75 mm gun M2–M6

A restored Mitchell aircraft showing a 75 mm M5 gun below the four machine guns

The 75 mm gun, models M2 to M6, was the standard American medium caliber gun fitted to mobile platforms during World War II. They were primarily mounted on tanks, such as the M3 Lee and M4 Sherman, but one variant was also used as an air-to-ground gun on the B-25 Mitchell medium bomber aircraft. There were five main variants used during the war: M2, M3, M4, M5 and M6.

They were considered the standard American tank guns. The M2 and M3 were used on the M3 medium tank, the M3 was used on the M4 Sherman tank, and the M6 was used on the M24 Chaffee light tank. The M3 was also used on M7 medium tank.

The M4 variant was fitted on some North American B-25 Mitchell medium bomber aircraft.^[1]

History

M2 75 mm gun as mounted in medium tank M3

The 75 mm tank gun has its origins in the January 1937 specification for a light anti-aircraft gun T6 which would have supplemented heavy 3-inch guns and used the same range of 75x350R ammunition as the 75 mm field gun M1897. After the gun, which featured a 31-caliber barrel and a sliding block breech, failed the trials, it was reused in mid-1940 to develop the T7 tank gun.^[2]

British tanks in the early years of World War II relied on high-velocity ordnance derived from anti-tank guns, such as the 40 mm calibre Ordnance QF 2 pounder and, later, 57 mm calibre Ordnance QF 6 pounder, for their primary armament. According to the Royal Armoured Corps doctrine, they were not supposed to fire HE shells, which turned out to be a great disadvantage. Post-war, the UK's Tank Museum credited the US 75mm gun as "America's most important contribution to tank warfare" because of its ability to combine good (for the time) AP and HE performance. They believed that the American observers working with the British before Dunkirk had appreciated the effectiveness of such a dual purpose weapon, and so it was made a prime requirement for US tank production.^[3]

After experiencing the effectiveness of the American 75 mm tank guns in the infantry support role, the British opted to adopt the American caliber and ammunition by the expedient of boring-out the 6 pounder tank gun to make the Ordnance QF 75 mm. By 1944, this had become the standard British tank gun, equipping the Cromwell tank and Churchill tank for the campaigns in northwest Europe.

Ammunition

The primary round was the 6.76 kg (14.9 lb) M48 high explosive round, which travelled at 625 m/s (2,050 ft/s) and contained 1.5 pounds (680 g) of TNT filling (2845 kilojoules of explosive energy) and a choice of two fuzes, the super quick (SQ) and the delay (PD), which had delays of 0.05 and 0.15 seconds respectively. SQ was the standard setting, with PD used against structures, gun positions or lightly protected vehicles. The field gun origins of the ordnance and ammunition ensured that the M2/3/6 series HE round was highly effective for its caliber. The M48 was available in two versions, standard and supercharge, which had an increased propellent charge for greater muzzle velocity (1,885 ft/s (575 m/s) vs. 1,470 ft/s (450 m/s)) and range (2,300 yards greater).

Other rounds fired by the 75 mm tank guns included the T30 canister shot for use against troops in the open at short range. This, which was essentially a giant shotgun shell full of large numbers of steel balls, was used primarily in the Pacific. There was also the M89 base-ejecting hexachloroethane (HC) smoke round and the M64 white phosphorus (WP or "Willy Pete") round, which proved highly effective in the bocage fighting around Normandy.^{[citation needed]} Finally, there were two different armor-piercing rounds.

The first armor-piercing round was the 6.32 kg (13.9 lb) M72 AP-T, a plain uncapped armor-piercing round whose performance dropped off as range increased due to poor aerodynamics. The M72 was replaced by the 6.63 kg (14.62 lb) M61 armor-piercing ballistic capped high explosive with tracer (APCBC-HE-T) shell. The blunt armor-piercing cap, made of a softer metal, helped to prevent shell shatter at higher velocities and against sloped and face-hardened armor. The aerodynamic ballistic cap acted as a windscreen and improved ballistic performance, maintained velocity, and hence increased penetration at longer ranges. Once the projectile had penetrated the target, a small explosive charge contained in a cavity at the base of the shell would detonate, shattering the shell and increasing damage inside the enemy vehicle. The tracer helped in the aiming of a second shot. In practice, the majority of M61 rounds were shipped without the explosive filler.^{[citation needed]}

The M61A1 used an improved method of attaching the ballistic cap to the shell. The M61 had a muzzle velocity of 617 m/s (2024.28 ft/s) and was credited with the ability to penetrate 81 millimetres (3.2 in) of rolled homogeneous armor plate at 0° from vertical at 500 yards range, which was a quite acceptable performance by the standards of 1942. This ammunition type proved lethal to the Panzer III and IV (up to Ausf. F2), as these tanks were protected by a maximum of 50 mm of face-hardened armor with little slope, which the 75 mm M3 with M61 was capable of penetrating from at least 1,500 m.^[4] However, in March 1942, the Germans introduced the Ausf. G version of the Panzer IV, which was armed with the 48-caliber long KwK 40 gun, and had frontal hull armour increased to 80 mm - however, its turret and gun mantlet retained their 50 mm thickness. This was somewhat compensated by the M4 Sherman's improved armor over the earlier M3 Lee making up for the 75mm M3's diminishing battlefield dominance; the German weapons testing agency Wa Pruef 1 estimated that the M4's standard 56º-angled glacis was impenetrable to the KwK 40 when standing at a 30-degree side angle, while the 75 mm M3 could penetrate the Ausf G's hull from 100 m in the same situation.^[4]

Variants

T6

Experimental anti-aircraft gun based on the M1897 field gun.^{[citation needed]} The barrel was shortened from 36 to 31 calibers, and the Nordenfelt screw breech replaced with the sliding block breech.

T7 / M2

Adaptation of the T6 for tank gun role. Used on the early M3 Lee.

Barrel length: 31 calibers
Muzzle velocity: 588 m/s (1,929 ft/s) with M72 AP shell

T8 / M3

Longer derivative of the M2. Equipped American and British vehicles such as the M4 Sherman, the later models of the M3 Lee and the Churchill III/IV NA75 (scavenged from Sherman tanks in the North African theatre). The US Army also experimented with mounting the M3 on various wheeled carriages for use as anti-tank gun, but the program was cancelled due to a lack of requirement.^[5]

Barrel length: 40 calibers (3 m)
Muzzle velocity: 619 m/s (2,031 ft/s) with M72 AP shell

M4

The 75 mm aircraft gun M4 is a modification of the M3 gun found in medium tanks. It differs from the M3 gun, only in having a seat for the spline machined in the tube. It was mounted on the M6 mount.

T13E1 / M5

A lightweight version of the M3 with a lighter thin-walled barrel and a different recoil mechanism of the concentric hydrospring type (similar to the modern M256 smoothbore gun) that was used in the Douglas A-26 Invader and the North American B-25H Mitchell bombers. It uses the same ammunition and has the same ballistics as the M3.

M6

A version derived from the T13E1 for the M24 Chaffee.

Barrel length: 39 calibres (2,92 m)
Muzzle velocity: 619 m/s (2,031 ft/s) with M72 AP shell

M2 M3 M6

Maximum Rate of Fire (ROF): 20 rounds per minute^[6]

Penetration comparison

Penetration of armor in mm at 30 degrees from vertical^[7]
Gun type	Ammunition	Target	500 yards	1,000 yards	1,500 yards	2,000 yards
75mm L/31 (M2)	APC M61	RHA	60	55	51	46
75mm L/31 (M2)	AP M72	RHA	60	53	46	38
75mm L/31 (M2)	APC M61	FHA	69	60	55	48
75mm L/31 (M2)	AP M72	FHA	58	46	33	25
75mm L/40 (M3/M6)	APC M61	RHA	66	60	55	50
75mm L/40 (M3/M6)	AP M72	RHA	76	63	51	43
75mm L/40 (M3/M6)	HVAP T45	RHA	117	97	79	64
75mm L/40 (M3/M6)	APC M61	FHA	74	67	60	54
75mm L/40 (M3/M6)	AP M72	FHA	66	53	41	33

Estimated penetration figures (90 degrees)^[8]^[9]
Gun type	Ammunition	Target	Muzzle velocity	Penetration (mm)
Gun type	Ammunition	Target	Muzzle velocity	100 m	250 m	500 m	750 m	1000 m	1250 m	1500 m	1750 m	2000 m	2500 m	3000 m
75mm L/31 (M2)	APC M61	FHA	563 m/s (1,850 ft/s)	92	89	84	79	75	71	67	63	59	53	47
75mm L/31 (M2)	APC M61	RHA	563 m/s (1,850 ft/s)	78	76	72	68	65	61	58	55	52	47	42
75mm L/31 (M2)	AP M72	FHA	563 m/s (1,850 ft/s)	82	76	67	59	52	45	40	35	31	24	19
75mm L/31 (M2)	AP M72	RHA	563 m/s (1,850 ft/s)	95	90	81	73	66	60	54	49	45	36	30
75mm L/40 (M3/M6)	APC M61	FHA	618 m/s (2,030 ft/s)	102	99	95	90	86	82	79	75	72	65	60
75mm L/40 (M3/M6)	APC M61	RHA	618 m/s (2,030 ft/s)	88	85	81	77	73	69	65	62	59	53	47
75mm L/40 (M3/M6)	AP M72	FHA	618 m/s (2,030 ft/s)	91	85	75	66	58	51	45	40	35	27	21
75mm L/40 (M3/M6)	AP M72	RHA	618 m/s (2,030 ft/s)	109	102	92	84	76	68	62	56	51	41	34

References

^ "North American B-25G Mitchell". www.joebaugher.com. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
^ "Medium Tank M3".
^ Royal Armoured Corps Tank Museum (1956–1967). An illustrated record of the development of the British armoured fighting vehicle – Tanks 1940–1946 The Second World War, 3rd edition. Royal Armoured Corps Tank Museum. p. 4.
^ ^a ^b Jentz, Thomas; Doyle, Hilary (2001). Panzerkampfwagen IV Ausf. G, H and J 1942–45. Osprey Publishing. pp. 20–21. ISBN 1841761826.
^ Zaloga, Delf – US Anti-tank Artillery 1941–45, Osprey Publishing pp. 8–9
^ "75mm Gun M2, M3, & M6 Specification Booklet" (PDF). The Sherman Tank Site.
^ Hunnicutt 1978, p. 562.
^ Penetration probability is 50%; derived from average of lowest velocity penetrating hit and highest non-penetrating hit and estimating the range at which that velocity is obtained
^ Bird, Lorrin Rexford; Livingston, Robert D. (2001). WWII Ballistics: Armor and Gunnery. Overmatch Press. pp. 62–63.

Sources

Zaloga, Steven J., Brian Delf – US Anti-tank Artillery 1941–45 (2005) Osprey Publishing (New Vanguard 107), ISBN 1-84176-690-9.
Hunnicutt, R P (1978). Sherman, A History of the American Medium Tank. Presidio Press. ISBN 1626548617.
TM 9-2800 Standard Artillery and Fire Control Material (dated February 1944)

External links

Armor penetration table of US 75 mm M3 L/40 guns (search for Intelligence then Text Database of Penetration Data and select US guns)
U.S. 75mm M61 Tank Round – WWII

[1] "North American B-25G Mitchell". www.joebaugher.com. Retrieved 31 December 2022.

[2] "Medium Tank M3".

[3] Royal Armoured Corps Tank Museum (1956–1967). An illustrated record of the development of the British armoured fighting vehicle – Tanks 1940–1946 The Second World War, 3rd edition. Royal Armoured Corps Tank Museum. p. 4.

[panzerthomas-4] Jentz, Thomas; Doyle, Hilary (2001). Panzerkampfwagen IV Ausf. G, H and J 1942–45. Osprey Publishing. pp. 20–21. ISBN 1841761826.

[5] Zaloga, Delf – US Anti-tank Artillery 1941–45, Osprey Publishing pp. 8–9

[6] "75mm Gun M2, M3, & M6 Specification Booklet" (PDF). The Sherman Tank Site.

[FOOTNOTEHunnicutt1978562-7] Hunnicutt 1978, p. 562.

[8] Penetration probability is 50%; derived from average of lowest velocity penetrating hit and highest non-penetrating hit and estimating the range at which that velocity is obtained

[9] Bird, Lorrin Rexford; Livingston, Robert D. (2001). WWII Ballistics: Armor and Gunnery. Overmatch Press. pp. 62–63.

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v t e United States artillery of World War II
Tank guns	37 mm gun M5/M6 75 mm gun M2/M3/M6 76 mm gun M1 3-inch gun M7 90 mm gun M3 90 mm gun T15 105 mm howitzer M4 105 mm gun T5 120 mm gun T53 155 mm gun T7
Anti-tank guns	37 mm M3 57 mm M1 75 mm field gun M1897 on M2 carriage 3 inch M5 90 mm T8 105mm T8
Field, medium and heavy guns	75 mm field gun M1897 on M2 carriage 75 mm howitzer M1 105 mm howitzer M2 105 mm howitzer M3 4.5 inch gun M1 155 mm howitzer M1918 155 mm howitzer M1 155 mm gun M1918MI 155 mm gun M1/M2 "Long Tom" 8 inch howitzer M1/M2 8-inch gun M1 240 mm howitzer M1
Mortars	60 mm mortar M2 81 mm mortar M1 4.2 inch mortar M2 Little David
Other vehicle-mounted	75 mm howitzer M2/M3 75 mm gun M1897 105 mm howitzer M2 155 mm gun M1917MI 155 mm gun M2 8 inch howitzer M1/M2
Anti-aircraft guns	37 mm M1 40 mm M1 3-inch gun M1917 3-inch gun M1918 3-inch anti-aircraft gun M3 90 mm M1 120 mm M1
Coast artillery guns	3-inch gun M1903 90 mm M1 6-inch gun M1903 155 mm gun M1918MI 7"/45 caliber gun 8-inch Mk. VI 8-inch gun M1888 10-inch gun M1895 12-inch coast defense mortar 12-inch gun M1895 14-inch gun M1907 16-inch gun M1895 16-inch gun M1919 16-inch Marks 2 and 3 16-inch howitzer M1920
Railway artillery	8-inch Mk. VI 8-inch gun M1888 12-inch coast defense mortar 14-inch M1920