ARM Guadaloupe

	Hand-coloured lithograph of the Mexican 2-gun paddlewheel frigate 'Guadalupe' under steam and sail in a stiff breeze, with vessels to her right and left. Her deck is lined with figures front and aft. One of her two 68-pounder Pivot Guns is visible in her stern.
History
Namesake	Guadalupe
Builder	Jonathan Laird of Birkenhead, England
Completed	1842
Acquired	1842
Commissioned	1842
Decommissioned	1847
Maiden voyage	1842
In service	1842
Out of service	sold to the Spanish Navy at Cuba in August 1847
Renamed	León
General characteristics
Displacement	878
Length	187 ft (57 m)
Beam	30 ft (9.1 m)
Height	9 ft (2.7 m)
Installed power	180 h.p.
Propulsion	wind and steam
Speed	9 knots
Armament	Gun deck 2 British 24-pounders and 2 British 68-pounder shell guns

The Mexican Navy paddle frigate Guadalupe was the flagship of the Mexican Navy from 1842 to 1847. She participated in the Naval Battle of Campeche in 1843. She was one of the first iron-hulled (hull that was made of wood lined with an iron sheet) warships ever built and one of the first to see action in a naval battle.

Background of the Mexican Navy

The Mexican Navy has its origins in the creation of the Ministry of War in 1821. From that year until 1939 it existed jointly with the Mexican Army in the organic ministry. Since its declaration of independence from Spain in September 1810, through the mid decades of the 19th century, Mexico found itself in a constant state of war, mostly against Spain which had not recognized its independence. Therefore, its priority was to purchase its first fleet from the U.S. in order to displace the last remaining Spanish forces from its coasts.^[1]

Construction of the Guadalupe

The Guadalupe, probably named after the city of Guadalupe, was built in the Liverpool shipyard of Jonathan Laird of Birkenhead, England, in 1842. Guadalupe was referred to as a steam paddle frigate and had a full brig rig. Guadalupe was 183 feet in length with a displacement of 878 tons. She was the biggest iron warship in the world when built. Due to diplomatic action by the Republic of Texas she was delivered unarmed as a merchant ship with her guns in her hold. "In May 1842, William Kennedy, Republic of Texas consul general in London, and Ashbel Smith, minister to England, protested the building of the vessels for Mexican use against Texas and urged the English government to detain them. Lord Aberdeen of the British Foreign Office decided that arms might be placed on the vessels so long as they were not mounted in English ports, and the Guadaloupe sailed in June despite Republic of Texas protests. Aberdeen insisted that the English would maintain strict neutrality in the struggle between Texas and Mexico and that no English commissioned officer would be allowed to serve in the Mexican nation against Texas."^[2] When she arrived in Mexico she was equipped with two 68-pounder Paixhans guns which fired explosive shells, two 32-pounder guns and two 24-pounder long guns.^[3] A feature that was unusual for the period was her construction with watertight compartmentation throughout her hull, a feature that impressed famous French naval architect Henri Dupuy de Lôme. She carried a crew that included many British nationals, led by her captain Edward Phillip Charlwood, Commander RN,^[4] who started while she was building in 1841 and who remained her captain until 1843.^[5]^[6] ^[7]

Career

Naval Battle of Campeche 30 April 1843 and 16 May 1843

The Mexican fleet now possessed the paddle steam frigates Guadalupe and Montezuma.^[8] About 40 of the crew of the Guadalupe were sick with yellow fever.^{[citation needed]} The Texas Navy commander Moore hoped to encounter the Guadalupe separate from her escort Montezuma.^[9]^[10] Austin and Wharton made for the Yucatán coast and encountered the Mexican squadron on 30 April 1843 between Lerma and Campeche. Montezuma and Guadalupe, along with four smaller vessels, comprised the Mexican fleet. The Texans were augmented by two Yucatecan ships and five small gunboats, but were clearly the smaller fleet. The Mexican shooting at first fell short and then went over the Texas ships. During the two-hour running battle the Austin was struck once in the fighting and lost some of her mizzen rigging and the Guadalupe had 7 dead and the Montezuma 13 dead. After a few hours, the Mexican sailing ships departed and only the two steamers remained. The result was that the Mexican blockade of the port of Campeche was lifted and the Texan ships put into the port for repairs.^[11] This first attack was a draw and the fleets separated.

The next event on 16 May 1843 was orchestrated by Commodore Moore and his "Texians" who lured the Mexican Forces into a narrow roadstead, and hounded the Mexican ships away from the harbour firing most of Austin's ammunition as Wharton was not able to engage. The battle toll came out as; "Austin" 3 dead, "Wharton" 2 dead, "Montezuma" 40 dead including her captain and "Guadalupe" 47 dead.^{[citation needed]} The Mexican Fleet was effectively incapacitated. This battle would represent the only time that steam-driven warships would be defeated by sail powered ships. ^[12] There were numerous falsehoods circulated about Moore's battle with Guadalupe. These seem to be largely the confections of the press, egged on by politicians, and are not to be taken seriously. They include claims to have sunk her. ^[13]

Her captain, Commander Edward P Charlwood, RN, had his own description of the action. He noted that compared to a wooden ship her damage from shot was much less in part to the action being in warm waters. During the 4 to 5 weeks of the Yucatán campaign she was hit a total of 6 times by 18- or 24-pounder solid shot.^[14] He described Guadalupe as a good gun platform and felt that they had hit the Texan sloop-of-war Austin about 12 times with 68-pounder shells causing her to withdraw from the action of 16 May 1843.^[15]

After Campeche

Guadalupe remained in the Armada de Mexico until 1847, by which time the fate of Yucatán had been decided, when she and Montezuma were sold to raise money for the continuing land hostilities with the United States. Her new owners are described by the Armada de Mexico as 'The Spaniards in Havana'. ^[16] The Spanish Navy Wikipedia entry states that "The first new steam-driven vessels were purchased from Mexico in 1846. These included two frigates, the Guadalupe and the Moctezuma, acquired from the UK in 1842, and a third vessel delivered in 1843. They were sold to Spanish authorities in Cuba by General Antonio López de Santa Anna, in order to raise funds for Mexico's defense from the U.S. invasion in 1846-1848. The Spanish christened the vessels Castilla for Montezuma and León for Guadelupe".^[17] In 1849 the Castilla and León were used with two other Spanish steam ships to intervene in Italy along with French forces during the suppressing of the Roman Republic (1849). The steam ships transported 9,000 troops to Italy and provided logistical support for them for months. The resulting recognition from the Pope, Sardinia, Prussia and Austria strengthened the Spanish government versus its rival Carlist faction. ^[18]

References

^ "History of the Mexican Navy ships". Archived from the original on 2010-01-10. Retrieved 2017-04-01.
^ "MONTEZUMA AFFAIR". TSHA Texas State Historical Association. Texas State Historical Association. n.d. Retrieved 14 June 2020. In May 1842, William Kennedy, Republic of Texas consul general in London, and Ashbel Smith, minister to England, protested the building of the vessels for Mexican use against Texas and urged the English government to detain them. Lord Aberdeen of the British Foreign Office decided that arms might be placed on the vessels so long as they were not mounted in English ports, and the Guadaloupe sailed in June despite Texas protests.
^ Baxter, James Phinney (2001). The Introduction of the Ironclad Warship. Naval Institute Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-55750-218-6.
^ O'Byrne, William R. (1849). "Charlewood, Edward Philips" . A Naval Biographical Dictionary. London: John Murray. pp. 187–188.
^ "Mexican paddle steamer 'Guadalupe' (1842)". Three Decks' Forum. Retrieved 11 June 2020. Armament 1842 Broadside Weight = 64 Imperial Pounds ( 29.024 kg) ... 2 British 32-Pounder ... 2 British 68-Pounder Shell Gun Notes on Ship Building and career In 1842, the first iron-clad ships came into American waters in the form of two Mexican ironclad frigates; the "Montezuma" and the "Guadalupe." These ships were built by the British to a French design and sold to the Mexican Navy in retaliation (in probability) for the U.S. vs. British "Oregon" dispute. These ironclads were paddle-driven steamships mounting heavy ordnance.
^ * Gardiner, Robert; Lambert, Andrew (2001). Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship, 1815–1905. Chartwell Books. pp. 48, 60. ISBN 0-7858-1413-2. OCLC 30038068.
^ *—— (2015) [1990]. Before the Ironclad: The Development of Ship Design, Propulsion, and Armament in the Royal Navy, 1815-60. Naval Institute Press. pp. 85–87. ISBN 1848322585.
^ "The Texas Navy". Texas State Library and Archives Commission. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
^ "Mexican paddle steamer 'Guadalupe' (1842)". Three Decks' Forum. Retrieved 11 June 2020. Armament 1842 Broadside Weight = 64 Imperial Pounds ( 29.024 kg) ... 2 British 32-Pounder ... 2 British 68-Pounder Shell Gun Notes on Ship Building and career In 1842, the first iron-clad ships came into American waters in the form of two Mexican ironclad frigates; the "Montezuma" and the "Guadalupe." These ships were built by the British to a French design and sold to the Mexican Navy in retaliation (in probability) for the U.S. vs. British "Oregon" dispute. These ironclads were paddle-driven steamships mounting heavy ordnance. The "Montezuma" (1,164 tons) carried a 68pdr. pivot gun and six 32pdrs. The "Guadalupe" (775 tons) carried two 68pdrs.
^ * The Texas Navy. Naval History Division, Navy Department. 1968. pp. 16–25. OCLC 613821157.
^ Jordan, Johnathan W. "Commodore Edwin Ward Moore" (PDF). Texas Navy Association. Retrieved 2007-11-03.
^ * The Texas Navy. Naval History Division, Navy Department. 1968. pp. 16–25. OCLC 613821157.
^ Quinn, Paul (2010). "Notes on the Mexican Steamer Guadalupe from "The Mariner's Mirror"". The Charles E. Hawkins Squadron. The Texas Navy Association. Retrieved 11 June 2010. There were numerous falsehoods circulated about Moore's battle with Guadalupe. These seem to be largely the confections of the press, egged on by politicians, and are not to be taken seriously. They include claims to have sunk her.
^ Brown, David K. (1979). ""The Paddle Frigate Guadaloupe"". Warship. III (11): 211–212.
^ *—— (2015) [1990]. Before the Ironclad: The Development of Ship Design, Propulsion, and Armament in the Royal Navy, 1815-60. Naval Institute Press. pp. 85–87, 101. ISBN 1848322585.
^ Quinn, Paul (2010). "Notes on the Mexican Steamer Guadalupe from "The Mariner's Mirror"". The Charles E. Hawkins Squadron. The Texas Navy Association. Retrieved 11 June 2010. Guadalupe remained in the Armada de Mexico until 1847, by which time the fate of Yucatan had been decided, when she and Montezuma were sold to raise money for the continuing land hostilities with the United States. her new owners are described by the Armada de Mexico as 'The Spaniards in Havana'. Her subsequent history has not been discovered.
^ "'Montezuma'". The Historic Shipping Website. Retrieved 14 June 2020. 1846. August. Sold for obscure reasons to Spain (with 'Guadalupe') and delivered at Havana.
^ Zaforteza, Carlos Alfaro (2006). ""The 'Moderado' Party and the Introduction of Steam Power in the Spanish Navy, 1844–1854."". "War in History". 13 (4): 451.