Akira Ogata
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Akira Ogata (緒方 章, Ogata Akira, October 26, 1887 in Osaka Prefecture, Japan – August 22, 1978) was a Japanese chemist and the first to synthesize methamphetamine in crystalline form in 1919.[1]
Career
[edit]In 1912, Ogata graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Tokyo. In 1919 he received a degree from the Humboldt University of Berlin, where he had performed pharmacological experiments.[2]
In 1920, he was appointed assistant professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the university of Tokyo, where he taught until 1948.
History
[edit]In 1893, methamphetamine was first synthesised from ephedrine by Nagayoshi Nagai[3] and in 1919, Akira Ogata was the first to synthesise methamphetamine in a crystallized form. Ogata blended the red phosphorus and ephedrine, which is derived from an Asian herbal plant, to produce an amphetamine that could be dissolved in water.[4] The procedure involved reduction of ephedrine using iodine and red phosphorus.[5][6] Ogata's synthesis of methamphetamine replaced much more complicated earlier syntheses, and continues to be used as the basis for modern production and usage of the drug.[7][8] Particularly, it is the method favored in illegal drug production.[9] Amphetamine was synthesized in 1887 by Lazar Edeleanu in Germany.[10]
Ogata released this new drug to a British-based pharmaceutical company. It was then introduced as a pill form to treat diseases such as sinus congestion, asthma,[11] and depression. The drug took on a new form in 1934 by the German pharmaceutical company Temmler. A tablet was named "Pervitin". This was marketed in Germany where it was known as Herman-Göring Pill.[12] It became popular among soldiers, Luftwaffe pilots, and even Adolf Hitler. The new pill could keep tired pilots more alert and lift the spirits of those in battle.
In Japan the drug was used as a workforce pill. It was called "Philopon" which means "love of work" (phil- + opus). It was given to military personnel as well as government factories.[10]
Many pharmaceutical companies in the US patented the methamphetamines under various names, one of which was called Obetrol. They treated extreme obesity as a way to curb the appetite. However, these pills were outlawed in the 1970s due to some of the deleterious side effects.[6]
References
[edit]- ^ Zorea, Aharon W. (2014), Steroids, Health and Medical Issues Today, ABC-CLIO, p. 208, ISBN 9781440803000.
- ^ Hartmann, Rudolf, Japanische Studenten an der Berliner Universität 1920–1945 (PDF), Kleine Reihe (in German), vol. 22, Mori-Ôgai-Gedenkstätte der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, p. 102
- ^ M. Tamura (1989-01-01). "Japan: stimulant epidemics past and present". Bulletin on Narcotics. 41 (1–2). Bulletin on Narcotics . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.: 83–93. PMID 2765722.
- ^ Hillstrom, Kevin (2015). Methamphetamine. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Publishing LLC. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-4205-0872-7.
- ^ Elaine A. Moore (2010). The Amphetamine Debate: The Use of Adderall, Ritalin and Related Drugs for Behavior Modification, Neuroenhancement and Anti-Aging Purposes. McFarland. p. 134.
- ^ a b McGregor C, Srisurapanont M, Jittiwutikarn J, Laobhripatr S, Wongtan T, White J (2005). "The nature, time course and severity of methamphetamine withdrawal". Addiction. 100 (9). Addiction 100 (9): 1320–9. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01160.x. PMID 16128721.
- ^ Moore, Elaine A. (2010), The Amphetamine Debate: The Use of Adderall, Ritalin and Related Drugs for Behavior Modification, Neuroenhancement and Anti-Aging Purposes, McFarland health topics, vol. 10, McFarland, p. 134, ISBN 9780786480128.
- ^ JaVed I. Khan; Thomas J. Kennedy; Donnell R. Christian Jr (2011). Basic Principles of Forensic Chemistry. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 159–160.
- ^ Trumbore, Dave; Nelson, Donna J. (2019). The Science of Breaking Bad. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-262-53715-5.
- ^ a b Doyle, D. (2005). "Hitler's Medical Care". Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. 35: 75–82.
- ^ The Neuropsychiatric Complications of Stimulant Abuse. Waltham, MA: Academic Press. 2015-06-05. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-12-802978-7.
- ^ Morgans, Julian (2015-10-22). "A Brief History of Meth". Vice. Retrieved 2019-12-28.
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