

History and timeline

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Brahmo Sabha

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On 20 August 1828 the first assembly of the Brahmo Sabha was held at the North Calcutta house of Firingi Kamal Bose. This day was celebrated by Brahmos as Bhadrotsab (ভাদ্রোৎসব Bhadrotshôb; "Bhadro celebration"). These meetings were open to all people irrespective of religion, caste, creed, gender. The format of worship was defined by Raja Ram Mohan Roy - which included reading of the Vedas by two Telegu Brahmins, followed by an explanation of Vedanta and Upanishads in Bengali by Utsavananda Bidyabagish, followed by Brahmasangeet composed by Rammohun or his friends. The songs were performed by top classical musical exponents Krishnaprasad and Bishnu Chakraborty and percussion was played by the country's top maestro Golam Abbas.[11][12]

On 8 January 1830 influential progressive members of the closely related Kulin Brahmin clan[13] scurrilously[14] described as Pirali Brahmin (i.e. ostracised for service in the Mughal Nizaamat of Bengal) of Tagore (Thakur) and Roy Zameendar family, mutually executed the Trust Deed of Brahmo Sabha for the first Adi Brahmo Samaj (place of worship) on Chitpore Road (now Rabindra Sarani), Kolkata, India with Ram Chandra Vidyabagish as first resident superintendent.[15]

On 23 January 1830 or 11th Magh, the Adi Brahmo premises were publicly inaugurated (with about 500 Brahmins and 1 Englishman present). This day is celebrated by Brahmos as Maghotsab (মাঘোৎসব Maghotshôb "Magh celebration").

In November 1830 Rammohun Roy left for England. Akbar II had conferred the title of 'Raja' to Rammohun Roy.[16]

Brief eclipse of Brahmo Sabha

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By the time of Rammohun's death in 1833 near Bristol (UK), attendance at the Samaj dwindled. Dwarkanath Tagore provided the funds for the upkeep of the Samaj and Ram Chandra Vidyabagish kept up the flame burning, and arrived each week to perform the divine service as laid out by Rammohun.

Tattwabodhini period

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On 6 October 1839, Debendranath Tagore, son of Dwarkanath Tagore, established Tattvaranjini Sabha which was shortly thereafter renamed the Tattwabodhini ("Truth-seekers") Sabha. Initially confined to immediate members of the Tagore family, in two years it mustered over 500 members. In 1840, Debendranath published a Bangla translation of Katha Upanishad. A modern researcher describes the Sabha's philosophy as modern middle-class (bourgeois) Vedanta.[17]. Among its first members were the "two giants of Hindu reformation and Bengal Renaissance", Akshay Kumar Datta, who in 1839 emerged from the life of an "anonymous squalor-beset individual", and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, the "indigenous modernizer".[18]

First Covenant and merger with the Tattwabodhini Sabha

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On 7th Pous 1765 Shaka (1843) Debendranath Tagore and twenty other Tattwabodhini stalwarts were formally invited by Pt. Vidyabagish into the Trust of Brahmo Sabha. The Pous Mela at Santiniketan starts on this day.[19] From this day forth, the Tattwabodhini Sabha dedicated itself to promoting Ram Mohan Roy's creed.[20] The other Brahmins who swore the First Covenant of Brahmoism are:

  • Shridhar Bhattacharya
  • Shyamacharan Bhattacharya
  • Brajendranath Tagore
  • Girindranath Tagore, brother of Debendranath Tagore and father of Ganendranath Tagore
  • Anandachandra Bhattacharya
  • Taraknath Bhattacharya
  • Haradev Chattopadhyaya, the future father-in-law to Mahacharya Hemendranath Tagore[21]
  • Shyamacharan Mukhopadhyaya
  • Ramnarayan Chattopadhyaya
  • Sashibhushan Mukhopadhyaya

Foundation of the Brahmo Samaj

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In 1861 the Brahmo Samaj was founded at Lahore by Nobin Roy.[22] It included many Bengalis from the Lahore Bar Association. Many branches were opened in the Punjab, at Quetta, Rawalpindi, Amritsar etc.[23]

First secession

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Disagreement with the Debendranath Tagore and Keshub Chandra Sen came to a head publicly between the period of 1 August 1865 till November 1866 and the followers of Keshub created the "Brahmo Samaj of India". This period is also referred to in the histories of the secessionists as the "First Schism".[24]

Brahmo Samaj and Swami Narendranath Vivekananda

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Swami Vivekananda was influenced by the Brahmo Samaj of India, and visited the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj in his youth.[25]

Current status and number of adherents

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While the various Calcutta sponsored movements declined after 1920 and faded into obscurity after the Partition of India, the Adi Dharm creed has expanded and is now the 9th largest of India's enumerated religions with 7.83 million adherents, heavily concentrated between the states of Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. In the Indian census of 2001 only 177 persons declared themselves a "Brahmo", but the number of subscriber members to Brahmo Samaj is somewhat larger at around 20,000 members.[26][27]

Social and religious reform

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In matters of social reform the Brahmo Samaj attacked many dogmas and superstitions. It condemned the prevailing Hindu prejudice against sailing across sea and going abroad (Kala Pani). The Samaj condemned practice of Sati (burning of widows), discouraged child marriage and polygamy, and crusaded for widow remarriage. The Samaj attacked casteism and untouchability.[28]

After the controversy of underage marriage of Keshub Chunder Sen's daughter, the Special Marriages Act of 1872 was enacted to set the minimum age of 14 years for marriage of girls.[29] All Brahmo marriages were thereafter solemnised under this law. Many Indians resented the requirement of the affirmation "I am not Hindu, nor a Mussalman, nor a Christian" for solemnising a marriage under this Act. The requirement of this declaration was imposed by Henry James Sumner Maine, legal member of Governor General's Council appointed by Britain. The 1872 Act was repealed by the Special Marriage Act, 1954 under which any person of any religion could marry. The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 applies to all Hindus (including "followers" of the Brahmo Samaj) but not to the adherents of the Brahmo religion.

Second secession

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Differences arose between Keshub Chandra Sen and the band of young people who called themselves "Samadarshi". The difference arose due to the autocratic handling of the works of the Brahmo Samaj by Keshub Chandra Sen. The differences came to a head with the Coochbehar marriage. A meeting was called in Town Hall of Calutta on 15 May 1878 and the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj came into existence [30] with Anandamohan Bose as president, Shib Chandra Deb, Sivanath Sastri, Umesh Chandra Dutta, Gurucharan Mahalanobish serving as office bearers.

See also

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References and notes

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  1. ^ J. N. Farquhar, Modern Religious Movements of India (1915), p. 29.
  2. ^ Brahmo Samaj and the Making of Modern India, David Kopf, publ. 1979 Princeton University Press (USA).
  3. ^ Modern Religious Movements in India, J. N. Farquhar (1915), p. 29 etc.
  4. ^ "Official Brahmo website". Brahmosamaj.in. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  5. ^ "Bangladesh Law Commission" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  6. ^ Page 1 Chapter 1 Volume 1 History of the Brahmo Samaj by Sivanath Sastri, 1911, 1st. edn. publisher R.Chatterji, Cornwallis St. Calcutta. Brahmo (ব্রাহ্ম bramho) literally means "one who worships Brahman", and Samaj (সমাজ shômaj) mean "community of men".
  7. ^ Trust Deed of Brahmo Sabha 1830.
  8. ^ Source: The Gazetteer of India, Volume 1: Country and people. Delhi, Publications Division, Government of India, 1965. CHAPTER VIII – Religion. HINDUISM by Dr. C.P.Ramaswami Aiyar, Dr. Nalinaksha Dutt, Prof. A.R.Wadia, Prof. M.Mujeeb, Dr. Dharm Pal and Fr. Jerome D'Souza, S.J.
  9. ^ Ahir, Rajiv (2018). A Brief History of Modern India. Spectrum Books (P) Limited. p. 212. ISBN 978-81-7930-688-8. Archived from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
  10. ^ "Anusthanic Brahmos, Ananusthnic Brahmo Samaj". World Brahmo Council. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  11. ^ "Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India" by Kenneth W. Jones, pp. 33–34, publ. 1989 Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 0-521-24986-4 This Samaj soon moved to its new premises in Chitpore Road on the land purchased by religious reformer Raja Rammohun Roy and his friends like Dwarkanath Tagore, Kalinath Munshi, Ram Chandra Vidyabagish and others. The Samaj regularly gathered on Saturday between seven o'clock to nine o'clock. These were informal meetings of Bengali Brahmins (the "twice born"), accompanied by Upanishadic recitations in Sanskrit followed by Bengali translations of the Sanskrit recitation and singing of Brahmo hymns composed by Rammohun.
  12. ^ History of the Brahmo Samaj – Sivanath Satri (1911).
  13. ^ "A History of Brahmin Clans" (Brāhmaṇa Vaṃshõ kā Itihāsa) in Hindi, by Dorilāl Śarmā, published by Rāśtriya Brāmhamana Mahāsabhā, Vimal Building, Jamirābād, Mitranagar, Masūdābād, Aligarh 2nd edn. 1998 and also footnotes to Bengali Brahmin.
  14. ^ "Tagore, (Prince) Dwarkanath". Banglapedia. 22 April 2009. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  15. ^ "Online copy of 1830 Trust Deed". brahmosamaj.in. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  16. ^ Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India by Kenneth W. Jones page 34, publ. 1989 Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24986-4.
  17. ^ 2007: Brian Hatcher Journal of American Academy of Religion.
  18. ^ Brahmo Samaj and the Making of Modern India, David Kopf, Princeton University Press, pp. 43–57.
  19. ^ "Rabindra Bharati Museum Kolkata, The Tagores & Society". Rabindrabharatiuniversity.net. Archived from the original on 7 March 2005. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  20. ^ "Bourgeois Hinduism", Brian Allison Hatcher, pp. 57–58.
  21. ^ History of the Brahmo Samaj, S. Sastri. 2nd ed. p. 81.
  22. ^ Qalb-i-Abid, S. "The Growth of Communalism in the Punjab Before the 1919 Reforms: A Brief Survey" (PDF). Pakistan Journal of History and Culture. 11: 4.
  23. ^ Sahni, Ruchi Ram (15 February 2018). "My Connection with the Brahmo Samaj". Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/oso/9780199474004.003.0009.
  24. ^ Pt. Shivnath Shastri, Brahmo History, 1911, pp. 106-107, 2nd ed.
  25. ^ Chattopadhyaya, Rajagopal (31 December 1999). Book: "Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography". Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. ISBN 9788120815865. Archived from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  26. ^ "Brahmo Samaj FAQ Frequently asked Questions". Brahmo.org. 25 July 2011. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  27. ^ Statewise census computation Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine by the Brahmo Conference Organisation.
  28. ^ Kopf, David (2015). The Brahmo Samaj and the Shaping of the Modern Indian Mind. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400869893.
  29. ^ "Brahma Sabha". Banglapedia. Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  30. ^ History of the Brahmo Samaj - Sivanath Sastri (1911) pp. 290 - 292.
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